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Verma A, Kapil A, Klobčar D, Sharma A. A Review on Multiplicity in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing: Process, Capability, Scale, and Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5246. [PMID: 37569952 PMCID: PMC10420305 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced exponential growth over the past two decades and now stands on the cusp of a transformative paradigm shift into the realm of multi-functional component manufacturing, known as multi-material AM (MMAM). While progress in MMAM has been more gradual compared to single-material AM, significant strides have been made in exploring the scientific and technological possibilities of this emerging field. Researchers have conducted feasibility studies and investigated various processes for multi-material deposition, encompassing polymeric, metallic, and bio-materials. To facilitate further advancements, this review paper addresses the pressing need for a consolidated document on MMAM that can serve as a comprehensive guide to the state of the art. Previous reviews have tended to focus on specific processes or materials, overlooking the overall picture of MMAM. Thus, this pioneering review endeavors to synthesize the collective knowledge and provide a holistic understanding of the multiplicity of materials and multiscale processes employed in MMAM. The review commences with an analysis of the implications of multiplicity, delving into its advantages, applications, challenges, and issues. Subsequently, it offers a detailed examination of MMAM with respect to processes, materials, capabilities, scales, and structural aspects. Seven standard AM processes and hybrid AM processes are thoroughly scrutinized in the context of their adaptation for MMAM, accompanied by specific examples, merits, and demerits. The scope of the review encompasses material combinations in polymers, composites, metals-ceramics, metal alloys, and biomaterials. Furthermore, it explores MMAM's capabilities in fabricating bi-metallic structures and functionally/compositionally graded materials, providing insights into various scale and structural aspects. The review culminates by outlining future research directions in MMAM and offering an overall outlook on the vast potential of multiplicity in this field. By presenting a comprehensive and integrated perspective, this paper aims to catalyze further breakthroughs in MMAM, thus propelling the next generation of multi-functional component manufacturing to new heights by capitalizing on the unprecedented possibilities of MMAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Angshuman Kapil
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Damjan Klobčar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
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Antoniac I, Manescu (Paltanea) V, Paltanea G, Antoniac A, Nemoianu IV, Petrescu MI, Dura H, Bodog AD. Additive Manufactured Magnesium-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8693. [PMID: 36500191 PMCID: PMC9739563 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important technology that led to a high evolution in the manufacture of personalized implants adapted to the anatomical requirements of patients. Due to a worldwide graft shortage, synthetic scaffolds must be developed. Regarding this aspect, biodegradable materials such as magnesium and its alloys are a possible solution because the second surgery for implant removal is eliminated. Magnesium (Mg) exhibits mechanical properties, which are similar to human bone, biodegradability in human fluids, high biocompatibility, and increased ability to stimulate new bone formation. A current research trend consists of Mg-based scaffold design and manufacture using AM technologies. This review presents the importance of biodegradable implants in treating bone defects, the most used AM methods to produce Mg scaffolds based on powder metallurgy, AM-manufactured implants properties, and in vitro and in vivo analysis. Scaffold properties such as biodegradation, densification, mechanical properties, microstructure, and biocompatibility are presented with examples extracted from the recent literature. The challenges for AM-produced Mg implants by taking into account the available literature are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iosif Vasile Nemoianu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Ionut Petrescu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horatiu Dura
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Alin Danut Bodog
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Wang Z, Liu B, Yin B, Zheng Y, Tian Y, Wen P. Comprehensive review of additively manufactured biodegradable magnesium implants for repairing bone defects from biomechanical and biodegradable perspectives. Front Chem 2022; 10:1066103. [PMID: 36523749 PMCID: PMC9745192 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1066103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defect repair is a complicated clinical problem, particularly when the defect is relatively large and the bone is unable to repair itself. Magnesium and its alloys have been introduced as versatile biomaterials to repair bone defects because of their excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, bone-mimicking biomechanical features, and non-toxic and biodegradable properties. Therefore, magnesium alloys have become a popular research topic in the field of implants to treat critical bone defects. This review explores the popular Mg alloy research topics in the field of bone defects. Bibliometric analyses demonstrate that the degradation control and mechanical properties of Mg alloys are the main research focus for the treatment of bone defects. Furthermore, the additive manufacturing (AM) of Mg alloys is a promising approach for treating bone defects using implants with customized structures and functions. This work reviews the state of research on AM-Mg alloys and the current challenges in the field, mainly from the two aspects of controlling the degradation rate and the fabrication of excellent mechanical properties. First, the advantages, current progress, and challenges of the AM of Mg alloys for further application are discussed. The main mechanisms that lead to the rapid degradation of AM-Mg are then highlighted. Next, the typical methods and processing parameters of laser powder bed fusion fabrication on the degradation characteristics of Mg alloys are reviewed. The following section discusses how the above factors affect the mechanical properties of AM-Mg and the recent research progress. Finally, the current status of research on AM-Mg for bone defects is summarized, and some research directions for AM-Mg to drive the application of clinical orthopedic implants are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bangzhao Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Natarajan D, Ye Z, Wang L, Ge L, Pathak JL. Rare earth smart nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering and implantology: Advances, challenges, and prospects. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10262. [PMID: 35111954 PMCID: PMC8780931 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone grafts or prosthetic implant designing for clinical application is challenging due to the complexity of integrated physiological processes. The revolutionary advances of nanotechnology in the biomaterial field expedite and endorse the current unresolved complexity in functional bone graft and implant design. Rare earth (RE) materials are emerging biomaterials in tissue engineering due to their unique biocompatibility, fluorescence upconversion, antimicrobial, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers have developed various RE smart nano-biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and implantology applications in the past two decades. Furthermore, researchers have explored the molecular mechanisms of RE material-mediated tissue regeneration. Recent advances in biomedical applications of micro or nano-scale RE materials have provided a foundation for developing novel, cost-effective bone tissue engineering strategies. This review attempted to provide an overview of RE nanomaterials' technological innovations in bone tissue engineering and implantology and summarized the osteogenic, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, in vivo bone tissue imaging, and antimicrobial properties of various RE nanomaterials, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in these biological events. Further, we extend to discuss the challenges and prospects of RE smart nano-biomaterials in the field of bone tissue engineering and implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraipandy Natarajan
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhitong Ye
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Liping Wang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Linhu Ge
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Janak Lal Pathak
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative MedicineGuangzhouChina
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Huang Y, Zhai X, Ma T, Zhang M, Pan H, Weijia Lu W, Zhao X, Sun T, Li Y, Shen J, Yan C, Du Y. Rare earth-based materials for bone regeneration: Breakthroughs and advantages. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li M, Benn F, Derra T, Kröger N, Zinser M, Smeets R, Molina-Aldareguia JM, Kopp A, LLorca J. Microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of WE43 Mg alloy scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111623. [PMID: 33321665 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Open-porous scaffolds of WE43 Mg alloy with a body-center cubic cell pattern were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion with different strut diameters. The geometry of the unit cells was adequately reproduced during additive manufacturing and the porosity within the struts was minimized. The microstructure of the scaffolds was modified by means of thermal solution and ageing heat treatments and was analysed in detail by means of X-ray microtomography, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the corrosion rates and the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were measured as a function of the strut diameter and metallurgical condition. The microstructure of the as-printed scaffolds contained a mixture of Y-rich oxide particles and Rare Earth-rich intermetallic precipitates. The latter could be modified by heat treatments. The lowest corrosion rates of 2-3 mm/year were found in the as-printed and solution treated scaffolds and they could be reduced to ~0.1 mm/year by surface treatments using plasma electrolytic oxidation. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds improved with the strut diameter: the yield strength increased from 8 to 40 MPa and the elastic modulus improved from 0.2 to 0.8 GPa when the strut diameter increased from 275 μm to 800 μm. Nevertheless, the strength of the scaffolds without plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment decreased rapidly when immersed in simulated body fluid. In vitro bicompatibility tests showed surface treatments by plasma electrolytic oxidation were necessary to ensure cell proliferation in scaffolds with high surface-to-volume ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, Madrid 28906, Spain
| | - Felix Benn
- Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Philipsstr. 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Derra
- Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Philipsstr. 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Division of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Aesthetic Surgery, University Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Max Zinser
- Division of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Aesthetic Surgery, University Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Kopp
- Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Philipsstr. 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Javier LLorca
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, Madrid 28906, Spain; Department of Materials Science, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Shuai C, Yang W, Yang Y, Gao C, He C, Pan H. A continuous net-like eutectic structure enhances the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys. Int J Bioprint 2020; 5:207. [PMID: 32596538 PMCID: PMC7294692 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg alloys degrade rather rapidly in a physiological environment, although they have good biocompatibility and favorable mechanical properties. In this study, Ti was introduced into AZ61 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting, aiming to improve the corrosion resistance. Results indicated that Ti promoted the formation of Al-enriched eutectic α phase and reduced the formation of β-Mg17Al12 phase. With Ti content reaching to 0.5 wt.%, the Al-enriched eutectic α phase constructed a continuous net-like structure along the grain boundaries, which could act as a barrier to prevent the Mg matrix from corrosion progression. On the other hand, the Al-enriched eutectic α phase was less cathodic than β-Mg17Al12 phase in AZ61, thus alleviating the corrosion progress due to the decreased potential difference. As a consequence, the degradation rate dramatically decreased from 0.74 to 0.24 mg·cm-2·d-1. Meanwhile, the compressive strength and microhardness were increased by 59.4% and 15.6%, respectively. Moreover, the Ti-contained AZ61 alloy exhibited improved cytocompatibility. It was suggested that Ti-contained AZ61 alloy was a promising material for bone implants application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwen Yang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxian He
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Mucosal Section, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
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Putra NE, Mirzaali MJ, Apachitei I, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Multi-material additive manufacturing technologies for Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials for bone substitution. Acta Biomater 2020; 109:1-20. [PMID: 32268239 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in multi-functional metallic biomaterials for bone substitutes challenges the current additive manufacturing (AM, =3D printing) technologies. It is foreseeable that advances in multi-material AM for metallic biomaterials will not only allow for complex geometrical designs, but also improve their multi-functionalities by tuning the types or compositions of the underlying base materials, thereby presenting unprecedented opportunities for advanced orthopedic treatments. AM technologies are yet to be extensively explored for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials, especially for bone substitutes. The aim of this review is to present the viable options of the state-of-the-art multi-material AM for Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials to be used as bone substitutes. The review starts with a brief review of bone tissue engineering, the design requirements, and fabrication technologies for metallic biomaterials to highlight the advantages of using AM over conventional fabrication methods. Five AM technologies suitable for metal 3D printing are compared against the requirements for multi-material AM. Of these AM technologies, extrusion-based multi-material AM is shown to have the greatest potential to meet the requirements for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials. Finally, recent progress in the fabrication of Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials including the utilization of multi-material AM technologies is reviewed so as to identify the knowledge gaps and propose the directions of further research for the development of multi-material AM technologies that are applicable for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Addressing a critical bone defect requires the assistance of multi-functional porous metallic bone substitutes. As one of the most advanced fabrication technology in bone tissue engineering, additive manufacturing is challenged for its viability in multi-material fabrication of metallic biomaterials. This article reviews how the current metal additive manufacturing technologies have been and can be used for multi-material fabrication of Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based bone substitutes. Progress on the Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials, including the utilization of multi-material additive manufacturing, are discussed to direct future research for advancing the multi-functional additively manufactured metallic bone biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - M J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - I Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
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Shuai C, Wang B, Bin S, Peng S, Gao C. TiO 2-Induced In Situ Reaction in Graphene Oxide-Reinforced AZ61 Biocomposites to Enhance the Interfacial Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23464-23473. [PMID: 32345014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) can improve the degradation resistance of biomedical Mg alloy because of its excellent impermeability and outstanding chemical inertness. However, the weak interfacial bonding between GO and Mg matrix leads to easily detaching during degradation. In this study, in situ reaction induced by TiO2 took place in the AZ61-GO biocomposite to enhance the interfacial bonding between GO and Mg matrix. For the specific process, TiO2 was uniformly and tightly deposited onto the GO surface by hydrothermal reaction (TiO2/GO) first and then used for fabricating AZ61-TiO2/GO biocomposites by selective laser melting (SLM). Results showed that TiO2 was in situ reduced by magnesiothermic reaction during SLM process, and the reduzate Ti, on the one hand, reacted with Al in the AZ61 matrix to form TiAl2 and, on the other hand, reacted with GO to form TiC at the AZ61-GO interface. Owing to the enhanced interfacial bonding, the AZ61-TiO2/GO biocomposite showed 12.5% decrease in degradation rate and 10.1% increase in compressive strength as compared with the AZ61-GO biocomposite. Moreover, the AZ61-TiO2/GO biocomposite also showed good cytocompatibility because of the slowed degradation. These findings may provide guidance for the interfacial enhancement in GO/metal composites for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shizhen Bin
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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