Hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles as targeted-carrier of tamoxifen against MCF7 and TMX-resistant MCF7 cells

Breaking barriers: Smart vaccine platforms for cancer immunomodulation

Despite significant advancements in cancer treatment, current therapies often fail to completely eradicate malignant cells. This shortfall underscores the urgent need to explore alternative approaches such as cancer vaccines. Leveraging the immune system's natural ability to target and kill cancer cells holds great therapeutic potential. However, the development of cancer vaccines is hindered by several challenges, including low stability, inadequate immune response activation, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which limit their efficacy. Recent progress in various fields, such as click chemistry, nanotechnology, exosome engineering, and neoantigen design, offer innovative solutions to these challenges. These achievements have led to the emergence of smart vaccine platforms (SVPs), which integrate protective carriers for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) with functionalization strategies to optimize targeted delivery. Click chemistry further enhances SVP performance by improving the encapsulation of mRNA antigens and facilitating their precise delivery to target cells. This review highlights the latest developments in SVP technologies for cancer therapy, exploring both their opportunities and challenges in advancing these transformative approaches.

A systematic review on hyaluronic acid coated nanoparticles: recent strategy in breast cancer management

Hyaluronic acid, a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan has attracted its usage in the management of breast cancer. Drug-loaded nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid surface modifications show potential as a promising method for targeting and delivering drugs to the tumor site. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of articles and assess the impact of hyaluronic acid coated nanoparticles on breast cancer. The various database were used for this comprehensive review. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies associated with characterization, in vitro, and in vivo studies were collected and subjected for further analysis. According to the inclusion criteria, 41 literature were selected for analysis. From all the studies, it was observed that the nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid produced better particle size, shape, zeta potential, increased in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cell apoptosis, and anti-tumor effect in vivo. Research has shown that hyaluronic acid exhibits a higher affinity for CD44 receptors, resulting in enhanced targeted nanoparticle activity on cancer cells while sparing normal cells.

Applications of polysaccharides in enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery systems: A review

Enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery system (EtOCDDS1) can withstand the harsh stomach and small intestine environments, releasing encapsulated drugs selectively in the colon in response to colonic microflora, exerting local or systematic therapeutic effects. EtOCDDS boasts high colon targetability, enhanced drug bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects. Polysaccharides are extensively used in enzyme-triggered oral colon-specific drug delivery systems, and its colon targetability has been widely confirmed, as their properties meet the demand of EtOCDDS. Polysaccharides, known for their high safety and excellent biocompatibility, feature modifiable structures. Some remain undigested in the stomach and small intestine, whether in their natural state or after modifications, and are exclusively broken down by colon-resident microbiota. Such characteristics make them ideal materials for EtOCDDS. This article reviews the design principles of EtOCDDS as well as commonly used polysaccharides and their characteristics, modifications, applications and specific mechanism for colon targeting. The article concludes by summarizing the limitations and potential of ETOCDDS to stimulate the development of innovative design approaches.

Designing polysaccharide materials for tissue repair and regeneration

Tissue repair and regeneration are critical processes for maintaining the integrity and function of various organs and tissues. Recently, polysaccharide materials and protein materials have garnered interest for use in tissue repair strategies. However, polysaccharides are more stable and unaffected by temperature and pH changes compared to proteins, and some polysaccharides can provide stronger mechanical support, which is particularly important for constructing tissue-engineered scaffolds and wound dressings. This Review provides an in-depth overview of the origins of polysaccharides, the advantages of polysaccharide materials, and processing and design strategies. In addition, the potential of polysaccharide materials for the restoration of tissues such as skin, heart, and nerves is highlighted. Finally, we discuss in depth the challenges that polysaccharide materials still face in tissue repair, such as the stability of the material, regulating mechanical characteristics and deterioration rates under different conditions. To achieve more effective tissue repair and regeneration, future research must focus on further improving the characteristics and functionalities of polysaccharide materials.

Biopolymeric Innovations in Ophthalmic Surgery: Enhancing Devices and Drug Delivery Systems

The interface between material science and ophthalmic medicine is witnessing significant advances with the introduction of biopolymers in medical device fabrication. This review discusses the impact of biopolymers on the development of ophthalmic devices, such as intraocular lenses, stents, and various prosthetics. Biopolymers are emerging as superior alternatives due to their biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and biodegradability, presenting an advance over traditional materials with respect to patient comfort and environmental considerations. We explore the spectrum of biopolymers used in ophthalmic devices and evaluate their physical properties, compatibility with biological tissues, and clinical performances. Specific applications in oculoplastic and orbital surgeries, hydrogel applications in ocular therapeutics, and polymeric drug delivery systems for a range of ophthalmic conditions were reviewed. We also anticipate future directions and identify challenges in the field, advocating for a collaborative approach between material science and ophthalmic practice to foster innovative, patient-focused treatments. This synthesis aims to reinforce the potential of biopolymers to improve ophthalmic device technology and enhance clinical outcomes.

Tackling myelin deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders using drug delivery systems

Interest in myelin and its roles in almost all brain functions has been greatly increasing in recent years, leading to countless new studies on myelination, as a dominant process in the development of cognitive functions. Here, we explore the unique role myelin plays in the central nervous system and specifically discuss the results of altered myelination in neurodevelopmental disorders. We present parallel developmental trajectories involving myelination that correlate with the onset of cognitive impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders and discuss the key challenges in the treatment of these chronic disorders. Recent developments in drug repurposing and nano/micro particle-based therapies are reviewed as a possible pathway to circumvent some of the main hurdles associated with early intervention, including patient's adherence and compliance, side effects, relapse, and faster route to possible treatment of these disorders. The strategy of drug encapsulation overcomes drug solubility and metabolism, with the possibility of drug targeting to a specific compartment, reducing side effects upon systemic administration.

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan-modified Phytosome for Co-delivery of Oxymatrine and Glycyrrhizin for Combination Therapy

BACKGROUND

Multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells is a major obstacle to efficient cancer chemotherapy. Combination therapy is expected to enhance the anticancer effect and reverse MDR. Numerous patents involve different kinds of nanoparticles for the co-delivery of multiple chemotherapeutics, but the FDA has approved none.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, oxymatrine (OMT) and glycyrrhizin (GL) were co-loaded into phytosomes as the core of nanocarriers, and the shell was cross-linked with chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) with the capability for the controlled, sequential release and the targeted drug uptake.

METHODS

Phospholipid complexes of OMT and GL (OGPs) were prepared by a solvent evaporation technique and could self-assemble in an aqueous solution to form phytosomes. CS and HA were sequentially coated on the surface of OGPs via electrostatic interactions to obtain CS coated OGPs (CS-OGPs) and HA modified CS-OGPs (HA-CS-OGPs), respectively. The particle size and zeta potential were measured to optimize the formulations. In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake experiments on HepG2 cells were performed to evaluate the anticancer activity.

RESULTS

OGPs were obtained with nano-size around 100 nm, and CS and HA coating on phytosomes could change the particle size and surface potential. The drug loading of OMT and GL showed that the nanocarriers could maintain a fixed ratio of 1:1. The in vitro release experiments indicated the release of OMT and GL was pH-dependent and sequential: the release of OMT from CS-OGPs and HA-CS-OGPs was significantly increased at pH 5.0 compared to the release at pH 7.4, while GL exhibited sustained released from CS-OGPs and HA-CS-OGPs at pH 5.0. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake experiments on HepG2 cells demonstrated that the co-delivery system based on phytosomes had significant synergistic anti-tumor activities, and the effects were enhanced by CS and HA modification.

CONCLUSION

The delivery of OMT and GL via HA-CS-OGPs might be a promising treatment to reverse MDR in cancer therapy.

Injectable hydrogels embedded with chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid for sequential release of dual drugs

An effective treatment for some disease, such as the model disease acute retinal necrosis (ARN), requires a combination of different drugs which should be administered at a certain interval. The precise sequential and long-term drug release are the critical questions. In this work, the as-prepared chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) were embedded in the aldehyde β-cyclodextrin (ACD)/aminated hyaluronic acid (NHA) hydrogels to synthesize injectable hydrogels loaded with dual drugs named DEX-CS-NPs/GCV-Gel and HA-DEX-CS-NPs/GCV-Gel. In the first 24 h and 48 h, the releases of DEX from DEX-CS-NPs/GCV-Gel were 128.5 % and 82.8 % faster than those from HA-DEX-CS-NPs/GCV-Gel, respectively. There was no DEX released from HA-DEX-CS-NPs/GCV-Gel at the first 7 h, which has never been reported before, although some hydrogel systems loaded with different drugs release different drugs simultaneously at different rate which have been well studied. This is a good start of a precise sequence release. The composite hydrogels possessed appropriate rheology, gel time, degradation performance, and ideal cytocompatibility. The injectable hydrogel loaded with dual drugs presenting a precise sequential and long-term release has great potential in the treatment of diseases requiring combinations of drugs being released sequentially at different treating stages.

Cytotoxicity Enhancement of α-Mangostin with Folate-Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

α-mangostin (AM) is a promising natural anticancer agent that can be used in cancer research. However, its effectiveness can be limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. To address this issue, chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been investigated as a potential delivery system to enhance the cytotoxicity to cancer cells and improve selectivity against normal cells. In this study, we developed folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (F-CS-NPs) using a carbodiimide-based conjugation method to attach folate to chitosan (CS), which have different molecular weights. The NPs were crosslinked using tripolyphosphate (TPP) via ionic gelation. To characterize the F-CS-NPs, we utilized various analytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate the particle size and morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the presence of functional groups, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to measure the absorption spectrum and confirm the presence of folate. The particle size of AM-F-CS-NPs ranged from 180 nm to 250 nm, with many having favorable charges ranging from +40.33 ± 3.4 to 10.69 ± 1.3 mV. All NPs exhibited the same spherical morphology. The use of F-CS-NPs increased drug release, followed by a sustained release pattern. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of AM, AM-F-CS-HMW, and AM-F-CS-LMW NPs against MCF-7 cells and found IC50 values of 8.47 ± 0.49, 5.3 ± 0.01, and 4.70 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively. These results confirm the improved cytotoxicity of AM in MCF-7 cells when delivered via F-CS-NPs. Overall, our in vitro study demonstrated that the properties of F-CS-NPs greatly influence the cytotoxicity of AM in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (significantly different (p < 0.05)). The use of F-CS-NPs as a drug-delivery system for AM may have the potential to develop novel therapies for breast cancer.

Amelioration of Cancer Employing Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles: Recent Updates

The limitations associated with the conventional treatment of cancer have necessitated the design and development of novel drug delivery systems based mainly on nanotechnology. These novel drug delivery systems include various kinds of nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, hydrogels, and polymeric micelles. Among the various kinds of novel drug delivery systems, chitosan-based nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers to treat cancer. Chitosan is a polycationic polymer generated from chitin with various characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and mucoadhesiveness, making it an ideal polymer to fabricate drug delivery systems. However, chitosan is poorly soluble in water and soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Furthermore, owing to the presence of reactive amino groups, chitosan can be chemically modified to improve its physiochemical properties. Chitosan and its modified derivatives can be employed to fabricate nanoparticles, which are used most frequently in the pharmaceutical sector due to their possession of various characteristics such as nanosize, appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, non-immunogenicity, improved stability, and improved drug loading capacity. Furthermore, it is capable of delivering nucleic acids, chemotherapeutic medicines, and bioactives using modified chitosan. Chitosan and its modified derivative-based nanoparticles can be targeted to specific cancer sites via active and passive mechanisms. Based on chitosan drug delivery systems, many anticancer drugs now have better effectiveness, potency, cytotoxicity, or biocompatibility. The characteristics of chitosan and its chemically tailored derivatives, as well as their use in cancer therapy, will be examined in this review.

Non-systemic Approaches for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Exploring the Potential of Ultra-flexible Combisomes as a Novel Drug Delivery Strategy-a Review

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is currently treated through breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), radiation therapy, breast-removing surgery (mastectomy), and hormone therapy to prevent further progression into invasive breast cancer and recurrence. Discrepancies concerning the prognosis of DCIS have sparked controversy about adequate treatment. Considering the severe medical and psychological consequences of mastectomy, developing a treatment approach that arrests the progression of DCIS to the invasive stage without affecting the non-cancerous cells is of utmost importance. In the current review, the problems associated with the diagnosis and management of DCIS have been thoroughly discussed. A summary of the route of administration and drug delivery systems to manage DCIS was also provoked. Innovative ultra-flexible combisomes were also proposed for the effective management of DCIS. Prevention is essential in managing the risk of DCIS and reducing the risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. While prevention is vital, it is not always possible to prevent DCIS, and in some cases, treatment may be necessary. Hence, this review recommends that ultra-flexible combisomes administered as a topical gel provide a non-systemic approach for managing DCIS and thus significantly minimize the side effects and costs associated with existing therapies.

Therapeutic applications of nanobiotechnology

Nanobiotechnology, as a novel and more specialized branch of science, has provided a number of nanostructures such as nanoparticles, by utilizing the methods, techniques, and protocols of other branches of science. Due to the unique features and physiobiological characteristics, these nanostructures or nanocarriers have provided vast methods and therapeutic techniques, against microbial infections and cancers and for tissue regeneration, tissue engineering, and immunotherapies, and for gene therapies, through drug delivery systems. However, reduced carrying capacity, abrupt and non-targeted delivery, and solubility of therapeutic agents, can affect the therapeutic applications of these biotechnological products. In this article, we explored and discussed the prominent nanobiotechnological methods and products such as nanocarriers, highlighted the features and challenges associated with these products, and attempted to conclude if available nanostructures offer any scope of improvement or enhancement. We aimed to identify and emphasize the nanobiotechnological methods and products, with greater prospect and capacity for therapeutic improvements and enhancements. We found that novel nanocarriers and nanostructures, such as nanocomposites, micelles, hydrogels, microneedles, and artificial cells, can address the associated challenges and inherited drawbacks, with help of conjugations, sustained and stimuli-responsive release, ligand binding, and targeted delivery. We recommend that nanobiotechnology, despite having few challenges and drawbacks, offers immense opportunities that can be harnessed in delivering quality therapeutics with precision and prediction. We also recommend that, by exploring the branched domains more rigorously, bottlenecks and obstacles can also be addressed and resolved in return.

Chitosan-Based Nano-Smart Drug Delivery System in Breast Cancer Therapy

Despite recent advances, cancer remains the primary killer on a global scale. Numerous forms of research have been conducted to discover novel and efficient anticancer medications. The complexity of breast cancer is a major challenge which is coupled with patient-to-patient variations and heterogeneity between cells within the tumor. Revolutionary drug delivery is expected to provide a solution to that challenge. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have prospects as a revolutionary delivery system capable of enhancing anticancer drug activity and reducing negative impacts on normal cells. The use of smart drug delivery systems (SDDs) as delivering materials to improve the bioactivity of NPs and to understand the intricacies of breast cancer has garnered significant interest. There are many reviews about CSNPs that present various points of view, but they have not yet described a series in cancer therapy from cell uptake to cell death. With this description, we will provide a more complete picture for designing preparations for SDDs. This review describes CSNPs as SDDSs, enhancing cancer therapy targeting and stimulus response using their anticancer mechanism. Multimodal chitosan SDDs as targeting and stimulus response medication delivery will improve therapeutic results.

Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Active Targeted Carrier of Alpha Mangostin for Breast Cancer Cells

Alpha mangostin (AM) has potential anticancer properties for breast cancer. This study aims to assess the potential of chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of AM (AM-CS/HA) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. AM-CS/HA showed a spherical shape with an average diameter of 304 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.3, and a negative charge of 24.43 mV. High encapsulation efficiency (90%) and drug loading (8.5%) were achieved. AM released from AM-CS/HA at an acidic pH of 5.5 was higher than the physiological pH of 7.4 and showed sustained release. The cytotoxic effect of AM-CS/HA (IC₅₀ 4.37 µg/mL) on MCF-7 was significantly higher than AM nanoparticles without HA coating (AM-CS) (IC₅₀ 4.48 µg/mL) and AM (IC₅₀ 5.27 µg/mL). These findings suggest that AM-CS/HA enhances AM cytotoxicity and has potential applications for breast cancer therapy.

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles with Optimized Parameters for Targeted Delivery of a Specific Anticancer Drug-A Comprehensive Review

Chitosan is a positively charged polysaccharide obtained through chitin deacetylation. It belongs to a group of biodegradable, bioavailable, and non-toxic materials of natural origin; thus, it is a promising matrix for creating delivery systems of different active agents. Recently, much attention has been paid to nanodelivery systems as carriers to enable better bioavailability, and thus higher efficiency of the loaded drug. The present review is focused on the progress in chitosan-based nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. The paper discusses literature reports from the last three years in which chitosan nanoparticles were applied as carriers for active substances used in antitumor therapy and potential new drugs with anticancer properties. Special attention was paid to the different treatments applied to increase the therapeutic effectiveness and minimize the side effects of a specific active substance.

Green synthesis of hyaluronic acid coated, thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for CD44 targeted delivery and sustained release of Cisplatin in cervical carcinoma

Cervical carcinoma is one of the most prevalent gynecological cancers throughout the world. Cisplatin is used as first line chemotherapy for treatment of cervical cancer, but it comes with plethora of side effects. The aim of this study was to develop hyaluronic acid coated, thiolated chitosan nanocarriers using green synthesis approach, for CD44 targeted delivery and sustained release of Cisplatin in cervical cancer cells. After synthesis through ionic gelation method, Zeta analysis showed that the nanoparticle size was 265.9 nm with a zeta potential of +22.3 mV and .226 PDI. SEM and TEM analysis confirmed the spherical shape and smooth surface of nanoparticles. FTIR and XRD showed the presence of characteristic functional groups, successful encapsulation of drug, and crystalline nature of nanoparticles respectively. Drug loading and entrapment efficiency were calculated to be 70.1% ± 1.2% and 45% ± .28% respectively. Analysis of in vitro drug release kinetics showed that drug release followed the Higuchi model at pH 6.8 and 7.4 and Cisplatin release for up to 72 h confirmed sustained release. In vitro analysis on cervical cancer cells HeLa and normal cervical epithelial cells HCK1T was done through cell morphology analysis, trypan blue assay (concentration range of 10-80 μg/ml), and MTT cytotoxic assay (concentration range of 10-90 μg/ml). The results showed a higher cytotoxic potential of HA coated, thiolated chitosan encapsulated Cisplatin (HA-ThCs-Cis NP) nanoformulation as compared to pure Cisplatin in HeLa while in HCK1T, pure Cisplatin showed much higher toxicity as compared to HA-ThCs-Cis nanoformulation. These findings suggest that CD44 targeted delivery system can be a useful approach to minimize offtarget toxicities, give sustained release and better cellular uptake in cancer cells.

Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles for Active Targeting in Cancer Therapy

Cancer is the most common cause of death worldwide; therefore, there is a need to discover novel treatment modalities to combat it. One of the cancer treatments is nanoparticle technology. Currently, nanoparticles have been modified to have desirable pharmacological effects by using chemical ligands that bind with their specific receptors on the surface of malignant cells. Chemical grafting of chitosan nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid as a targeted ligand can become an attractive alternative for active targeting. Hence, these nanoparticles can control drug release with pH- responsive stimuli, and high selectivity of hyaluronic acid to CD44 receptors makes these nanoparticles accumulate more inside cells that overexpress these receptors (cancer cells). In this context, we discuss the benefits and recent findings of developing and utilizing chitosan–hyaluronic acid nanoparticles against distinct forms of cancer malignancy. From here we know that chitosan–hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (CHA-Np) can produce a nanoparticle system with good characteristics, effectiveness, and a good active targeting on various types of cancer cells. Therefore, this system is a good candidate for targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy, anticipating that CHA-Np could be further developed for various cancer therapy applications.