1
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Polańska O, Szulc N, Stottko R, Olek M, Nadwodna J, Gąsior-Głogowska M, Szefczyk M. Challenges in Peptide Solubilization - Amyloids Case Study. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400053. [PMID: 39023378 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Peptide science has been a rapidly growing research field because of the enormous potential application of these biocompatible and bioactive molecules. However, many factors limit the widespread use of peptides in medicine, and low solubility is among the most common problems that hamper drug development in the early stages of research. Solubility is a crucial, albeit poorly understood, feature that determines peptide behavior. Several different solubility predictors have been proposed, and many strategies and protocols have been reported to dissolve peptides, but none of them is a one-size-fits-all method for solubilization of even the same peptide. In this review, we look for the reasons behind the difficulties in dissolving peptides, analyze the factors influencing peptide aggregation, conduct a critical analysis of solubilization strategies and protocols available in the literature, and give some tips on how to deal with the so-called difficult sequences. We focus on amyloids, which are particularly difficult to dissolve and handle such as amyloid beta (Aβ), insulin, and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Polańska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Szulc
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Stottko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdanska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olek
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Julita Nadwodna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Sen S, Ali R, Onkar A, Verma S, Ahmad QT, Bhadauriya P, Sinha P, Nair NN, Ganesh S, Verma S. Synthesis of a highly thermostable insulin by phenylalanine conjugation at B29 Lysine. Commun Chem 2024; 7:161. [PMID: 39043846 PMCID: PMC11266353 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, millions of diabetic patients require daily life-saving insulin injections. Insulin heat-lability and fibrillation pose significant challenges, especially in parts of the world without ready access to uninterrupted refrigeration. Here, we have synthesized four human insulin analogs by conjugating ε-amine of B29 lysine of insulin with acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, alanine, and phenylalanine residues. Of these, phenylalanine-conjugated insulin, termed FHI, was the most stable under high temperature (65 °C), elevated salt stress (25 mM NaCl), and varying pH levels (ranging from highly acidic pH 1.6 to physiological pH 7.4). It resists fibrillation for a significantly longer duration with sustained biological activity in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo and displays prolonged stability over its native counterpart. We further unravel the critical interactions, such as additional aromatic π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding in FHI, that are notably absent in native insulin. These interactions confer enhanced structural stability of FHI and offer a promising solution to the challenges associated with insulin heat sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Rafat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Akanksha Onkar
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Quazi Taushif Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Pratibha Bhadauriya
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Pradip Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Nisanth N Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
- Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
- Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
- Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
- Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
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3
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Parida C, Chowdhuri S. Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Hydrogen Bonding Structure and Dynamics of Water and Its Influence on the Aqueous Solvation of the Insulin Monomer. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10814-10823. [PMID: 38055728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen bond structure and dynamics of water and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in their binary mixtures have been studied at 298 K by classical molecular dynamics simulations. Twelve different concentrations of aqueous-H2O2 solutions are considered for this study. We have analyzed the interactions between water and H2O2 by site-site pair correlation functions and observed that the probability of formation of OW···HP hydrogen bonds are higher compared to OP···HW. The second solvation shell of water is strongly affected by increasing H2O2 concentrations (XP > 0.50), which signifies the destruction of the tetrahedral network structure of water. The translational and rotational dynamics of water and H2O2 do not significantly change up to 25% of H2O2 in aqueous mixtures. The hydrogen bond lifetime of water-water, water-H2O2, and H2O2-H2O2 in the aqueous-H2O2 solutions shows a very minimal change with increasing H2O2 concentrations. In addition to this, we also investigated the effect of H2O2 on the insulin monomer and observed that higher concentrations of H2O2 (XP = 0.10) change the secondary structure. The influence of H2O2 is more on chain-B than that on chain-A in the insulin monomer. The H2O2 occupancy at the protein surface is higher for negatively charged (GLU) and polar (ASN and THR) amino acid residues compared with that for positively charged and neutral residues in the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Parida
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Snehasis Chowdhuri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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4
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Nedvedova S, Guillière F, Miele AE, Cantrelle FX, Dvorak J, Walker O, Hologne M. Divide, conquer and reconstruct: How to solve the 3D structure of recalcitrant Micro-Exon Gene (MEG) protein from Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289444. [PMID: 37535563 PMCID: PMC10399815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-Exon Genes are a widespread class of genes known for their high variability, widespread in the genome of parasitic trematodes such as Schistosoma mansoni. In this study, we present a strategy that allowed us to solve the structures of three alternatively spliced isoforms from the Schistoma mansoni MEG 2.1 family for the first time. All isoforms are hydrophobic, intrinsically disordered, and recalcitrant to be expressed in high yield in heterologous hosts. We resorted to the chemical synthesis of shorter pieces, before reconstructing the entire sequence. Here, we show that isoform 1 partially folds in a-helix in the presence of trifluoroethanol while isoform 2 features two rigid elbows, that maintain the peptide as disordered, preventing any structuring. Finally, isoform 3 is dominated by the signal peptide, which folds into a-helix. We demonstrated that combining biophysical techniques, like circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance at natural abundance, with in silico molecular dynamics simulation for isoform 1 only, was the key to solve the structure of MEG 2.1. Our results provide a crucial piece to the puzzle of this elusive and highly variable class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepanka Nedvedova
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UCB Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Florence Guillière
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UCB Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adriana Erica Miele
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UCB Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 -UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Jan Dvorak
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Walker
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UCB Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maggy Hologne
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UCB Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Gorai B, Vashisth H. Progress in Simulation Studies of Insulin Structure and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908724. [PMID: 35795141 PMCID: PMC9252437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone known for chiefly regulating glucose level in blood among several other metabolic processes. Insulin remains the most effective drug for treating diabetes mellitus. Insulin is synthesized in the pancreatic β-cells where it exists in a compact hexameric architecture although its biologically active form is monomeric. Insulin exhibits a sequence of conformational variations during the transition from the hexamer state to its biologically-active monomer state. The structural transitions and the mechanism of action of insulin have been investigated using several experimental and computational methods. This review primarily highlights the contributions of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in elucidating the atomic-level details of conformational dynamics in insulin, where the structure of the hormone has been probed as a monomer, dimer, and hexamer. The effect of solvent, pH, temperature, and pressure have been probed at the microscopic scale. Given the focus of this review on the structure of the hormone, simulation studies involving interactions between the hormone and its receptor are only briefly highlighted, and studies on other related peptides (e.g., insulin-like growth factors) are not discussed. However, the review highlights conformational dynamics underlying the activities of reported insulin analogs and mimetics. The future prospects for computational methods in developing promising synthetic insulin analogs are also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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6
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Hsu WT, Ramirez DA, Sammakia T, Tan Z, Shirts MR. Identifying signatures of proteolytic stability and monomeric propensity in O-glycosylated insulin using molecular simulation. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2022; 36:313-328. [PMID: 35507105 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin has been commonly adopted as a peptide drug to treat diabetes as it facilitates the uptake of glucose from the blood. The development of oral insulin remains elusive over decades owing to its susceptibility to the enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and poor permeability through the intestinal epithelium upon dimerization. Recent experimental studies have revealed that certain O-linked glycosylation patterns could enhance insulin's proteolytic stability and reduce its dimerization propensity, but understanding such phenomena at the molecular level is still difficult. To address this challenge, we proposed and tested several structural determinants that could potentially influence insulin's proteolytic stability and dimerization propensity. We used these metrics to assess the properties of interest from [Formula: see text] aggregate molecular dynamics of each of 12 targeted insulin glyco-variants from multiple wild-type crystal structures. We found that glycan-involved hydrogen bonds and glycan-dimer occlusion were useful metrics predicting the proteolytic stability and dimerization propensity of insulin, respectively, as was in part the solvent-accessible surface area of proteolytic sites. However, other plausible metrics were not generally predictive. This work helps better explain how O-linked glycosylation influences the proteolytic stability and monomeric propensity of insulin, illuminating a path towards rational molecular design of insulin glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tse Hsu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dominique A Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Tarek Sammakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Michael R Shirts
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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7
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Turvey SJ, McPhillie MJ, Kearney MT, Muench SP, Simmons KJ, Fishwick CWG. Recent developments in the structural characterisation of the IR and IGF1R: implications for the design of IR-IGF1R hybrid receptor modulators. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:360-374. [PMID: 35647546 PMCID: PMC9020618 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are dimeric disulfide-linked receptor tyrosine kinases, whose actions regulate metabolic and mitogenic signalling pathways inside the cell. It is well documented that in tissues co-expressing the IR and IGF1R, their respective monomers can heterodimerise to form IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors. Increased populations of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors are associated with several disease states, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Recently, progress in the structural biology of IR and IGF1R has given insights into their structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. However, challenges in isolating IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors mean that their structural properties remain relatively unexplored. This review discusses the advances in the structural understanding of the IR and IGF1R, and how these discoveries can inform the design of small-molecule modulators of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors to understand their role in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Turvey
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | | | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre, University of Leeds UK
| | - Katie J Simmons
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
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8
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Busto-Moner L, Feng CJ, Antoszewski A, Tokmakoff A, Dinner AR. Structural Ensemble of the Insulin Monomer. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3125-3136. [PMID: 34637307 PMCID: PMC8552439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that monomeric insulin exhibits significant conformational heterogeneity, and modifications of apparently disordered regions affect both biological activity and the longevity of pharmaceutical formulations, presumably through receptor binding and fibrillation/degradation, respectively. However, a microscopic understanding of conformational heterogeneity has been lacking. Here, we integrate all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with an analysis pipeline to investigate the structural ensemble of human insulin monomers. We find that 60% of the structures present at least one of the following elements of disorder: melting of the A-chain N-terminal helix, detachment of the B-chain N-terminus, and detachment of the B-chain C-terminus. We also observe partial melting and extension of the B-chain helix and significant conformational heterogeneity in the region containing the B-chain β-turn. We then estimate hydrogen-exchange protection factors for the sampled ensemble and find them in line with experimental results for KP-insulin, although the simulations underestimate the importance of unfolded states. Our results help explain the ready exchange of specific amide sites that appear to be protected in crystal structures. Finally, we discuss the implications for insulin function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Busto-Moner
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chi-Jui Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Adam Antoszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James
Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
| | - Aaron R. Dinner
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James
Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
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9
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Wang X, Chen X, Nonin-Lecomte S, Bouaziz S. Acetonitrile allows indirect replacement of nondeuterated lipid detergents by deuterated lipid detergents for the nuclear magnetic resonance study of detergent-soluble proteins. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2324-2332. [PMID: 34462977 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detergent-soluble proteins (DSPs) are commonly dissolved in lipid buffers for NMR experiments, but the huge lipid proton signal prevents recording of high-quality spectra. The use of costly deuterated lipids is thus required to replace nondeuterated ones. With conventional methods, detergents like dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) cannot be fully exchanged due to their high binding affinity to hydrophobic proteins. We propose an original and simple protocol which combines the use of acetonitrile, dialysis and lyophilization to disrupt the binding of lipids to the protein and allow their indirect replacement by their deuterated equivalents, while maintaining the native structure of the protein. Moreover, by this protocol, the detergent-to-protein molar ratio can be controlled as it challenges the protein structure. This protocol was applied to solubilize the Vpx protein that was followed upon addition of DPC-d38 by 1 H-15 N SOFAST-HMQC spectra and the best detergent-to-DSPs molar ratio was obtained for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Bouaziz
- CiTCoM, CNRS, UMR 8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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10
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Phyo P, Zhao X, Templeton AC, Xu W, Cheung JK, Su Y. Understanding molecular mechanisms of biologics drug delivery and stability from NMR spectroscopy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:1-29. [PMID: 33609600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics carry inherent limitations of membrane impermeability and structural instability, despite their predominant role in the modern pharmaceutical market. Effective formulations are needed to overcome physiological and physicochemical barriers, respectively, for improving bioavailability and stability. Knowledge of membrane affinity, cellular internalization, encapsulation, and release of drug-loaded carrier vehicles uncover the structural basis for designing and optimizing biopharmaceuticals with enhanced delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. Understanding stabilizing and destabilizing interactions between protein drugs and formulation excipients provide fundamental mechanisms for ensuring the stability and quality of biological products. This article reviews the molecular studies of biologics using solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy on structural attributes pivotal to drug delivery and stability. In-depth investigation of the structure-function relationship of drug delivery systems based on cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric colloidal, and biophysical and biochemical stability of peptide, protein, monoclonal antibody, and vaccine, as the integrative efforts on drug product design, will be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xi Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Allen C Templeton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jason K Cheung
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
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11
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Feng CJ, Sinitskiy A, Pande V, Tokmakoff A. Computational IR Spectroscopy of Insulin Dimer Structure and Conformational Heterogeneity. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4620-4633. [PMID: 33929849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the structure and conformational dynamics of insulin dimer using a Markov state model (MSM) built from extensive unbiased atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and performed infrared spectral simulations of the insulin MSM to describe how structural variation within the dimer can be experimentally resolved. Our model reveals two significant conformations to the dimer: a dominant native state consistent with other experimental structures of the dimer and a twisted state with a structure that appears to reflect a ∼55° clockwise rotation of the native dimer interface. The twisted state primarily influences the contacts involving the C-terminus of insulin's B chain, shifting the registry of its intermolecular hydrogen bonds and reorganizing its side-chain packing. The MSM kinetics predict that these configurations exchange on a 14 μs time scale, largely passing through two Markov states with a solvated dimer interface. Computational amide I spectroscopy of site-specifically 13C18O labeled amides indicates that the native and twisted conformation can be distinguished through a series of single and dual labels involving the B24F, B25F, and B26Y residues. Additional structural heterogeneity and disorder is observed within the native and twisted states, and amide I spectroscopy can also be used to gain insight into this variation. This study will provide important interpretive tools for IR spectroscopic investigations of insulin structure and transient IR kinetics experiments studying the conformational dynamics of insulin dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anton Sinitskiy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vijay Pande
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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12
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Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone insulin, first discovered exactly 100 years ago, is essential for glycemic control and is used as a therapeutic for the treatment of type 1 and, increasingly, type 2 diabetes. With a worsening global diabetes epidemic and its significant health budget imposition, there is a great demand for new analogues possessing improved physical and functional properties. However, the chemical synthesis of insulin's intricate 51-amino acid, two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure, together with the poor physicochemical properties of both the individual chains and the hormone itself, has long represented a major challenge to organic chemists. This review provides a timely overview of the past efforts to chemically assemble this fascinating hormone using an array of strategies to enable both correct folding of the two chains and selective formation of disulfide bonds. These methods not only have contributed to general peptide synthesis chemistry and enabled access to the greatly growing numbers of insulin-like and cystine-rich peptides but also, today, enable the production of insulin at the synthetic efficiency levels of recombinant DNA expression methods. They have led to the production of a myriad of novel analogues with optimized structural and functional features and of the feasibility for their industrial manufacture.
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13
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Johnson SN, Griffin JD, Hulbert C, DeKosky BJ, Thomas JW, Berkland CJ. Multimeric Insulin Desensitizes Insulin-Specific B Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6319-6330. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - J. Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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14
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Antoszewski A, Feng CJ, Vani BP, Thiede EH, Hong L, Weare J, Tokmakoff A, Dinner AR. Insulin Dissociates by Diverse Mechanisms of Coupled Unfolding and Unbinding. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5571-5587. [PMID: 32515958 PMCID: PMC7774804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protein hormone insulin exists in various oligomeric forms, and a key step in binding its cellular receptor is dissociation of the dimer. This dissociation process and its corresponding association process have come to serve as paradigms of coupled (un)folding and (un)binding more generally. Despite its fundamental and practical importance, the mechanism of insulin dimer dissociation remains poorly understood. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations, leveraging recent developments in umbrella sampling, to characterize the energetic and structural features of dissociation in unprecedented detail. We find that the dissociation is inherently multipathway with limiting behaviors corresponding to conformational selection and induced fit, the two prototypical mechanisms of coupled folding and binding. Along one limiting path, the dissociation leads to detachment of the C-terminal segment of the insulin B chain from the protein core, a feature believed to be essential for receptor binding. We simulate IR spectroscopy experiments to aid in interpreting current experiments and identify sites where isotopic labeling can be most effective for distinguishing the contributions of the limiting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Antoszewski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chi-Jui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bodhi P Vani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Erik H Thiede
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Lu Hong
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jonathan Weare
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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15
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Hsu DJ, Leshchev D, Kosheleva I, Kohlstedt KL, Chen LX. Integrating solvation shell structure in experimentally driven molecular dynamics using x-ray solution scattering data. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204115. [PMID: 32486681 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, prediction of macromolecular structures beyond the native conformation has been aided by the development of molecular dynamics (MD) protocols aimed at exploration of the energetic landscape of proteins. Yet, the computed structures do not always agree with experimental observables, calling for further development of the MD strategies to bring the computations and experiments closer together. Here, we report a scalable, efficient MD simulation approach that incorporates an x-ray solution scattering signal as a driving force for the conformational search of stable structural configurations outside of the native basin. We further demonstrate the importance of inclusion of the hydration layer effect for a precise description of the processes involving large changes in the solvent exposed area, such as unfolding. Utilization of the graphics processing unit allows for an efficient all-atom calculation of scattering patterns on-the-fly, even for large biomolecules, resulting in a speed-up of the calculation of the associated driving force. The utility of the methodology is demonstrated on two model protein systems, the structural transition of lysine-, arginine-, ornithine-binding protein and the folding of deca-alanine. We discuss how the present approach will aid in the interpretation of dynamical scattering experiments on protein folding and association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Denis Leshchev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Irina Kosheleva
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kevin L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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16
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Østergaard M, Mishra NK, Jensen KJ. The ABC of Insulin: The Organic Chemistry of a Small Protein. Chemistry 2020; 26:8341-8357. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Østergaard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
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17
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Weil-Ktorza O, Rege N, Lansky S, Shalev DE, Shoham G, Weiss MA, Metanis N. Substitution of an Internal Disulfide Bridge with a Diselenide Enhances both Foldability and Stability of Human Insulin. Chemistry 2019; 25:8513-8521. [PMID: 31012517 PMCID: PMC6861001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues, mainstays in the modern treatment of diabetes mellitus, exemplify the utility of protein engineering in molecular pharmacology. Whereas chemical syntheses of the individual A and B chains were accomplished in the early 1960s, their combination to form native insulin remains inefficient because of competing disulfide pairing and aggregation. To overcome these limitations, we envisioned an alternative approach: pairwise substitution of cysteine residues with selenocysteine (Sec, U). To this end, CysA6 and CysA11 (which form the internal intrachain A6-A11 disulfide bridge) were each replaced with Sec. The A chain[C6U, C11U] variant was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis; while sulfitolysis of biosynthetic human insulin provided wild-type B chain-di-S-sulfonate. The presence of selenium atoms at these sites markedly enhanced the rate and fidelity of chain combination, thus solving a long-standing challenge in chemical insulin synthesis. The affinity of the Se-insulin analogue for the lectin-purified insulin receptor was indistinguishable from that of WT-insulin. Remarkably, the thermodynamic stability of the analogue at 25 °C, as inferred from guanidine denaturation studies, was augmented (ΔΔGu ≈0.8 kcal mol-1 ). In accordance with such enhanced stability, reductive unfolding of the Se-insulin analogue and resistance to enzymatic cleavage by Glu-C protease occurred four times more slowly than that of WT-insulin. 2D-NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies demonstrated a native-like three-dimensional structure in which the diselenide bridge was accommodated in the hydrophobic core without steric clash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Weil-Ktorza
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shifra Lansky
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Deborah E Shalev
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gil Shoham
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Norman Metanis
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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18
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Lin X, Lu Y, Zhang T, Liang M, Cen Y, Yuan E, Ren J. Accuracy and Precision Comparison for Molecular Weight Distribution Assay of Fish Collagen Peptides: a Methodology Study Between Two Gel Permeation Chromatography Columns. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Rimmerman D, Leshchev D, Hsu DJ, Hong J, Abraham B, Kosheleva I, Henning R, Chen LX. Insulin hexamer dissociation dynamics revealed by photoinduced T-jumps and time-resolved X-ray solution scattering. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:874-882. [PMID: 29855030 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of insulin hexamer dissociation were studied by the photoinduced temperature jump technique and monitored by time-resolved X-ray scattering. The process of hexamer dissociation was found to involve several transient intermediates, including an expanded hexamer and an unstable tetramer. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of protien-protein association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolev Rimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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20
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Rimmerman D, Leshchev D, Hsu DJ, Hong J, Kosheleva I, Chen LX. Direct Observation of Insulin Association Dynamics with Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4413-4418. [PMID: 28853898 PMCID: PMC5804350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological functions frequently require protein-protein interactions that involve secondary and tertiary structural perturbation. Here we study protein-protein dissociation and reassociation dynamics in insulin, a model system for protein oligomerization. Insulin dimer dissociation into monomers was induced by a nanosecond temperature-jump (T-jump) of ∼8 °C in aqueous solution, and the resulting protein and solvent dynamics were tracked by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS) on time scales of 10 ns to 100 ms. The protein scattering signals revealed the formation of five distinguishable transient species during the association process that deviate from simple two-state kinetics. Our results show that the combination of T-jump pump coupled to TRXSS probe allows for direct tracking of structural dynamics in nonphotoactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolev Rimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Denis Leshchev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Darren J. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Irina Kosheleva
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Corresponding Author, ,
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21
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Structure and pharmaceutical formulation development of a new long-acting recombinant human insulin analog studied by NMR and MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 135:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Zhang XX, Jones KC, Fitzpatrick A, Peng CS, Feng CJ, Baiz CR, Tokmakoff A. Studying Protein-Protein Binding through T-Jump Induced Dissociation: Transient 2D IR Spectroscopy of Insulin Dimer. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5134-45. [PMID: 27203447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin homodimer associates through the coupled folding and binding of two partially disordered monomers. We aim to understand this dynamics by observing insulin dimer dissociation initiated with a nanosecond temperature jump using transient two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D IR) of amide I vibrations. With the help of equilibrium FTIR and 2D IR spectra, and through a systematic study of the dependence of dissociation kinetics on temperature and insulin concentration, we are able to decompose and analyze the spectral evolution associated with different secondary structures. We find that the dissociation under all conditions is characterized by two processes whose influence on the kinetics varies with temperature: the unfolding of the β sheet at the dimer interface observed as exponential kinetics between 250 and 1000 μs and nonexponential kinetics between 5 and 150 μs that we attribute to monomer disordering. Microscopic reversibility arguments lead us to conclude that dimer association requires significant conformational changes within the monomer in concert with the folding of the interfacial β sheet. While our data indicates a more complex kinetics, we apply a two-state model to the β-sheet unfolding kinetics to extract thermodynamic parameters and kinetic rate constants. The association rate constant, ka (23 °C) = 8.8 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (pH 0, 20% EtOD), is approximately 3 orders of magnitude slower than the calculated diffusion limited association rate, which is explained by the significant destabilizing effect of ethanol on the dimer state and the highly positive charge of the monomers at this pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chunte Sam Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chi-Jui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Carlos R Baiz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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23
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24
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Latent analysis of unmodified biomolecules and their complexes in solution with attomole detection sensitivity. Nat Chem 2015; 7:802-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Borowicz P, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Bednarek E, Mikiewicz-Syguła D, Kurzynoga D, Stadnik D, Surmacz-Chwedoruk W, Koźmiński W, Kozerski L. Biosynthetic engineered B28(K)-B29(P) human insulin monomer structure in water and in water/acetonitrile solutions. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:303-309. [PMID: 23404086 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Borowicz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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How changing the particle structure can speed up protein mass transfer kinetics in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Kato M, Suwanai Y, Shimojima A, Santa T. A surfactant-based, regularly arrayed nanostructure gel matrix for migration of small molecules. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3339-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yusuke Suwanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Tomofumi Santa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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28
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Nygaard J, Munch HK, Thulstrup PW, Christensen NJ, Hoeg-Jensen T, Jensen KJ, Arleth L. Metal ion controlled self-assembly of a chemically reengineered protein drug studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12159-12170. [PMID: 22853842 DOI: 10.1021/la301291w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of the oligomeric state of proteins is of central importance for biological function and for the properties of biopharmaceutical drugs. Here, the self-assembly of 2,2'-bipyridine conjugated monomeric insulin analogues, induced through coordination to divalent metal ions, was studied. This protein drug system was designed to form non-native homo-oligomers through selective coordination of two divalent metal ions, Fe(II) and Zn(II), respectively. The insulin type chosen for this study is a variant designed for a reduced tendency toward native dimer formation at physiological concentrations. A small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the bipyridine-modified insulin system confirmed an organization into a novel well-ordered structure based on insulin trimers, as induced by the addition of Fe(II). In contrast, unmodified monomeric insulin formed larger and more randomly structured assemblies upon addition of Fe(II). The addition of Zn(II), on the other hand, led to the formation of small quantities of insulin hexamers for both the bipyridine-modified and the unmodified monomeric insulin. Interestingly, the location of the bipyridine-modification significantly affects the tendency to hexamer formation as compared to the unmodified insulin. Our study shows how combining a structural study and chemical design can be used to obtain molecular understanding and control of the self-assembly of a protein drug. This knowledge may eventually be employed to develop an optimized in vivo drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Nygaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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29
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Borowicz P, Bednarek E, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Jaworska B, Mikołajczyk J, Głąbski T, Stadnik D, Surmacz W, Bogiel M, Kozerski L. Recombinant A22(G)-B31 (R)-human insulin. A22 addition introduces conformational mobility in B chain C-terminus. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2012; 52:365-370. [PMID: 22350952 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-012-9612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Borowicz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, 02-516 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Ohno A, Kawanishi T, Okuda H, Fukuhara K. A New Approach to Characterization of Insulin Derived from Different Species Using 1H-NMR Coupled with Multivariate Analysis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:320-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ohno
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Haruhiro Okuda
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Kiyoshi Fukuhara
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
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31
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Zeng G, Shou JJ, Li KK, Zhang YH. In-situ confocal Raman observation of structural changes of insulin crystals in sequential dehydration process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1631-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Borowicz P, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Bednarek E, Mikiewicz-Syguła D, Błażej-Sosnowska S, Bogiel M, Rusek D, Kurzynoga D, Kozerski L. Novel recombinant insulin analogue with flexible C-terminus in B chain. NMR structure of biosynthetic engineered A22G-B31K-B32R human insulin monomer in water/acetonitrile solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:548-54. [PMID: 21704065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tertiary structure of recombinant A22(G)-B31(K)-B32(R)-human insulin monomer (insulin GKR) has been characterized by (1)H, (13)C NMR at natural isotopic abundance using NOESY, TOCSY, (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC, and (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC-TOCSY spectra. Translational diffusion studies indicate the monomer structure in water/acetonitrile (65/35vol.%). CSI analysis confirms existence of secondary structure motifs present in human insulin standard (HIS). Both techniques allow to establish that in this solvent recombinant insulin GKR exists as a monomer. Starting from structures calculated by the program CYANA, two different refinement protocols used molecular dynamics simulated annealing with the program AMBER; in vacuum (AMBER_VC), and including a generalized Born solvent model (AMBER_GB). From these calculations an ensemble of 20 structures of lowest energy was chosen which represents the tertiary structure of studied insulin. Here we present novel insulin with added A22(G) amino acid which interacts with β-turn environment resulting in high flexibility of B chain C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Borowicz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Gritti F, Omamogho J, Guiochon G. Kinetic investigation of narrow-bore columns packed with prototype sub-2 μm superficially porous particles with various shell thickness. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7078-93. [PMID: 21872253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent successful breakthrough of sub-3 μm shell particles in HPLC has triggered considerable research efforts toward the design of new brands of core-shell particles. We investigated the mass transfer mechanism of a few analytes in narrow-bore columns packed with prototype 1.7 μm shell particles, made of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 μm solid nonporous cores surrounded by porous shells 350, 250, and 150 nm thick, respectively. Three probe solutes, uracil, naphthalene, and insulin, were chosen to assess the kinetic performance of these columns. Inverse size exclusion chromatography, peak parking experiments, and the numerical integration of the experimental peak profiles were carried out in order to measure the external, internal, and total column porosities, the true bulk diffusion coefficients of these analytes, the height equivalent to a theoretical plate, the longitudinal diffusion term, and the trans-particle mass transfer resistance term. The residual eddy diffusion term was measured by difference. The results show the existence of important trans-column velocity biases (7%) possibly due to the presence of particle multiplets in the slurry mixture used during the packing process. Our results illustrates some of the difficulties encountered by scientists preparing and packing shell particles into narrow-bore columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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34
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Munch HK, Heide ST, Christensen NJ, Hoeg‐Jensen T, Thulstrup PW, Jensen KJ. Controlled Self‐Assembly of Re‐engineered Insulin by Fe
II. Chemistry 2011; 17:7198-204. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik K. Munch
- IGM, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 35332398
| | - Søren Thiis Heide
- IGM, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 35332398
| | - Niels Johan Christensen
- IGM, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 35332398
| | | | - Peter W. Thulstrup
- IGM, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 35332398
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- IGM, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg (Denmark), Fax: (+45) 35332398
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35
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Hyz K, Bocian W, Kawęcki R, Bednarek E, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L. A dumbbell double nicked duplex dodecamer DNA with a PEG6 tether. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4481-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The mass transfer kinetics in columns packed with Halo-ES shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:907-21. [PMID: 21236440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The average mesopore size of the new Halo-ES-Peptide shell particles is 160 Å, markedly larger than that of the classical Halo shell particles (90 Å). We found that this change causes a considerable decrease of the film mass transfer resistance measured for columns packed with these particles. We analyze data obtained by systematic measurements of the C term of the van Deemter equation for the peptide β-lipotropin (MW = 769 Da), the protein insulin (MW = 5800 Da), and a series of non-retained polystyrene standards (MW = 6400 and 13,200). The improvement in column performance is explained by an increase of the fraction of the external surface area of the shell that allows the entrance of the sample molecules inside the particle. The fraction of the shell surface accessible to a probe controls the rate of its external film mass transfer, i.e. its rate of transfer between the interstitial and the stagnant eluent. Although measurable, the increase in sample diffusivity through the porous shells does not account for the better performance of Halo-ES-peptide columns. Furthermore, the analysis of the HETPs data of small molecules (uracil, acetophenone, toluene, and naphthalene, MW< 150) reveals that the eddy diffusion (A) term of these new columns is 25% lower than that of the classical Halo columns. This result is consistent with the impact of intra-particle diffusivity on the eddy diffusion mechanism in packed columns. As shell diffusivity increases, so does the rate of transfer of sample molecules between the eluent stream-paths flowing through the packed particles and across the column diameter. Dispersion through short-range inter-channel and trans-column eddies is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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Zn(II) ions co-secreted with insulin suppress inherent amyloidogenic properties of monomeric insulin. Biochem J 2010; 430:511-8. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, a 51-residue peptide hormone, is an intrinsically amyloidogenic peptide, forming amyloid fibrils in vitro. In the secretory granules, insulin is densely packed together with Zn(II) into crystals of Zn2Insulin6 hexamer, which assures osmotic stability of vesicles and prevents fibrillation of the peptide. However, after release from the pancreatic β-cells, insulin dissociates into active monomers, which tend to fibrillize not only at acidic, but also at physiological, pH values. The effect of co-secreted Zn(II) ions on the fibrillation of monomeric insulin is unknown, however, it might prevent insulin fibrillation. We showed that Zn(II) inhibits fibrillation of monomeric insulin at physiological pH values by forming a soluble Zn(II)–insulin complex. The inhibitory effect of Zn(II) ions is very strong at pH 7.3 (IC50=3.5 μM), whereas at pH 5.5 it progressively weakens, pointing towards participation of the histidine residue(s) in complex formation. The results obtained indicate that Zn(II) ions might suppress fibrillation of insulin at its release sites and in circulation. It is hypothesized that misfolded oligomeric intermediates occurring in the insulin fibrillation pathway, especially in zinc-deficient conditions, might induce autoantibodies against insulin, which leads to β-cell damage and autoimmune Type 1 diabetes.
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38
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Arakawa T, Ejima D, Li T, Philo JS. The critical role of mobile phase composition in size exclusion chromatography of protein pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1674-92. [PMID: 19894271 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the most widely used method for aggregation analysis of pharmaceutical proteins. However SEC analysis has a number of limitations, and one of the most important ones is protein adsorption to the resin. This problem is particularly severe when using new columns, and often column preconditioning protocols are required. This review focuses on the role that addition of various cosolvents to the mobile phase plays in suppressing that protein adsorption. Cosolvents such as salt, amino acids, and organic solvents are often used for this purpose. Because the protein interaction with the resin surface is highly heterogeneous, different cosolvents affect the protein adsorption differently. We will summarize the various effects of cosolvents on protein adsorption and retention and describe the mechanism of the cosolvent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
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Gritti F, Leonardis I, Shock D, Stevenson P, Shalliker A, Guiochon G. Performance of columns packed with the new shell particles, Kinetex-C18. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1589-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Implications for the active form of human insulin based on the structural convergence of highly active hormone analogues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1966-70. [PMID: 20133841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911785107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a key protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and, thus, has widespread impact on lipid and protein metabolism. Insulin action is manifested through binding of its monomeric form to the Insulin Receptor (IR). At present, however, our knowledge about the structural behavior of insulin is based upon inactive, multimeric, and storage-like states. The active monomeric structure, when in complex with the receptor, must be different as the residues crucial for the interactions are buried within the multimeric forms. Although the exact nature of the insulin's induced-fit is unknown, there is strong evidence that the C-terminal part of the B-chain is a dynamic element in insulin activation and receptor binding. Here, we present the design and analysis of highly active (200-500%) insulin analogues that are truncated at residue 26 of the B-chain (B(26)). They show a structural convergence in the form of a new beta-turn at B(24)-B(26). We propose that the key element in insulin's transition, from an inactive to an active state, may be the formation of the beta-turn at B(24)-B(26) associated with a trans to cis isomerisation at the B(25)-B(26) peptide bond. Here, this turn is achieved with N-methylated L-amino acids adjacent to the trans to cis switch at the B(25)-B(26) peptide bond or by the insertion of certain D-amino acids at B(26). The resultant conformational changes unmask previously buried amino acids that are implicated in IR binding and provide structural details for new approaches in rational design of ligands effective in combating diabetes.
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Ganim Z, Jones KC, Tokmakoff A. Insulin dimer dissociation and unfolding revealed by amide I two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3579-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b923515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A structurally sensitive probe of the monomer/dimer equilibrium of insulin was developed using 2DIR spectroscopy and interpreted using calculated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Ganim
- Department of Chemistry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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Welinder AC, Zhang J, Steensgaard DB, Ulstrup J. Adsorption of human insulin on single-crystal gold surfaces investigated by in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy and electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9999-10011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Mass transfer equation for proteins in very high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2723-36. [PMID: 19256515 DOI: 10.1021/ac8026299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mass transfer kinetics of human insulin was investigated on a 50 mm x 2.1 mm column packed with 1.7 microm BEH-C(18) particles, eluted with a water/acetonitrile/trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (68/32/0.1, v/v/v) solution. The different contributions to the mass transfer kinetics, e.g., those of longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion, the film mass transfer resistance, cross-particle diffusivity, adsorption-desorption kinetics, and transcolumn differential sorption, were incorporated into a general mass transfer equation designed to account for the mass transfer kinetics of proteins under high pressure. More specifically, this equation includes the effects of pore size exclusion, pressure, and temperature on the band broadening of a protein. The flow rate was first increased from 0.001 to 0.250 mL/min, the pressure drop increasing from 2 to 298 bar, and the column being placed in stagnant air at 296.5 K, in order to determine the effective diffusivity of insulin through the porous particles, the mass transfer rate constants, and the adsorption equilibrium constant in the low-pressure range. Then, the column inlet pressure was increased by using capillary flow restrictors downstream the column, at the constant flow rate of 0.03 mL/min. The column temperature was kept uniform by immersing the column in a circulating water bath thermostatted at 298.7 and 323.15 K, successively. The results showed that the surface diffusion coefficient of insulin decreases faster than its bulk diffusion coefficient with increasing average column pressure. This is consistent with the adsorption energy of insulin onto the BEH-C(18) surface increasing strongly with increasing pressure. In contrast, given the precision of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) measurement (+/-12%), the adsorption kinetics of insulin appears to be rather independent of the pressure. On average, the adsorption rate constant of insulin is doubled from about 40 to 80 s(-1) when the temperature increases from 298.7 to 323.15 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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Lindgren N, Varedian M, Gogoll A. Photochemical Regulation of an Artificial Hydrolase by a Backbone Incorporated Tertiary Structure Switch. Chemistry 2008; 15:501-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Büllesbach EE, Hass MAS, Jensen MR, Hansen DF, Kristensen SM, Schwabe C, Led JJ. Solution Structure of a Conformationally Restricted Fully Active Derivative of the Human Relaxin-like Factor. Biochemistry 2008; 47:13308-17. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801412w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika E. Büllesbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mathias A. S. Hass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Malene R. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - D. Flemming Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Søren M. Kristensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Schwabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Led
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250509, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Abstract
Many diabetic patients depend on regular and well-controlled administration of insulin to avoid unacceptable excursions in plasma glucose. A complicating factor is that the absorption of insulin shows a considerable variability, both between patients, and from administration to administration for the same patient. To understand the mechanisms that influence this variability we present a quantitative description of the absorption kinetics for both soluble insulin and insulin crystals. The concentration dependent distribution of insulin between different oligomers is first analysed and described. Next, the disappearance of soluble and crystalline insulin from subcutis is described and explained as a function of the administered dose, the insulin concentration and crystal specific parameters, but without diffusion. The effect of diffusion is then included, and the appearance of insulin in plasma following subcutaneous administration is simulated and discussed. Our results not only explain the observed variability, but they also explain how dose size, insulin concentration, insulin crystals etc. influence the absorption kinetics.
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Bocian W, Borowicz P, Mikołajczyk J, Sitkowski J, Tarnowska A, Bednarek E, Głąbski T, Tejchman-Małecka B, Bogiel M, Kozerski L. NMR structure of biosynthetic engineered human insulin monomer B31Lys-B32Argin water/acetonitrile solution. Comparison with the solution structure of native human insulin monomer. Biopolymers 2008; 89:820-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Tarnowska A, Bednarek E, Kawȩcki R, Koźmiński W, Kozerski L. Direct insight into insulin aggregation by 2D NMR complemented by PFGSE NMR. Proteins 2008; 71:1057-65. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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