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Mohanty S, Kumar A, Das P, Sahu SK, Mukherjee R, Ramachandranpillai R, Nair SS, Choudhuri T. Nm23-H1 induces apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma cells via inhibition of NF-κB signaling through interaction with oncogenic latent protein vFLIP K13 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:967-989. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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2
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Leonardi L, Sibéril S, Alifano M, Cremer I, Joubert PE. Autophagy Modulation by Viral Infections Influences Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743780. [PMID: 34745965 PMCID: PMC8569469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing cellular homeostasis at critical times in development and/or in response to nutrient stress. This is particularly relevant in tumor model in which autophagy has been demonstrated to have an important impact on tumor behavior. In one hand, autophagy limits tumor transformation of precancerous cells in early stage, and in the other hand, it favors the survival, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to antitumor therapies in more advanced tumors. This catabolic machinery can be induced by an important variety of extra- and intracellular stimuli. For instance, viral infection has often been associated to autophagic modulation, and the role of autophagy in virus replication differs according to the virus studied. In the context of tumor development, virus-modulated autophagy can have an important impact on tumor cells' fate. Extensive analyses have shed light on the molecular and/or functional complex mechanisms by which virus-modulated autophagy influences precancerous or tumor cell development. This review includes an overview of discoveries describing the repercussions of an autophagy perturbation during viral infections on tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leonardi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 and promotes cell migration and invasion. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1271-1285. [PMID: 30859475 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and second in terms of deaths of males (Bray et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394-424, 2018). HCV-induced HCC is a multi-step process that involves alteration of several host regulatory pathways. One of the key features of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma is the metastasis of cancer cells to different organs. Human Nm23-H1 is one of the best-studied metastasis suppressor proteins, and it has been shown to be modulated in many human cancers. Our study shows that the core protein of HCV genotype 2a can co-localize and interact directly with Nm23-H1 within cancer cells, resulting in modulation of the anti-metastasis properties of Nm23-H1. The HCV core protein promotes SUMOylation and degradation of the Nm23-H1 protein, as well as transcriptional downregulation. This study provides evidence that the HCV core protein is a pro-metastatic protein that can interact directly with and modulate the functions of cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1.
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5
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Müller-Coan BG, Caetano BFR, Pagano JS, Elgui de Oliveira D. Cancer Progression Goes Viral: The Role of Oncoviruses in Aggressiveness of Malignancies. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:485-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus recruits Nm23-H1 to regulate chromatin modifiers. J Transl Med 2018; 98:258-268. [PMID: 29035376 PMCID: PMC6053075 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer progression, metastasis is a major cause of poor survival of patients and can be targeted for therapeutic interventions. The first discovered metastatic-suppressor Nm23-H1 possesses nucleoside diphosphate kinase, histidine kinase, and DNase activity as a broad-spectrum enzyme. Recent advances in cancer metastasis have opened new ways for the development of therapeutic molecular approaches. In this review, we provide a summary of the current understanding of Nm23/NDPKs in the context of viral oncogenesis. We also focused on Nm23-H1-mediated cellular events with an emphasis on chromatin modifications. How Nm23-H1 modulates the activities of chromatin modifiers through interaction with Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogenic antigens and related crosstalks are discussed in the context of other oncogenic viruses. We also described the current understanding of the cellular and viral interactions of Nm23-H1 and their reference to transcription regulation and metastasis. Further, we summarized the recent therapeutic approaches targeting Nm23 and its potential links to pathways that can be exploited by oncogenic viruses.
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7
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Khera L, Paul C, Kaul R. Hepatitis C Virus E1 protein promotes cell migration and invasion by modulating cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1. Virology 2017; 506:110-120. [PMID: 28376369 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer and its incidence is on the rise largely attributed to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) related liver cancer. A distinct feature of HCV associated HCC is the substantially increased incidence of metastasis compared to non-viral or HBV associated HCC. Nm23-H1 is the first reported human metastasis suppressor down-regulated in many human metastatic cancers. Nm23-H1 functions are modulated in several virus associated cancers. Our study now shows that HCV E1 protein expression as well as HCV infection induces pro-metastatic effect on cancer cells which is simultaneous to Nm23-H1 transcriptional down-regulation and Nm23-H1 protein degradation. Moreover, Nm23-H1 intracellular localization is significantly altered in cells expressing HCV E1 protein. Importantly, overexpression of Nm23-H1 can rescue the cancer cells from pro-metastatic effects of HCV E1 and HCV infection. Our limited study provides evidence for role for Nm23-H1 in HCV mediated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohit Khera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Catherine Paul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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8
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Jha HC, Shukla SK, Lu J, Aj MP, Banerjee S, Robertson ES. Dissecting the contribution of EBNA3C domains important for EBV-induced B-cell growth and proliferation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30115-29. [PMID: 26336822 PMCID: PMC4745785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic gammaherpes virus which is linked to pathogenesis of several human lymphatic malignancies. The EBV essential latent antigen EBNA3C is critical for efficient conversion of primary human B-lymphocytes to lymphoblastic cell lines and for continued LCL growth. EBNA3C, an EBV latent antigen with oncogenic potential can bind and regulate the functions of a wide range of cellular transcription factors. In our current reverse genetics study, we deleted the full length EBNA3C, and independently the RBP-Jκ and Nm23-H1 binding sites within EBNA3C using BACmid recombinant engineering methodology. Our experiments demonstrated that deletion of the EBV EBNA3C open reading frame (ORF) and more specifically the residues 621–675 which binds Nm23H1 and SUMO-1 showed a significant reduction in the ability of the cells to proliferate. Furthermore, they exhibited lower infectivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also showed that recombinant EBV with deletions of the EBNA3C ORF, as well as a recombinant with residues 621–675 within EBNA3C ORF deleted had diminished abilities to activate CD40. Our study also revealed that the full length (1–992) and 621–675 aa deletions of EBNA3C when compared to wild type EBV infected PBMCs had differential expression patterns for the phosphorylation of MAP kinases specifically p38, JNK and ERK. Regulation of β-catenin also differed among wild type and EBNA3C deleted mutants. These temporal differences in signaling activities of these recombinant viruses in PBMCs is likely important in defining their functional importance in EBV-mediated B-cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Mahadesh Prasad Aj
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
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9
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Tong Y, Yung LY, Wong YH. Metastasis suppressors Nm23H1 and Nm23H2 differentially regulate neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:207-17. [PMID: 25748386 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nm23H1 and H2 are prototypical metastasis suppressors with diverse functions, but recent studies suggest that they may also regulate tumorigenesis. Here, we employed both cellular and in vivo assays to examine the effect of Nm23H1 and H2 on tumorigenesis induced by oncogenic Ras and/or p53 deficiency. Co-expression of Nm23H1 but not H2 in NIH3T3 cells effectively suppressed neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis induced by the oncogenic H-Ras G12V mutant. Overexpression of Nm23H1 but not H2 also inhibited tumorigenesis by human cervical cancer HeLa cells with p53 deficiency. However, in human non-small-cell lung carcinoma H1299 cells harboring N-Ras Q61K oncogenic mutation and p53 deletion, overexpression of Nm23H1 did not affect tumorigenesis in nude mice assays, while overexpression of Nm23H2 enhanced tumor growth with elevated expression of the c-Myc proto-oncogene. Collectively, these results suggest that Nm23H1 and H2 have differential abilities to modulate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Division of Life Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lisa Y Yung
- Division of Life Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yung H Wong
- Division of Life Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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10
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Li Y, Tong Y, Wong YH. Regulatory functions of Nm23-H2 in tumorigenesis: insights from biochemical to clinical perspectives. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:243-56. [PMID: 25413836 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substantial effort has been directed at elucidating the functions of the products of the Nm23 tumor metastasis suppressor genes over the past two decades, with the ultimate goal of exploring their translational potentials in changing cancer patients' outcomes. Much attention has been focused on the better-known Nm23-H1, but despite having high sequence similarity, Nm23-H2 functions differently in many aspects. Besides acting as a metastasis suppressor, compelling data suggest that Nm23-H2 may modulate various tumor-associated biological events to enhance tumorigenesis in human solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Linkage to tumorigenesis may occur through the ability of Nm23-H2 to regulate transcription, cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and telomerase activity. In this review, we examine the linkages of Nm23-H2 to tumorigenesis in terms of its biochemical and structural properties and discuss its potential role in various tumor-associated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Banerjee S, Jha HC, Robertson ES. Regulation of the metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 by tumor viruses. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:207-24. [PMID: 25199839 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the most common cause of cancer mortality. To increase the survival of patients, it is necessary to develop more effective methods for treating as well as preventing metastatic diseases. Recent advancement of knowledge in cancer metastasis provides the basis for development of targeted molecular therapeutics aimed at the tumor cell or its interaction with the host microenvironment. Metastasis suppressor genes (MSGs) are promising targets for inhibition of the metastasis process. During the past decade, functional significance of these genes, their regulatory pathways, and related downstream effector molecules have become a major focus of cancer research. Nm23-H1, first in the family of Nm23 human homologues, is a well-characterized, anti-metastatic factor linked with a large number of human malignancies. Mounting evidence to date suggests an important role for Nm23-H1 in reducing virus-induced tumor cell motility and migration. A detailed understanding of the molecular association between oncogenic viral antigens with Nm23-H1 may reveal the underlying mechanisms for tumor virus-associated malignancies. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances to our understanding of the molecular basis of oncogenic virus-induced progression of tumor metastasis by deregulation of Nm23-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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12
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Mattarocci S, Abbruzzese C, Mileo AM, Carosi M, Pescarmona E, Vico C, Federico A, Vizza E, Corrado G, Arisi I, Felsani A, Paggi MG. Identification of pivotal cellular factors involved in HPV-induced dysplastic and neoplastic cervical pathologies. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:463-70. [PMID: 24105779 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma represents the paradigm of virus-induced cancers, where virtually all cervical cancers come from previous "high-risk" HPV infection. The persistent expression of the HPV viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is responsible for the reprogramming of fundamental cellular functions in the host cell, thus generating a noticeable, yet only partially explored, imbalance in protein molecular networks and cell signaling pathways. Eighty-eight cellular factors, identified as HPV direct or surrogate targets, were chosen and monitored in a retrospective analysis for their mRNA expression in HPV-induced cervical lesions, from dysplasia to cancer. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed by using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded archival samples. Gene expression analysis identified 40 genes significantly modulated in LSIL, HSIL, and squamous cervical carcinoma. Interestingly, among these, the expression level of a panel of four genes, TOP2A, CTNNB1, PFKM, and GSN, was able to distinguish between normal tissues and cervical carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess protein expression of two genes among those up-regulated during the transition between dysplasia and carcinoma, namely E2F1 and CDC25A, and their correlation with clinical parameters. Besides the possibility of significantly enhancing the use of some of these factors in diagnostic or prognostic procedures, these data clearly outline specific pathways, and thus key biological processes, altered in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Deeper insight on how these molecular mechanisms work may help widen the spectrum of novel innovative approaches to these virus-induced cell pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Marino N, Nakayama J, Collins JW, Steeg PS. Insights into the biology and prevention of tumor metastasis provided by the Nm23 metastasis suppressor gene. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:593-603. [PMID: 22706779 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the major cause of death among cancer patients. A class of genes, named metastasis suppressors, has been described to specifically regulate the metastatic process. The metastasis suppressor genes are downregulated in the metastatic lesion compared to the primary tumor. In this review, we describe the body of research surrounding the first metastasis suppressor identified, Nm23. Nm23 overexpression in aggressive cancer cell lines reduced their metastatic potential in vivo with no significant reduction in primary tumor size. A complex mechanism of anti-metastatic action is unfolding involving several known Nm23 enzymatic activities (nucleotide diphosphate kinase, histidine kinase, and 3'-5' exonuclease), protein-protein interactions, and downstream gene regulation properties. Translational approaches involving Nm23 have progressed to the clinic. The upregulation of Nm23 expression by medroxyprogesterone acetate has been tested in a phase II trial. Other approaches with significant preclinical success include gene therapy using traditional or nanoparticle delivery, and cell permeable Nm23 protein. Recently, based on the inverse correlation of Nm23 and LPA1 expression, a LPA1 inhibitor has been shown to both inhibit metastasis and induce metastatic dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Marino
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 1122, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Mileo AM, Abbruzzese C, Vico C, Bellacchio E, Matarrese P, Ascione B, Federico A, Della Bianca S, Mattarocci S, Malorni W, Paggi MG. The human papillomavirus-16 E7 oncoprotein exerts antiapoptotic effects via its physical interaction with the actin-binding protein gelsolin. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2424-33. [PMID: 23729654 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein E7 from human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16 E7) plays a pivotal role in HPV postinfective carcinogenesis, and its physical interaction with host cell targets is essential to its activity. We identified a novel cellular partner for the viral oncoprotein: the actin-binding protein gelsolin (GSN), a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly. In fact, biochemical analyses, generation of a 3D molecular interaction model and the use of specific HPV-16 E7 mutants provided clear cut evidence supporting the crucial role of HPV-16 E7 in affecting GSN integrity and function in human immortalized keratinocytes. Accordingly, functional analyses clearly suggested that stable HPV-16 E7 expression induced an imbalance between polymeric and monomeric actin in favor of the former. These events also lead to changes of cell cycle (increased S phase), to the inhibition of apoptosis and to the increase of cell survival. These results provide support to the hypotheses generated from the 3D molecular interaction model and encourage the design of small molecules hindering HPV-induced host cell reprogramming by specifically targeting HPV-16 E7-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mileo
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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15
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Abstract
E7 is an accessory protein that is not encoded by all papillomaviruses. The E7 amino terminus contains two regions of similarity to conserved regions 1 and 2 of the adenovirus E1A protein, which are also conserved in the simian vacuolating virus 40 large tumor antigen. The E7 carboxyl terminus consists of a zinc-binding motif, which is related to similar motifs in E6 proteins. E7 proteins play a central role in the human papillomavirus life cycle, reprogramming the cellular environment to be conducive to viral replication. E7 proteins encoded by the cancer-associated alpha human papillomaviruses have potent transforming activities, which together with E6, are necessary but not sufficient to render their host squamous epithelial cell tumorigenic. This article strives to provide a comprehensive summary of the published research studies on human papillomavirus E7 proteins.
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16
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Infection, mutation, and cancer evolution. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:535-41. [PMID: 22476248 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of oncogenesis can be fostered by an integration of mechanistic studies with evolutionary considerations, which help explain why these mechanisms occur. This integration emphasizes infections and mutations as joint essential causes for many cancers. It suggests that infections may play a broader causal role in oncogenesis than has been generally appreciated. An evolutionary perspective also suggests that oncogenic viruses will tend to be transmitted by routes that provide infrequent opportunities for transmission, such as transmission by sexual and salivary contact. Such routes increase the intensity of natural selection for persistence within hosts, and molecular mechanisms for persistence often compromise critical barriers to oncogenesis, particularly cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and a cap on the total number of divisions that a cell can undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Spooner R, Yilmaz Ö. Nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase: a pleiotropic effector in microbial colonization under interdisciplinary characterization. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:228-37. [PMID: 22079150 PMCID: PMC3277739 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence identifies multiple roles for nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase in host-microbe interaction. We provide the first synopsis of utilization of this molecule by various microorganisms during colonization of host tissues. Additionally, we propose novel mechanisms this effector may participate in, which could be crucial for microbial adaptation in chronic host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Saha A, Robertson ES. Functional modulation of the metastatic suppressor Nm23-H1 by oncogenic viruses. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3174-84. [PMID: 21846466 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence over the last two decades from a number of disciplines has solidified some fundamental concepts in metastasis, a major contributor to cancer associated deaths. However, significant advances have been made in controlling this critical cellular process by focusing on targeted therapy. A key set of factors associated with this invasive phenotype is the nm23 family of over twenty metastasis-associated genes. Among the eight known isoforms, Nm23-H1 is the most studied potential anti-metastatic factor associated with human cancers. Importantly, a growing body of work has clearly suggested a critical role for Nm23-H1 in limiting tumor cell motility and progression induced by several tumor viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) and human papilloma virus (HPV). A more in depth understanding of the interactions between tumor viruses encoded antigens and Nm23-H1 will facilitate the elucidation of underlying mechanism(s) which contribute to virus-associated cancers. Here, we review recent studies to explore the molecular links between human oncogenic viruses and progression of metastasis, in particular the deregulation of Nm23-H1 mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Regulation of Nm23-H1 and cell invasiveness by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2011; 85:3596-606. [PMID: 21270158 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01596-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and the induction of an invasive cellular phenotype by KSHV following de novo infection is an important pathogenic component mediating tumor progression. The metastasis suppressor gene known as Nm23-H1 regulates tumor cell invasiveness, but whether KSHV itself regulates Nm23-H1 expression or subcellular localization, and whether this impacts cell invasiveness, has not been established. We found that KSHV increases expression and nuclear translocation of Nm23-H1 and that nuclear translocation of Nm23-H1 is regulated by the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Moreover, activation of the Ras-BRaf-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway, secretion of promigratory factors associated with this pathway, and cell invasiveness are dependent on KSHV regulation of Nm23-H1. Finally, induction of cytoplasmic overexpression of Nm23-H1 using a pharmacologic inhibitor of DNA methylation reduced KSHV-associated Ras-BRaf-MAPK pathway activation and suppressed KSHV-induced invasiveness. These data provide the first evidence for KSHV regulation of Nm23-H1 as a mechanism for KSHV induction of an invasive cellular phenotype and support the potential utility of targeting Nm23-H1 as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of KS.
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Benevolo M, Terrenato I, Mottolese M, Marandino F, Muti P, Carosi M, Rollo F, Ronchetti L, Mariani L, Vocaturo G, Vocaturo A. Comparative evaluation of nm23 and p16 expression as biomarkers of high-risk human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ lesions of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 2010; 57:580-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choudhuri T, Murakami M, Kaul R, Sahu SK, Mohanty S, Verma SC, Kumar P, Robertson ES. Nm23-H1 can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in B cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 9:1065-78. [PMID: 20448457 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.12.11995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nm23-H1 is a well-known tumor metastasis suppressor, which functions as a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase converting nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates with an expense of ATP. It regulates a variety of cellular activities, including proliferation, development, migration and differentiation known to be modulated by a series of complex signaling pathway. Few studies have addressed the mechanistic action of Nm23-H1 in the context of these cellular processes. To determine the downstream pathways modulated by Nm23-H1, we expressed Nm23-H1 in a Burkitt lymphoma derived B-cell line BJAB and performed pathway specific microarray analysis. The genes with significant changes in expression patterns were clustered in groups which are responsible for regulating cell cycle, p53 activities and apoptosis. We found a general reduction of cell cycle regulatory proteins including cyclins and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (anti proliferation), and upregulation of apoptotic genes which included caspase 3, 9 and Bcl-x. Nm23-H1 was also found to upregulate p53 and downregulate p21 expression. A number of these genes were validated by real time PCR and results from promoter assays indicated that Nm23-H1 expression downregulated cyclin D1 in a dose responsive manner. Further, we show that Nm23-H1 forms a complex with the cellular transcription factor AP1 to modulate cyclin D1 expression levels. BJAB cells expressing Nm23-H1 showed reduced proliferation rate and were susceptible to increased apoptosis which may in part be due to a direct interaction between Nm23-H1 and p53. These results suggest that Nm23-H1 may have a role in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in human B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathagata Choudhuri
- Division of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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22
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Murakami M, Kaul R, Kumar P, Robertson ES. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase/Nm23 and Epstein-Barr virus. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:131-9. [PMID: 19412732 PMCID: PMC5958352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nm23-H1 was discovered as the first metastasis suppressor gene about 20 years ago. Since then, extensive work has contributed to understanding its role in various cellular signaling pathways. Its association with a range of human cancers as well as its ability to regulate cell cycle and suppress metastasis has been explored. We have determined that the EBV-encoded nuclear antigens, EBNA3C and EBNA1, required for EBV-mediated lymphoproliferation and for maintenance EBV genome extrachromosomally in dividing mammalian cells, respectively, target and disrupt the physiological role of Nm23-H1 in the context of cell proliferation and cell migration. This review will focus on the interaction of Nm23-H1 with the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens, EBNA3C and EBNA1 and the functional significance of this interaction as it relates to EBV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPK) are encoded by the NME genes, also called NM23. They catalyze the transfer of gamma-phosphate from nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates by a ping-pong mechanism involving the formation of a high energy phospho-histidine intermediate [1, 2]. Besides their known functions in the control of intracellular nucleotide homeostasis, they are involved in multiple physiological and pathological cellular processes such as differentiation, development, metastastic dissemination or cilia functions. Over the past 15 years, ten human genes have been discovered encoding partial, full length, and/or tandemly repeated Nm23/NDPK domains, with or without N-or C-terminal extensions and/or additional domains. These genes encode proteins exhibiting different functions at various tissular and subcellular localizations. Most of these genes appear late in evolution with the emergence of the vertebrate lineage. This review summarizes the present knowledge on these multitalented proteins.
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Boissan M, Dabernat S, Peuchant E, Schlattner U, Lascu I, Lacombe ML. The mammalian Nm23/NDPK family: from metastasis control to cilia movement. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:51-62. [PMID: 19387795 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPK) are encoded by the NME genes, also called NM23. They catalyze the transfer of gamma-phosphate from nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates by a ping-pong mechanism involving the formation of a high energy phospho-histidine intermediate [1, 2]. Besides their known functions in the control of intracellular nucleotide homeostasis, they are involved in multiple physiological and pathological cellular processes such as differentiation, development, metastastic dissemination or cilia functions. Over the past 15 years, ten human genes have been discovered encoding partial, full length, and/or tandemly repeated Nm23/NDPK domains, with or without N-or C-terminal extensions and/or additional domains. These genes encode proteins exhibiting different functions at various tissular and subcellular localizations. Most of these genes appear late in evolution with the emergence of the vertebrate lineage. This review summarizes the present knowledge on these multitalented proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boissan
- INSERM UMRS_938, UMPC Université Paris 06, 75012 Paris, France
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25
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Abstract
For the past half-century, the dominant paradigm of oncogenesis has been mutational changes that disregulate cellular control of proliferation. Parasitic causes of cancer were first incorporated into this paradigm by suggesting mechanisms through which parasitism might increase mutational damage, such as generation of mutagenic compounds during immunological activity. The growing recognition of the molecular mechanisms of pathogen-induced oncogenesis and the difficulty of generating oncogenic mutations without first having large populations of dysregulated cells, however, suggests that pathogens, particularly viruses, are major initiators of oncogenesis for many if not most cancers, and that the traditional mutation-driven process becomes the dominant process after this initiation. Molecular phylogenies of individual cancers should facilitate testing of this idea and the identification of causal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology and the program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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Whiteside MA, Siegel EM, Unger ER. Human papillomavirus and molecular considerations for cancer risk. Cancer 2008; 113:2981-94. [PMID: 18980282 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer globally, including cervical cancer. The HPV 'early' proteins, E6 and E7, are the chief oncoproteins involved in cancer progression. These oncoproteins are more highly expressed in high-grade dysplasias and invasive cancer coincident with reduced viral DNA replication and reduced production of infective progeny virions. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with several cellular proteins-classically TP53 and RB1, respectively-leading to the degradation of several of these proteins, although all interactions do not necessarily result in the degradation of a cellular protein. HPV infection is also associated with viral and host DNA methylation changes, many of which also occur in cancer types not associated with HPV infection. The E6 and E7 interactions with cellular proteins and DNA methylation changes are associated with changes in the integrity of key cellular pathways that regulate genomic integrity, cell adhesion, the immune response, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. The alterations in key cellular pathways may provide useful biomarkers to improve the sensitivity of current cancer screening methods, such as the Papanicolaou test. This review provides a detailed summary of the interactions of E6 and E7 with cellular proteins and alterations in cellular DNA methylation associated with HPV infection. The importance of molecular biomarkers to the clinical setting, underserved populations, and general public health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Whiteside
- Office of Cancer Surveillance, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee 37243, USA.
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Steeg PS, Horak CE, Miller KD. Clinical-translational approaches to the Nm23-H1 metastasis suppressor. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5006-12. [PMID: 18698018 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nm23-H1 significantly reduces metastasis without effects on primary tumor size and was the first discovered metastasis suppressor gene. At least three mechanisms are thought to contribute to the metastasis-suppressive effect of Nm23-H1: (a) its histidine kinase activity toward ATP-citrate lyase, aldolase C, and the kinase suppressor of ras, with the last inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling; (b) binding proteins that titer out "free" Nm23-H1 and inhibit its ability to suppress metastasis; and (c) altered gene expression downstream of Nm23-H1, particularly an inverse association with the lysophosphatidic acid receptor endothelial differentiation gene-28 (EDG2). Most metastasis suppressor genes, including Nm23-H1, affect metastatic colonization, which is the outgrowth of tumor cells in distant locations; therefore, they are of high translational interest. A phase II trial is ongoing to test the hypothesis that a compound, high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), used as an unconventional gluocorticoid, will stimulate breast cancer cells to reexpress Nm23-H1 and limit subsequent metastatic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Morris MA, Young LS, Dawson CW. DNA tumour viruses promote tumour cell invasion and metastasis by deregulating the normal processes of cell adhesion and motility. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:677-97. [PMID: 18468721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15-20% of global cancer incidence is causally linked to viral infection, yet the low incidence of cancers in healthy infected individuals suggests that malignant conversion of virus-infected cells occurs after a long period as a result of additional genetic modifications. There are four families of viruses that are now documented to be involved in the development of human cancers which include members of the polyomavirus, hepadnavirus, papillomavirus and herpesvirus families. Although a number of these viruses are implicated in the aetiology of lymphomas or leukaemias, the vast majority are associated with malignancies of epithelial cells. In epithelial tissues, several classes of proteins are involved in maintaining tissue architecture, including those that promote cell-cell adhesion, and others, which mediate cell-matrix interactions. Proteins representative of all classes are frequently altered in malignant tumour cells that possess invasive and metastatic properties. Malignant tumour cells acquire mechanisms to degrade basement membranes and invade the underlying tissue. Many viruses encode proteins which engage signalling pathways that affect one or more of these mechanisms. It is believed that activation of these processes by chronic viral infection can, under certain circumstances, promote tumour cell invasion and metastasis. This review will take a brief look at the current knowledge of viral-induced alterations in cell motility and invasiveness in the context of tumour invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi A Morris
- Cancer Research (UK) Institute for Cancer Studies, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Lombardi D. Commentary: nm23, a metastasis suppressor gene with a tumor suppressor gene aptitude? J Bioenerg Biomembr 2007; 38:177-80. [PMID: 16944303 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-006-9032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lombardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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