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Kutlu N, Kamiloğlu A, Abca TE, Yilmaz Ö. Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon calyx. J Food Sci 2024; 89:294-305. [PMID: 38010748 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) calyx by deep eutectic solvents (DES) with different molar ratios. For this reason, the prepared DES extracts' total phenolic-flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl radical scavenging activity [DPPH•], Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) were investigated as a result of the experimental design and optimization study conducted for this purpose. A sonication time of 20 min was determined as the optimal condition. Under these conditions, a molar ratio of 1.9:1 (lactic acid:choline chloride) and a water ratio of 70% provided the highest phenolic/flavonoid compounds and antioxidative activity. Correlations among water ratio, molar ratio, and sonication time were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). In conditions where total flavonoid compound, FRAP, and DPPH• are high due to PCA, it can be concluded that the sonication time is at high level; on the contrary, the water and molar ratios are at low level. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted extraction using DES proved effective in persimmon calyx. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these environmentally friendly green solvents as an alternative to organic solvents in preparing extracts in various fields. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study shows the effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted green extraction method using persimmon calyx specified as waste. These findings are compelling in the food industry in terms of consumers being now aware of green technology and the discovery that calyx is a good source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Kutlu
- Department of Food Processing, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkiye
| | - Aybike Kamiloğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkiye
| | - Tuğba Elbir Abca
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkiye
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Catering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkiye
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Alkakhan W, Farrar N, Sikora V, Emecen-Huja P, Huja SS, Yilmaz Ö, Pandruvada SN. Statins Modulate Microenvironmental Cues Driving Macrophage Polarization in Simulated Periodontal Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:1961. [PMID: 37566040 PMCID: PMC10417531 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of connective tissue, tooth loss, and systemic infections. Clinically, treatment of PD includes control of the etiologic factors via several modalities: initial therapy including scaling and root planing (SRP), corrective phase of surgical treatment, both with and without adjunct antimicrobial/pharmacological agents, followed by a maintenance/supportive periodontal therapy phase. Each treatment phase aims to control oral biofilm by addressing risk factors and etiology. Monotherapy of systemic antibiotics is insufficient compared to their use as an adjunct to SRP. The critical issue of systemic antimicrobial usage includes adverse patient outcomes and increased bacterial resistance. Therefore, alternative adjuncts to periodontal therapy have been sought. Statins are widely prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease. Statins have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory effects, and a few retrospective studies showed that statin patients exhibit fewer signs of periodontal inflammation than subjects without the medication. Despite the available clinical studies on the local administration of statins for PD, no studies have reported the macrophage polarization response. We have developed a gingival fibroblast-macrophage co-culture model to track macrophage response when exposed to a battery of microenvironmental cues mimicking macrophage polarization/depolarization observed in vivo. Using our model, we demonstrate that simvastatin suppresses macrophage inflammatory response and upregulates tissue homeostasis and M2 macrophage markers. Our findings support the usage of statins to mitigate periodontal inflammation as a valid strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alkakhan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA (Ö.Y.)
- Division of Periodontics, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Nico Farrar
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA (Ö.Y.)
| | - Vanessa Sikora
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA (Ö.Y.)
| | - Pinar Emecen-Huja
- Division of Periodontics, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Sarandeep S. Huja
- Division of Orthodontics, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA (Ö.Y.)
| | - Subramanya N. Pandruvada
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA (Ö.Y.)
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Lu Z, Li Y, Chowdhury N, Yu H, Syn WK, Lopes-Virella M, Yilmaz Ö, Huang Y. The Presence of Periodontitis Exacerbates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Sphingolipid Metabolism-Associated Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Inflammation in Mice with Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8322. [PMID: 37176029 PMCID: PMC10179436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that periodontitis is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, it remains unclear if periodontitis contributes to the progression of NAFLD. In this study, we generated a mouse model with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) and NAFLD and oral P. gingivalis inoculation-induced periodontitis. Results showed that the presence of periodontitis increased insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation and exacerbated the progression of NAFLD. To determine the role of sphingolipid metabolism in the association between NAFLD and periodontitis, we also treated mice with imipramine, an inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), and demonstrated that imipramine treatment significantly alleviated insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation, and improved NAFLD. Studies performed in vitro showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and palmitic acid (PA), a major saturated fatty acid associated with MetS and NAFLD, synergistically increased the production of ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid involved in NAFLD progression in macrophages but imipramine effectively reversed the ceramide production stimulated by LPS and PA. Taken together, this study showed for the first time that the presence of periodontitis contributed to the progression of NAFLD, likely due to alterations in sphingolipid metabolism that led to exacerbated insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation. This study also showed that targeting ASMase with imipramine improves NAFLD by reducing insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MI 63110, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Universidad del Pa S Vasco/Euskal Herriko Univertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Günay Ç, Aykol D, Özsoy Ö, Sönmezler E, Hanci YS, Kara B, Akkoyunlu Sünnetçi D, Cine N, Deniz A, Özer T, Ölçülü CB, Yilmaz Ö, Kanmaz S, Yilmaz S, Tekgül H, Yildiz N, Acar Arslan E, Cansu A, Olgaç Dündar N, Kusgoz F, Didinmez E, Gençpinar P, Aksu Uzunhan T, Ertürk B, Gezdirici A, Ayaz A, Ölmez A, Ayanoğlu M, Tosun A, Topçu Y, Kiliç B, Aydin K, Çağlar E, Ersoy Kosvali Ö, Okuyaz Ç, Besen Ş, Tekin Orgun L, Erol İ, Yüksel D, Sezer A, Atasoy E, Toprak Ü, Güngör S, Ozgor B, Karadağ M, Dilber C, Şahinoğlu B, Uyur Yalçin E, Eldes Hacifazlioglu N, Yaramiş A, Edem P, Gezici Tekin H, Yilmaz Ü, Ünalp A, Turay S, Biçer D, Gül Mert G, Dokurel Çetin İ, Kirik S, Öztürk G, Karal Y, Sanri A, Aksoy A, Polat M, Özgün N, Soydemir D, Sarikaya Uzan G, Ülker Üstebay D, Gök A, Yeşilmen MC, Yiş U, Karakülah G, Bursali A, Oktay Y, Hiz Kurul S. Shared Biological Pathways and Processes in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A Multicenter Study. Neuropediatrics 2023. [PMID: 36787800 DOI: 10.1055/a-2034-8528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the underlying genetic causes of intellectual disability (ID) continue to be rapidly identified, the biological pathways and processes that could be targets for a potential molecular therapy are not yet known. This study aimed to identify ID-related shared pathways and processes utilizing enrichment analyses. METHOD In this multicenter study, causative genes of patients with ID were used as input for Disease Ontology (DO), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. RESULTS Genetic test results of 720 patients from 27 centers were obtained. Patients with chromosomal deletion/duplication, non-ID genes, novel genes, and results with changes in more than one gene were excluded. A total of 558 patients with 341 different causative genes were included in the study. Pathway-based enrichment analysis of the ID-related genes via ClusterProfiler revealed 18 shared pathways, with lysine degradation and nicotine addiction being the most common. The most common of the 25 overrepresented DO terms was ID. The most frequently overrepresented GO biological process, cellular component, and molecular function terms were regulation of membrane potential, ion channel complex, and voltage-gated ion channel activity/voltage-gated channel activity, respectively. CONCLUSION Lysine degradation, nicotine addiction, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways are well-suited to be research areas for the discovery of new targeted therapies in ID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağatay Günay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aykol
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özsoy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Sönmezler
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yaren Sena Hanci
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bülent Kara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Naci Cine
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Adnan Deniz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tolgahan Özer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cemile Büşra Ölçülü
- Department of Child Neurology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Child Neurology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Kanmaz
- Department of Child Neurology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sanem Yilmaz
- Department of Child Neurology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tekgül
- Department of Child Neurology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Yildiz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elif Acar Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Cansu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nihal Olgaç Dündar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Kusgoz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Didinmez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Gençpinar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Aksu Uzunhan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Biray Ertürk
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Ayaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akgün Ölmez
- Denizli Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Müge Ayanoğlu
- Department of Child Neurology, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tosun
- Department of Child Neurology, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Topçu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Kiliç
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kürşad Aydin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Çağlar
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ersoy Kosvali
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Çetin Okuyaz
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Besen
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Leman Tekin Orgun
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlknur Erol
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüksel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sezer
- Department of Genetics, University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergin Atasoy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ülkühan Toprak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdal Güngör
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Bilge Ozgor
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Meral Karadağ
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Dilber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Bahtiyar Şahinoğlu
- Deparment of Genetics, Dr Ersin Arslan Traning and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Emek Uyur Yalçin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Diseases Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Eldes Hacifazlioglu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Diseases Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yaramiş
- Diyarbakır Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Pınar Edem
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bakırcay University, Cigli District Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hande Gezici Tekin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bakırcay University, Cigli District Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aycan Ünalp
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Turay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Duzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Didem Biçer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gülen Gül Mert
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - İpek Dokurel Çetin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Balıkesir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Kirik
- Fırat University School of Medicine, Pediatric Neurology, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Gülten Öztürk
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Karal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Sanri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Polat
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Nezir Özgün
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Didem Soydemir
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Sarikaya Uzan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Döndü Ülker Üstebay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Gök
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Can Yeşilmen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Uluç Yiş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bursali
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Oktay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz Kurul
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
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Lory W, Wellslager B, Sun C, Yilmaz Ö, Yu H. Inhibition of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2 by JTE013 Enhanced Alveolar Bone Regeneration by Promoting Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3401. [PMID: 36834810 PMCID: PMC9967474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates various immune responses. Herein, we report the effects of a S1PR2 antagonist (JTE013) on bone regeneration. Murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or JTE013 with or without infection by an oral bacterial pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Treatment with JTE013 enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), platelet derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) gene expression and increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Smad and Akt signaling. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were challenged with ligatures around the left maxillary 2nd molar for 15 days to induce inflammatory bone loss. After ligature removal, mice were treated with diluted DMSO or JTE013 in the periodontal tissues 3 times per week for 3 weeks. Calcein was also injected twice to measure bone regeneration. Micro-CT scanning of maxillary bone tissues and calcein imaging revealed that treatment with JTE013 enhanced alveolar bone regeneration. JTE013 also increased VEGFA, PDGFA, osteocalcin, and osterix gene expressions in the periodontal tissues compared to control. Histological examination of periodontal tissues revealed that JTE013 promoted angiogenesis in the periodontal tissues compared to control. Our findings support that inhibition of S1PR2 by JTE013 increased TGFβ/Smad and Akt signaling; enhanced VEGFA, PDGFA, and GDF15 gene expression; and subsequently promoted angiogenesis and alveolar bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lory
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bridgette Wellslager
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Yilmaz Ö, Biçici Ö, Karakaya-Bilen E. Rupture of the Prepubic Tendon in a Quadruplet Pregnant Romanov Ewe. J HELL VET MED SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.12681/jhvms.28261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A case of prepubic tendon rupture in a Romanov ewe in which four live lambs were removed by cesarean section is presented. A three-year-old ewe, on the 142±3 days of the second gestation was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application and Research Center with a sudden downward expansion of the abdomen during the last one day. When ewe was examined reluctance to locomotion, mild depression, tachycardia, tachypnea and abdominal peculiar enlargement on the left side more than right side were noticed. Because of this case was detected early the general condition was not so bad and clinical examination revealed that swelling was non-painful and non-edematous. Ultrasonography was performed to detect viability of the fetuses, and to eliminate possibility of hernia of the abdominal muscles. Based on anamnesis, abdominal palpation, and clinical examination, this case was diagnosed with prepubic tendon rupture. The prognosis of saving the lives of ewe and fetuses depends on successfully handling all aspects of the case in the last period of pregnancy. Although it is not possible to repair the abdominal integrity surgically in cases of prepubic tendon rupture in the ewe, a planned cesarean operation is indicated to increase the survival rates of both ewe and lambs.
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Karakaya E, Abdul Y, Chowdhury N, Wellslager B, Jamil S, Albayram O, Yilmaz Ö, Ergul A. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection upregulates the endothelin (ET) system in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:679-688. [PMID: 35442801 PMCID: PMC9583200 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent vasoconstrictor identified to date, contributes to cerebrovascular dysfunction and brain ET-1 levels were shown to be related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) progression. ET-1 also contributes to neuroinflammation, especially in infections of the central nervous system. Recent studies causally linked chronic periodontal infection with an opportunistic anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis (Coykendall et al.) Shah & Collins to AD development. Thus, the goal of the study was to determine the impact of P. gingivalis infection on the ET system and cell senescence in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection 50 P. gingivalis with and without extracellular ATP-induced oxidative stress for 24 h. Cell lysates were collected for analysis of endothelin A receptor (ETA)/endothelin B receptor (ETB) receptor as well as senescence markers. ET-1 levels in cell culture media were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P. gingivalis infection increased ET-1 (pg/mL) secretion, as well as the ETA receptor expression, whereas decreased lamin A/C expression compared to control. Tight junction protein claudin-5 was also decreased under these conditions. ETA or ETB receptor blockade during infection did not affect ET-1 secretion or the expression of cell senescence markers. Current findings suggest that P. gingivalis infection may compromise endothelial integrity and activate the ET system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Karakaya
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Department of Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Yasir Abdul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Department of Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Sarah Jamil
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Department of Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Onder Albayram
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina
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8
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Akyıldız İE, Yetimoğlu EK, Raday S, Erdem Ö, Acar S, Yilmaz Ö, Uzunöner D, Düz G, Damarli E. Development of a novel pretreatment protocol for the efficient isolation and enrichment of honey proteome using pine honey and the hypopharyngeal glands of Apis mellifera L. Food Measure 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that assemble in host cells upon recognition of infection or danger via pattern recognition receptors and/or danger recognition receptors. The assembly of inflammasomes results in the activation of caspase-1 and is followed by the enzymatic maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18.In the oral cavity, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) line the mucosa and have a barrier role for invading pathogens. In these cells, the NLRP3 inflammasome is the best studied and has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory immune response against a variety of oral pathogens. As such, in order to study gingivitis and other oral pathologic inflammatory conditions, studying the activation of inflammasomes is important. The simplest way to detect inflammasome activation is to detect the activated caspase-1, as well as the secretion of mature IL-1β and IL-18, via ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques.Here we describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in human GECs via these three methods and mention other methods and techniques that we have successfully used together with these in our quest to understand the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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10
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Patel S, Howard D, Chowdhury N, Derieux C, Wellslager B, Yilmaz Ö, French L. Characterization of Human Genes Modulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis Highlights the Ribosome, Hypothalamus, and Cholinergic Neurons. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646259. [PMID: 34194426 PMCID: PMC8236716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium associated with periodontal disease, is a suspected cause of Alzheimer's disease. This bacterium is reliant on gingipain proteases, which cleave host proteins after arginine and lysine residues. To characterize gingipain susceptibility, we performed enrichment analyses of arginine and lysine proportion proteome-wide. Genes differentially expressed in brain samples with detected P. gingivalis reads were also examined. Genes from these analyses were tested for functional enrichment and specific neuroanatomical expression patterns. Proteins in the SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane pathway were enriched for these residues and previously associated with periodontal and Alzheimer's disease. These ribosomal genes are up-regulated in prefrontal cortex samples with detected P. gingivalis sequences. Other differentially expressed genes have been previously associated with dementia (ITM2B, MAPT, ZNF267, and DHX37). For an anatomical perspective, we characterized the expression of the P. gingivalis associated genes in the mouse and human brain. This analysis highlighted the hypothalamus, cholinergic neurons, and the basal forebrain. Our results suggest markers of neural P. gingivalis infection and link the cholinergic and gingipain hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Howard
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Casey Derieux
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bridgette Wellslager
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Leon French
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely critical tasks in responding to a variety of external stimuli and dangers through the regulation of specific built-in molecular mechanisms in a context-dependent fashion at cellular levels. Gingival epithelial cells form an anatomic architecture that confers defense, robustness, and adaptation toward external aggressions, most critically to colonizing microorganisms, among other functions. Accordingly, recent studies unraveled previously uncharacterized response mechanisms in gingival epithelial cells that are constructed to rapidly exert biocidal effects against invader pathobiotic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, through small danger molecule signaling. The host-adapted bacteria, however, have developed adroit strategies to 1) exploit the epithelia as privileged growth niches and 2) chronically target cellular bactericidal and homeostatic metabolic pathways for successful bacterial persistence. As the overgrowth of colonizing microorganisms in the gingival mucosa can shift from homeostasis to dysbiosis or a diseased state, it is crucial to understand how the innate modulatory molecules are intricately involved in antibacterial pathways and how they shape susceptibility versus resistance in the epithelium toward pathogens. Thus, in this review, we highlight recent discoveries in gingival epithelial cell research in the context of bacterial colonizers. The current knowledge outlined here demonstrates the ability of epithelial cells to possess highly organized defense machineries, which can jointly regulate host-derived danger molecule signaling and integrate specific global responses against opportunistic bacteria to combat microbial incursion and maintain host homeostatic balance. These novel examples collectively suggest that the oral epithelia are equipped with a dynamically robust and interconnected defense system encompassing sensors and various effector molecules that arrange and achieve a fine-tuned and advanced response to diverse bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ö. Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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12
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Lee JS, Chowdhury N, Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ö. Host surface ectonucleotidase-CD73 and the opportunistic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, cross-modulation underlies a new homeostatic mechanism for chronic bacterial survival in human epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:414-429. [PMID: 32419582 PMCID: PMC7239027 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, ectonucleotidase-CD73, has emerged as a central component of the cellular homeostatic-machinery that counterbalances the danger-molecule (extracellular-ATP)-driven proinflammatory response in immune cells. While the importance of CD73 in microbial host fitness and symbiosis is gradually being unraveled, there remains a significant gap in knowledge of CD73 and its putative role in epithelial cells. Here, we depict a novel host-pathogen adaptation mechanism where CD73 takes a center role in the intracellular persistence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major colonizer of oral mucosa, using human primary gingival epithelial cell (GEC) system. Temporal analyses revealed, upon invasion into the GECs, P. gingivalis can significantly elevate the host-surface CD73 activity and expression. The enhanced and active CD73 significantly increases P. gingivalis intracellular growth in the presence of substrate-AMP and simultaneously acts as a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon eATP treatment. The inhibition of CD73 by siRNA or by a specific inhibitor markedly increases ROS production. Moreover, CD73 and P. gingivalis cross-signaling significantly modulates pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the GECs. Conversely, exogenous treatment of the infected GECs with IL-6 suppresses the intracellular bacteria via amplified ROS generation. However, the decreased bacterial levels can be restored by overexpressing functionally active CD73. Together, these findings illuminate how the local extracellular-purine-metabolism, in which CD73 serves as a core molecular switch, can alter intracellular microbial colonization resistance. Further, host-adaptive pathogens such as P. gingivalis can target host ectonucleotidases to disarm specific innate defenses for successful intracellular persistence in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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13
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Aydin G, Demirel A, Bulut N, Karaduman AA, Serel Arslan S, Yilmaz Ö, Gürbüz İ. AB0960 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAREGIVER BURDEN AND UPPER LIMB-NECK DISABILITY AND PAIN IN BABY CAREGIVERS. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Although caregiving is a normal part of being a parent of a young child, it is still unclear whether caregiving causes upper limb or neck disability in the caregiver.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between caregiver burden and upper limb-neck disabilities and pain in baby caregivers.Methods:Sixty caregivers who are responsible for the caregiving of a 0-2 year old healthy baby, were included in this study. Physical characteristics and the gender of the caregivers were recorded. Caregiver burden was assessed by the Zarit Burden Interview; upper limb problems by DASH and neck problems by the Neck Disability Index and Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire. In addition, pain severity related to neck and upper limb was evaluated by using Visual Analog Scale over a 10 level scale.Results:The mean age of the caregivers was 30.96 ± 6.43 year. The mean body mass index of the caregivers was 23.34 ± 3.29 indicating normal body composition. Height and weight were 163.75 ± 6.01 and 62.55 ± 8.98, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the caregivers were mother and the others were the babysitter. A weak relationship was determined between the Zarit Burden Interview and DASH (p=0.02, r=0.2), while no relationship was found between caregiver burden and other assessments. Caregivers were found to have very low pain severity in the upper limb and neck.Conclusion:It has been previously reported that caregiving for a disabled child or adult causes care burden and various musculoskeletal disorders1-4. Current study demonstrated that giving care for a healthy child did not create care burden, and caused lower levels of pain in the upper limb and neck.References:[1]Santos, M. T. B. R., Biancardi, M., Guare, R. O., & Jardim, J. R. (2010). Caries prevalence in patients with cerebral palsy and the burden of caring for them.Special Care in Dentistry,30(5), 206-210.[2]Sharan, D., Ajeesh, P. S., Rameshkumar, R., & Manjula, M. (2012). Musculoskeletal disorders in caregivers of children with cerebral palsy following a multilevel surgery.Work,41(Supplement 1), 1891-1895.[3]Akosile, C. O., Okoye, E. C., Adegoke, B. O. A., Mbada, C. E., Maruf, F. A., & Okeke, I. A. (2013). Burden, health and quality of life of Nigerian stroke caregivers.Health Care Current Reviews,1(1), 105.[4]Darragh, A. R., Sommerich, C. M., Lavender, S. A., Tanner, K. J., Vogel, K., & Campo, M. (2015). Musculoskeletal discomfort, physical demand, and caregiving activities in informal caregivers.Journal of Applied Gerontology,34(6), 734-760.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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14
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Lee JS, Spooner R, Chowdhury N, Pandey V, Wellslager B, Atanasova KR, Evans Z, Yilmaz Ö. In Situ Intraepithelial Localizations of Opportunistic Pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis, in Human Gingiva. Curr Res Microb Sci 2020; 1:7-17. [PMID: 34308393 PMCID: PMC8294339 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium serves as a growth reservoir for opportunistic bacteria. Intraepithelial P. gingivalis and F. alocis colonies are detected together in dysbiotic mucosa. Increased metabolically active dual species can lead to higher microvasculature. Invasion of intraepithelial microvessels leads to systemic pathogen dissemination.
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis are fastidious oral pathogens and etiological agents associated with chronic periodontitis. Although previous studies showed increased levels of the two obligate anaerobic species in periodontitis patients, methodologies for this knowledge were primarily limited to sampling subgingival plaque, saliva, or gingival crevicular fluid. To evaluate the extent to which P. gingivalis and F. alocis may invade the periodontal tissues, an in situ cross-sectional study was comparatively conducted on the gingival biopsy specimens of patients diagnosed with periodontal health or chronic periodontitis. Immunostained tissue sections for each organism were imaged by Super-Resolution Confocal Scanning Microscopy to determine the relative presence and localization of target bacterial species. Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) coupled with species specific 16S rRNA method was utilized to confirm whether detected bacteria were live within the tissue. In periodontitis, P. gingivalis and F. alocis revealed similarly concentrated localization near the basement membrane or external basal lamina of the gingival epithelium. The presence of both bacteria was significantly increased in periodontitis vs. healthy tissue. However, P. gingivalis was still detected to an extent in health tissue, while only minimal levels of F. alocis were spotted in health. Additionally, the micrographic analyses displayed heightened formation of epithelial microvasculature containing significantly co-localized and metabolically active dual species within periodontitis tissue. Thus, this study demonstrates, for the first-time, spatial arrangements of P. gingivalis and F. alocis in both single and co-localized forms within the complex fabric of human gingiva during health and disease. It also exhibits critical visualizations of co-invaded microvascularized epithelial layer of the tissue by metabolically active P. gingivalis and F. alocis from patients with severe periodontitis. These findings collectively uncover novel visual evidence of a potential starting point for systemic spread of opportunistic bacteria during their chronic colonization in gingival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Ralee Spooner
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA.,Lieutenant, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, 92278, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Bridgette Wellslager
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Zachary Evans
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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15
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Emre İ, Kurşat M, Yilmaz Ö, Erecevit P. Chemical compositions, radical scavenging capacities and antimicrobial activities in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata from Turkey. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:144-153. [PMID: 32401852 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.224654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined some biological compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial capacity in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) has been found to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of Satureja hortensis L. (66.24 ± 1.24%) and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48.17 ± 1.01%). Linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) is identified as the second major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the present study and oleic acid (C18:1 n9) is determined as the major monounsaturated fatty acid. Current study showed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low levels of saturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that ergosterol (263.1 ± 2.14 µg/g), stigmasterol (39.07 ± 0.91 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (14.64 ± 0.49 µg/g) have been found in Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, while ergosterol (69.41 ± 1.75 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (19.81 ± 1.14 µg/g) have been determined in Satureja hortensis L. Also, this study determined that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low lipide-soluble vitamin content. Furthermore, it has been found that Satureja hortensis L. contains naringenin (612.57 ± 2.57 µg/g), morin (86.97 ± 1.12 µg/g), quercetin (22.87 ± 0.75 µg/g), and kaempferol (20.11 ± 0.94 µg/g) while naringenin (135.91 ± 1.91 µg/g), naringin (61.23 ± 2.15 µg/g) and quercetin (47.51 ± 1.17 µg/g) have been detected as major flavonoids in the seeds of Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. The results of the present study suggest that methanol extracts of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have significant free radical scavenging activity. The present results revealed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata showed major activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, fungi and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- İ Emre
- Department of Primary Education, Faculty of Education, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - M Kurşat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bitlis Eren University, 13100, Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Ö Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - P Erecevit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey
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16
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Ramos-Junior ES, Pedram M, Lee RE, Exstrom D, Yilmaz Ö, Coutinho-Silva R, Ojcius DM, Morandini AC. CD73-dependent adenosine dampens interleukin-1β-induced CXCL8 production in gingival fibroblasts: Association with heme oxygenase-1 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. J Periodontol 2019; 91:253-262. [PMID: 31347162 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During inflammation, stressed or infected cells can release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the extracellular medium, which can be hydrolyzed to adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) and 5'-nucleotidase (CD73). The role of CD73 in the modulation of cytokine release by human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) remains underexplored. Here, we investigated whether CD73-mediated hydrolysis of extracellular ATP (eATP) could affect interleukin (IL)-1β-induced CXCL8 secretion. METHODS The levels of mRNA expression of adenosine receptors, CD39 and CD73 of periodontitis samples were retrieved from a public database. Moreover, HGF mRNA levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) after 3, 6, or 24 hours of IL-1β stimulation. IL-1β-induced CXCL8 protein levels were measured after pretreatment with 100-µM eATP in the presence or absence of CD73 inhibitor. The effect of eATP degradation to adenosine on CXCL8 levels was investigated using agonist and antagonist of adenosine receptors. RESULTS Levels of CD39, CD73, and adenosine receptor mRNA were differentially modulated by IL-1β. ATP pretreatment impaired IL-1β-induced CXCL8 secretion and required activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK). The inhibition of CD73 or the inhibition of adenosine receptors abrogated the ATP effect on CXCL8 secretion. CONCLUSIONS CD73-generated adenosine dampens IL-1β-induced CXCL8 in HGFs and involves HO-1 and pAMPK signaling. These results imply that CD73 is a negative regulator of the inflammatory microenvironment, suggesting that this ectoenzyme could be involved in the generation of deficient CXCL8 gradient in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erivan Schnaider Ramos-Junior
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Pedram
- Doctor of Dental Surgery Program, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renee E Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.,College of Letters & Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Drake Exstrom
- Doctor of Dental Surgery Program, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Menzel LP, Ruddick W, Chowdhury MH, Brice DC, Clance R, Porcelli E, Ryan LK, Lee J, Yilmaz Ö, Kirkwood KL, McMahon L, Tran A, Diamond G. Activation of vitamin D in the gingival epithelium and its role in gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:444-452. [PMID: 30802957 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Both chronic and aggressive periodontal disease are associated with vitamin D deficiency. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 D3 , induces the expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and innate immune mediators in cultured human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). The aim of this study was to further delineate the mechanism by which vitamin D enhances the innate defense against the development of periodontal disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type C57Bl/6 mice were made deficient in vitamin D by dietary restriction. Cultured primary and immortalized GEC were stimulated with 1,25(OH)2 D3 , followed by infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and viable intracellular bacteria were quantified. Conversion of vitamin D3 to 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 was quantified by ELISA. Effect of vitamin D on basal IL-1α expression in mice was determined by topical administration to the gingiva of wild-type mice, followed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Dietary restriction of vitamin D led to alveolar bone loss and increased inflammation in the gingiva in the mouse model. In primary human GEC and established human cell lines, treatment of GEC with 1,25(OH)2 D3 inhibited the intracellular growth of P. gingivalis. Cultured GEC expressed two 25-hydroxylases (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1), as well as 1-α hydroxylase, enabling conversion of vitamin D to both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 . Topical application of both vitamin D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 to the gingiva of mice led to rapid inhibition of IL-1α expression, a prominent pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with inflammation, which also exhibited more than a 2-fold decrease from basal levels in OKF6/TERT1 cells upon 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment, as determined by RNA-seq. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency in mice contributes to PD, recapitulating the association seen in humans, and provides a unique model to study the development of PD. Vitamin D increases the activity of GEC against the invasion of periodontal pathogens and inhibits the inflammatory response, both in vitro and in vivo. GEC can convert inactive vitamin D to the active form in situ, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D can be applied directly to the gingiva to prevent or treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo P Menzel
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Willam Ruddick
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - David C Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ryan Clance
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily Porcelli
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lisa K Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Laura McMahon
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Amy Tran
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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18
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence for an association between periodontitis/tooth loss and oral, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic cancers. Periodontal disease, which is characterized by chronic inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, is a significant risk factor for orodigestive carcinogenesis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is proposed as a keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis causing both dysbiosis and discordant immune response. The present review focuses on the growing recognition of a relationship between P. gingivalis and orodigestive cancers. Porphyromonas gingivalis has been recovered in abundance from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Recently established tumorigenesis models have indicated a direct relationship between P. gingivalis and carcinogenesis. The bacterium upregulates specific receptors on OSCC cells and keratinocytes, induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition of normal oral epithelial cells and activates metalloproteinase-9 and interleukin-8 in cultures of the carcinoma cells. In addition, P. gingivalis accelerates cell cycling and suppresses apoptosis in cultures of primary oral epithelial cells. In oral cancer cells, the cell cycle is arrested and there is no effect on apoptosis, but macro autophagy is increased. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes distant metastasis and chemoresistance to anti-cancer agents and accelerates proliferation of oral tumor cells by affecting gene expression of defensins, by peptidyl-arginine deiminase and noncanonical activation of β-catenin. The pathogen also converts ethanol to the carcinogenic intermediate acetaldehyde. In addition, P. gingivalis can be implicated in precancerous gastric and colon lesions, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck (larynx, throat, lip, mouth and salivary glands) carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer. The fact that distant organs can be involved clearly emphasizes that P. gingivalis has systemic tumorigenic effects in addition to the local effects in its native territory, the oral cavity. Although coinfection with other bacteria, viruses, and fungi occurs in periodontitis, P. gingivalis relates to cancer even in absence of periodontitis. Thus, there may be a direct relationship between P. gingivalis and orodigestive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Lee K, Roberts JS, Choi CH, Atanasova KR, Yilmaz Ö. Porphyromonas gingivalis traffics into endoplasmic reticulum-rich-autophagosomes for successful survival in human gingival epithelial cells. Virulence 2018; 9:845-859. [PMID: 29616874 PMCID: PMC5955440 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1454171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an opportunistic pathogen usurps gingival epithelial cells (GECs) as primary intracellular niche for its colonization in the oral mucosa. However, the precise characterization of the intracellular trafficking and fate of P. gingivalis in GECs remains incomplete. Therefore, we employed high-resolution three-dimensional-transmission-electron-microscopy to determine the subcellular location of P. gingivalis in human primary GECs upon invasion. Serial sections of infected-GECs and their tomographic reconstruction depicted ER-rich-double-membrane autophagosomal-vacuoles harboring P. gingivalis. Western-blotting and fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that P. gingivalis significantly induces LC3-lipidation in a time-dependent-manner and co-localizes with LC3, ER-lumen-protein Bip, or ER-tracker, which are major components of the phagophore membrane. Furthermore, GECs that were infected with FMN-green-fluorescent transformant-strain (PgFbFP) and selectively permeabilized by digitonin showed rapidly increasing large numbers of double-membrane-vacuolar-P. gingivalis over 24 hours of infection with a low-ratio of cytosolically free-bacteria. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine or ATG5 siRNA significantly reduced the viability of intracellular P. gingivalis in GECs as determined by an antibiotic-protection-assay. Lysosomal marker, LAMP-1, showed a low-degree colocalization with P. gingivalis (∼20%). PgFbFP was used to investigate the fate of vacuolar- versus cytosolic-P. gingivalis by their association with ubiquitin-binding-adaptor-proteins, NDP52 and p62. Only cytosolic-P. gingivalis had a significant association with both markers, which suggests cytosolically-free bacteria are likely destined to the lysosomal-degradation pathway whereas the vacuolar-P. gingivalis survives. Therefore, the results reveal a novel mechanism for P. gingivalis survival in GECs by harnessing host autophagy machinery to establish a successful replicative niche and persistence in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyulim Lee
- a Department of Oral Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- b Department of Oral Health Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- c Department of Microbiology and Medical Science , Chungnam National University, School of Medicine , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- d Department of Periodontology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- b Department of Oral Health Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,e Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , South Carolina , USA
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Lee J, Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Chowdhury N, Yilmaz Ö. A novel kinase function of a nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase homologue in Porphyromonas gingivalis is critical in subversion of host cell apoptosis by targeting heat-shock protein 27. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12825. [PMID: 29359393 PMCID: PMC5893355 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a homologue of a conserved nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk) family of multifunctional enzymes and secreted molecule in Porphyromonas gingivalis can modulate select host molecular pathways including downregulation of reactive-oxygen-species generation to promote bacterial survival in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). In this study, we describe a novel kinase function for bacterial effector, P. gingivalis-Ndk, in abrogating epithelial cell death by phosphorylating heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) in GECs. Infection by P. gingivalis was recently suggested to increase phosphorylation of HSP27 in cancer-epithelial cells; however, the mechanism and biological significance of antiapoptotic phospho-HSP27 during infection has never been characterised. Interestingly, using glutathione S-transferase-rNdk pull-down analysed by mass spectrometry, we identified HSP27 in GECs as a strong binder of P. gingivalis-Ndk and further verified using confocal microscopy and ELISA. Therefore, we hypothesised P. gingivalis-Ndk can phosphorylate HSP27 for inhibition of apoptosis in GECs. We further employed P. gingivalis-Ndk protein constructs and an isogenic P. gingivalis-ndk-deficient-mutant strain for functional examination. P. gingivalis-infected GECs displayed significantly increased phospho-HSP27 compared with ndk-deficient-strain during 24 hr infection. Phospho-HSP27 was significantly increased by transfection of GFP-tagged-Ndk into uninfected-GECs, and in vitro phosphorylation assays revealed direct phosphorylation of HSP27 at serines 78 and 82 by P. gingivalis-Ndk. Depletion of HSP27 via siRNA significantly reversed resistance against staurosporine-mediated-apoptosis during infection. Transfection of recombinant P. gingivalis-Ndk protein into GECs substantially decreased staurosporine-induced-apoptosis. Finally, ndk-deficient-mutant strain was unable to inhibit staurosporine-induced Cytochrome C release/Caspase-9 activation. Thus, we show for the first time the phosphorylation of HSP27 by a bacterial effector-P. gingivalis-Ndk-and a novel function of Ndks that is directly involved in inhibition of host cell apoptosis and the subsequent bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - JoAnn S. Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kalina R. Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
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Lee JS, Yilmaz Ö. Unfolding Role of a Danger Molecule Adenosine Signaling in Modulation of Microbial Infection and Host Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E199. [PMID: 29315226 PMCID: PMC5796148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, specific nucleotide metabolizing enzymes located on the surface of the host, can convert a pro-inflammatory environment driven by a danger molecule extracellular-ATP to an adenosine-mediated anti-inflammatory milieu. Accordingly, CD39/CD73 signaling have has strongly implicated in modulating the intensity, duration, and composition of purinergic danger signals delivered to host. Recent studies have eluted potential roles for CD39 and CD73 in selective triggering of a variety of host immune cells and molecules in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or microbial virulence molecules. Growing evidence also suggests that CD39 and CD73 present complimentary, but likely differential, actions against pathogens to shape the course and severity of microbial infection as well as the associated immune response. Similarly, adenosine receptors A2A and A2B have been proposed to be major immunomodulators of adenosine signaling during chronic inflammatory conditions induced by opportunistic pathogens, such as oral colonizer Porphyromonas gingivalis. Therefore, we here review the recent studies that demonstrate how complex network of molecules in the extracellular adenosine signaling machinery and their interactions can reshape immune responses and may also be targeted by opportunistic pathogens to establish successful colonization in human mucosal tissues and modulate the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Yilmaz Ö, Kiziltan R, Çelik S, Yildirm S, Alp HH, Aras A, Kotan Ç. Comparison of icodextrin with thymoquinone: A new hope for postoperative adhesions. Niger J Clin Pract 2018; 20:1489-1496. [PMID: 29303137 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_209_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of thymoquinone and icodextrin in rats within the framework of an experimental adhesion model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were separated into three groups: (1) a control group consisting of rats that had 2 ml of isotonic solution administered intraperitoneally, (2) an ICO group administered with 2 ml of 4% icodextrin, and (3) a TQ group administered thymoquinone (10 mg/kg), all following cecal abrasion. The three groups underwent a reoperation on the 7th postoperative day. Hydroxyproline levels were analyzed in the resected adhesive tissues, and histopathological investigations were conducted. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses. RESULTS Fewer postoperative adhesions were observed in the ICO and TQ groups compared with the control group. A comparison of the TQ and ICO groups revealed lowers levels of postoperative adhesions in the TQ group. Compared with the control group, malondialdehyde, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG/10dG), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and CoenzymeQ10/reduced CoenzymeQ10 (CoQ10/CoQ10H) values were found to be lower in the TQ and ICO groups. When the TQ and ICO groups were compared with respect to their biochemical parameters, the results for all of the four parameters were found to be statistically significantly lower in the TQ group (P < 0.000). The levels of hydroxyproline in the control, ICO, and TQ groups were found to be (mean ± standard deviation) 502.25 ± 90.39 μg/g, 342.13 ± 66.61 μg/g, and 287.88 ± 49.59 μg/g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A comparison of the antiadhesive effects of thymoquinone and icodextrin revealed thymoquinone to be more effective. These results indicate that thymoquinone is an efficient and strong antiadhesive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Yilmaz
- Department of General Surgery, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - R Kiziltan
- Department of General Surgery, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - S Çelik
- Department of General Surgery, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - S Yildirm
- Department of Biochemistry, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - H H Alp
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - A Aras
- Department of General Surgery, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
| | - Ç Kotan
- Department of General Surgery, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Yuzuncuyil, Van, Turkey
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Lee J, Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Chowdhury N, Han K, Yilmaz Ö. Human Primary Epithelial Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition Phenotype during Long-Term Infection by the Oral Opportunistic Pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:493. [PMID: 29250491 PMCID: PMC5717492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a host-adapted oral pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis that successfully survives and persists in the oral epithelium. Recent studies have positively correlated periodontitis with increased risk and severity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Intriguingly, the presence of P. gingivalis enhances tumorigenic properties independently of periodontitis and has therefore been proposed as a potential etiological agent for OSCC. However, the initial host molecular changes induced by P. gingivalis infection which promote predisposition to cancerous transformation through EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), has never been studied in human primary cells which more closely mimic the physiological state of cells in vivo. In this study, we examine for the first time in primary oral epithelial cells (OECs) the expression and activation of key EMT mediators during long-term P. gingivalis infection in vitro. We examined the inactive phosphorylated state of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK3β) over 120 h P. gingivalis infection and found p-GSK3β, an important EMT regulator, significantly increases over the course of infection (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we examined the expression of EMT-associated transcription factors, Slug, Snail, and Zeb1 and found significant increases (p < 0.01) over long-term P. gingivalis infection in protein and mRNA expression. Additionally, the protein expression of mesenchymal intermediate filament, Vimentin, was substantially increased over 120 h of P. gingivalis infection. Analysis of adhesion molecule E-cadherin showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in expression and a loss of membrane localization along with β-catenin in OECs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 7, and 9 are all markedly increased with long-term P. gingivalis infection. Finally, migration of P. gingivalis infected cells was evaluated using scratch assay in which primary OEC monolayers were wounded and treated with proliferation inhibitor, Mitomycin C. The cellular movement was determined by microscopy. Results displayed P. gingivalis infection promoted cell migration which was slightly enhanced by co-infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum, another oral opportunistic pathogen. Therefore, this study demonstrates human primary OECs acquire initial molecular/cellular changes that are consistent with EMT induction during long-term infection by P. gingivalis and provides a critically novel framework for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Temur M, Balci UG, Güçlü YA, Korkmaz B, Özbay P, Soysal N, Yilmaz Ö, Yilmazer T, Çift T, Öngel K. Does increase in body mass index effect primary dysmenorrhea? CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2017. [DOI: 10.12891/ceog3595.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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25
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Caf F, Yilmaz Ö, Şen Özdemir N. Potential of Laurencia obtusa as a substrate for the development of a probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:71-76. [PMID: 28886317 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laurencia obtusa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) has tremendous nutritional value, being high in proteins, oligosaccharides, vitamins, essential minerals, and fatty acids, and it is a rich source of amino acids and trace elements. In this study, L. obtusa was extracted and subjected to phenolic, sugar and flavonoid analyses.The fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol contents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated when it was incubated with L. obtusa dry biomass. The fatty acids in the lipid extract were analysed after converting them into methyl esters using gas chromatography, and vitamin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the achieved results, the total fatty acid levels and vitamin contents of the S. cerevisiae prepared with algal extract increased at different rates. Our results showed that α-tocopherol decreased in the group in which the S. cerevisiae was added the algal extract. When compared to the control group, ergesterol increased in the group in which L. obtusa extract was added. Additionally, when compared to the control group in which L. obtusa extract was added, stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) increased in the other groups. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) increased in the L. obtusa culture medium, but palmitic acid decreased in the L. obtusa culture medium. In conclusion, it was determined that the L. obtusa extract added to the development medium of S. cerevisiae caused differences in the synthesis of some vitamins and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caf
- Technical ScienceVocational High School, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey
| | - Ö Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ, Turkey
| | - N Şen Özdemir
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey
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Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Lee J, Diamond G, Deguzman J, Hee Choi C, Yilmaz Ö. Opportunistic Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Modulates Danger Signal ATP-Mediated Antibacterial NOX2 Pathways in Primary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:291. [PMID: 28725637 PMCID: PMC5495830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major opportunistic pathogen in the etiology of chronic periodontitis, successfully survives in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). P. gingivalis abrogates the effects of a host danger molecule, extracellular ATP (eATP)/P2X7 signaling, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (NOX) from primary GECs. However, antimicrobial functions of ROS production are thoroughly investigated in myeloid-lineage immune cells and have not been well-understood in epithelial cells. Therefore, this study characterizes antibacterial NOX2 generated ROS and host downstream effects in P. gingivalis infected human primary GECs. We examined the expression of NOX isoforms in the GECs and demonstrate eATP stimulation increased the mRNA expression of NOX2 (p < 0.05). Specific peptide inhibition of NOX2 significantly reduced eATP-mediated ROS as detected by DCFDA probe. The results also showed P. gingivalis infection can temporally modulate NOX2 pathway by reorganizing the localization and activation of cytosolic molecules (p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1) during 24 h of infection. Investigation into downstream biocidal factors of NOX2 revealed an eATP-induced increase in hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in GECs detected by R19-S fluorescent probe, which is significantly reduced by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor. MPO activity of the host cells was assayed and found to be positively affected by eATP treatment and/or infection. However, P. gingivalis significantly reduced the MPO product, bactericidal HOCl, in early times of infection upon eATP stimulation. Analysis of the intracellular levels of a major host-antioxidant, glutathione during early infection revealed a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in reduced glutathione indicative of scavenging of HOCl by P. gingivalis infection and eATP treatment. Examination of the mRNA expression of key enzymes in the glutathione synthesis pathway displayed a marked increase (p < 0.05) in glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) subunits GCLc and GCLm, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione reductase during the infection. These suggest P. gingivalis modulates the danger signal eATP-induced NOX2 signaling and also induces host glutathione synthesis to likely avoid HOCl mediated clearance. Thus, we characterize for the first time in epithelial cells, an eATP/NOX2-ROS-antibacterial pathway and demonstrate P. gingivalis can circumvent this important antimicrobial defense system potentially for successful persistence in human epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeff Deguzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
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Yilmaz Ö, Lee KL. The inflammasome and danger molecule signaling: at the crossroads of inflammation and pathogen persistence in the oral cavity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:83-95. [PMID: 26252403 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an oligomeric assembly of multiprotein complexes that activate the caspase-1-dependent maturation and the subsequent secretion of inflammatory interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 cytokines in response to a 'danger signal' in vertebrates. The assessment of their significance continues to grow rapidly as the complex biology of various chronic inflammatory conditions is better dissected. Increasing evidence strongly links inflammasomes and host-derived small 'danger molecule ATP' signaling with the modulation of the host immune response by microbial colonizers as well as with potential altering of the microbiome structure and intermicrobial interactions in the host. All of these factors eventually lead to the destructive chronic inflammatory disease state. In the oral cavity, a highly dynamic and multifaceted interplay takes place between the signaling of endogenous danger molecules and colonizing microbes on the mucosal surfaces. This interaction may redirect the local microenvironment to favor the conversion of the resident microbiome toward pathogenicity. This review outlines the major components of the known inflammasome complexes/mechanisms and highlights their regulation, in particular, by oral microorganisms, in relation to periodontal disease pathology. Better characterization of the cellular and molecular biology of the inflammasome will probably identify important potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, as well as for other debilitating chronic diseases.
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Spooner R, Weigel KM, Harrison PL, Lee K, Cangelosi GA, Yilmaz Ö. In Situ Anabolic Activity of Periodontal Pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis in Chronic Periodontitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33638. [PMID: 27642101 PMCID: PMC5027532 DOI: 10.1038/srep33638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis are fastidious anaerobic bacteria strongly associated with chronic forms of periodontitis. Our understanding of the growth activities of these microorganisms in situ is very limited. Previous studies have shown that copy numbers of ribosomal-RNA precursor (pre-rRNA) of specific pathogen species relative to genomic-DNA (gDNA) of the same species (P:G ratios) are greater in actively growing bacterial cells than in resting cells. The method, so-called steady-state pre-rRNA-analysis, represents a novel culture-independent approach to study bacteria. This study employed this technique to examine the in situ growth activities of oral bacteria in periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Sub-gingival paper-point samples were taken at initial and re-evaluation appointments. Pre-rRNA and gDNA levels of P. gingivalis and F. alocis were quantified and compared using reverse-transcriptase qPCR. The results indicate significantly reduced growth activity of P. gingivalis, but not F. alocis, after therapy. The P:G ratios of P. gingivalis and F. alocis were compared and a low-strength, but statistically significant inter-species correlation was detected. Our study demonstrates that steady-state pre-rRNA-analysis can be a valuable culture-independent approach to studying opportunistic bacteria in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Divison of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Lieutenant, Dental Corps, Navy Professional Medicine Development Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Kris M Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter L Harrison
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - KyuLim Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gerard A Cangelosi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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30
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Morandini AC, Santos CF, Yilmaz Ö. Role of epigenetics in modulation of immune response at the junction of host-pathogen interaction and danger molecule signaling. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw082. [PMID: 27542389 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have rapidly and controversially emerged as silent modulators of host defenses that can lead to a more prominent immune response and shape the course of inflammation in the host. Thus, the epigenetics can both drive the production of specific inflammatory mediators and control the magnitude of the host response. The epigenetic actions that are predominantly shown to modulate the host defense against microbial pathogens are DNA methylation, histone modification and the activity of non-coding RNAs. There is also growing evidence that opportunistic chronic pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as a microbial host subversion strategy, can epigenetically interfere with the host DNA machinery for successful colonization. Similarly, the novel involvement of small molecule 'danger signals', which are released by stressed or infected cells, at the center of host-pathogen interplay and epigenetics is developing. In this review, we systematically examine the latest knowledge within the field of epigenetics in the context of host-derived danger molecule and purinergic signaling, with a particular focus on host microbial defenses and infection-driven chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carlos F Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Değirmenci B, Kara M, Kıdır V, İnal S, Sezer T, Umul A, Orhan H, Çelik AO, Demirtaş H, Yilmaz Ö. Unenhanced respiratory-navigated NATIVE ® TrueFISP magnetic resonance angiography in the evaluation of renal arteries: Comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Diagn Interv Imaging 2016; 98:133-140. [PMID: 27503115 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare unenhanced three-dimensional (3D) NATIVE® true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with the more conventional MR angiography technique obtained after intravenous administration of a gadolinium chelate in the evaluation of renal arteries and their branches in patients with suspected renal artery stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 39 patients (25 men, 14 women) with a mean age of 51.4±17.5years (SD) (range: 10-82years) were included in the study. All patients with suspected renal artery stenosis underwent unenhanced 3D NATIVE® TrueFISP MR angiography and contrast-enhanced MR angiography. The two MR angiography methods were compared by two independent readers for image quality using a four-point scale, diagnostic performance and grading of renal artery stenosis on a total of 78 renal arteries. RESULTS For both readers image quality of unenhanced 3D NATIVE® TrueFISP MR angiography (3.12 to 3.63) was greater than that of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (1.94 to 2.71) for renal artery ostium-trunk and the left renal artery segmental branches. The sensitivity of 3D NATIVE® TrueFISP MR angiography for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis was 100% for both readers for the right renal artery and 66% and 80% for the left renal artery for reader 1 and reader 2, respectively. Agreement between 3D NATIVE® TrueFISP MR angiography and CE-MR angiography was 95% (74/78) for reader 1 and 92% (72/78) for reader 2. CONCLUSION Unenhanced NATIVE® TrueFISP magnetic resonance angiography can play an additional role in the evaluation of renal arteries in patients with hypertension, especially in subjects at risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Değirmenci
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - M Kara
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - V Kıdır
- Department of nephrology, Dumlupınar university, Kütahya Evliya Celebi training and research hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - S İnal
- Department of nephrology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, Isparta, Turkey
| | - T Sezer
- Department of nephrology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, Isparta, Turkey
| | - A Umul
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - H Orhan
- Department of biostatistics, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, Isparta, Turkey
| | - A O Çelik
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - H Demirtaş
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ö Yilmaz
- Department of radiology, school of medicine, Süleyman Demirel university, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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Oğuz ID, Gül Ü, Koparal SS, Deren T, Külcü Çakmak S, Bodur H, Yilmaz Ö. Investigation of Enthesopathy with Ultrasonography and Comparison with Skin Findings in Asymptomatic Psoriatic Patients. Dermatology 2016; 232:312-8. [PMID: 27028326 DOI: 10.1159/000444218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint involvement associated with psoriasis is referred to as psoriatic arthritis. A late diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis may cause a variety of morbidities; therefore, an early diagnosis and treatment of psoriatic arthritis are required. Asymptomatic psoriatic arthritis has been found in 8-70% of patients with psoriasis using imaging techniques. OBJECTIVE To investigate joint and enthesis regions by ultrasonography in patients with psoriasis without inflammatory joint symptoms to detect subclinical psoriatic arthritis. METHODS We included 50 psoriasis patients and 30 healthy control subjects without joint complaint in this study. Twelve joint regions of all subjects in each group were examined by ultrasonography. RESULTS The presence of any pathological ultrasonography finding (30%) was higher but did not significantly differ in psoriasis patients compared with the control group (13.33%; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Although statistically not significant, the pathological ultrasonography findings were approximately twofold more common in patients with psoriasis compared with the control group. Therefore, the development of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis should be more closely followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Deniz Oğuz
- Department of Dermatology, Prof. Dr. A. x0130;lhan x00D6;zdemir State Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Turkyilmaz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Chest Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Eroglu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Chest Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y. Aydin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Chest Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ö. Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology,Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Erzurum, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Chest Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N. Karaoglanoglu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital for Chest Disease and Chest Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Bui FQ, Johnson L, Roberts J, Hung SC, Lee J, Atanasova KR, Huang PR, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection of gingival epithelial cells leads to NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent secretion of IL-1β and the danger signals ASC and HMGB1. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:970-81. [PMID: 26687842 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an invasive anaerobic bacterium that is associated with periodontal disease. Previous studies have focused on virulence factors produced by F. nucleatum, but early recognition of the pathogen by the immune system remains poorly understood. Although an inflammasome in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) can be stimulated by danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (also known as danger signals) such as ATP, inflammasome activation by this periodontal pathogen has yet to be described in these cells. This study therefore examines the effects of F. nucleatum infection on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammasome activation in GECs. Our results indicate that infection induces translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, resulting in cytokine gene expression. In addition, infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn activates caspase-1 and stimulates secretion of mature IL-1β. Unlike other pathogens studied until now, F. nucleatum activates the inflammasome in GECs in the absence of exogenous DAMPs such as ATP. Finally, infection promotes release of other DAMPs that mediate inflammation, such as high-mobility group box 1 protein and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, with a similar time-course as caspase-1 activation. Thus, F. nucleatum expresses the pathogen-associated molecular patterns necessary to activate NF-κB and also provides an endogenous DAMP to stimulate the inflammasome and further amplify inflammation through secretion of secondary DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Q Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Larry Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA.,Immunobiology Program, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941, Brazil
| | - JoAnn Roberts
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kalina Rosenova Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 95343, USA
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Olsen I, Yilmaz Ö. Modulation of inflammasome activity by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:30385. [PMID: 26850450 PMCID: PMC4744328 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.30385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large multiprotein complexes localized in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are responsible for the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 as well as for the activation of inflammatory cell death, the so-called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes assemble in response to cellular infection, cellular stress, or tissue damage; promote inflammatory responses and are of great importance in regulating the innate immune system in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and several chronic systemic diseases. In addition to sensing cellular integrity, inflammasomes are involved in the homeostatic mutualism between the indigenous microbiota and the host. There are several types of inflammasomes of which NLRP3 is best characterized in microbial pathogenesis. Many opportunistic bacteria try to evade the innate immune system in order to survive in the host cells. One of these is the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis which has been shown to have several mechanisms of modulating innate immunity by limiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Among them, ATP-/P2X7- signaling is recently associated not only with periodontitis but also with development of several systemic diseases. The present paper reviews multiple mechanisms through which P. gingivalis can modify innate immunity by affecting inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Yurdasal B, Bozkurt N, Bozkurt Aİ, Yilmaz Ö. The evaluation of the dust-related occupational respiratory disorders of dental laboratory technicians working in Denizli Province. Ann Thorac Med 2015; 10:249-55. [PMID: 26664562 PMCID: PMC4652290 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.167073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Dental laboratory technicians (DLTs) get exposed to fibrinogen dusts that are very risky dusts in terms of health. In this study, respiration complaints, pneumoconiosis frequencies and working conditions of the dental technicians in Denizli were investigated. METHODS: All of the registered DLTs working in Denizli were included in the study. A 30-item questionnaire was used to gather data about the participants and their working environments. Then, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were carried out and standard chest X-rays were taken in order to detect how much the respiratory systems of the workers were affected. Standard chest X-rays were evaluated according to International Labour Organizations classification. Depending on the screening results, technicians who were found to have had pathologies and suspected cases were examined. “High-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT)” was taken from those who were found to have pathology in their chest X-rays and they were evaluated according to the classification of Hering et al. RESULTS: There are a total of 166 DLTs working in Denizli Province participated in the study. One hundred and forty-three (86.1%) of the participants were male, and 23 of them were female. The mean age of the participants is 33.5 ± 8.1. Average working time of the workers is 16 years. Total exposure time was calculated 36,177 h. Approximately, 56% of workers were smokers. When the working conditions were considered, it was found that 98.8% of laboratories had a ventilation system. Technicians’ use of personal protective equipment is low. Participants’ often or continuous use of masks, gloves, goggles, and vacuum device was found 69%, 36%, 47%, and 63% respectively while working. About 21.2% of the technicians have respiratory symptoms while 15.2% of them have eye complaints. At the analysis of PFT results, 27.7% restrictive type pulmonary disorder was determined. At the analysis of chest X-rays; 1/0 profusion sub-category was 25.5%, and the large opacity rate was 16.9%. Ten pneumoconiosis cases (6%) were diagnosed after the analysis of the HRCT results. The ratio of pneumoconiosis was found much higher among male technicians, particularly those who have been working for a long time in the profession and those working at the town hospitals and Department of metal leveling. DISCUSSION: Technicians’ use of personal protective tools is not enough and ratio of smoking is rather high. Pneumoconiosis cases clearly show this exposure. It is necessary to adopt comprehensive work health and safety precautions considering the determined risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkıs Yurdasal
- Oral Health Division Director, Denizli Health Directorate, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nurgül Bozkurt
- Department of Pulmonology, Denizli State Hospital, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ali İhsan Bozkurt
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Oral Health Division Director, Denizli Health Directorate, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. A new frontier: oral microbes without borders. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:469-70. [PMID: 26002119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Johnson L, Atanasova KR, Bui PQ, Lee J, Hung SC, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:369-77. [PMID: 25828169 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens evade the innate immune response in order to survive and proliferate within infected cells. We show that Porphyromonas gingivalis, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen, uses a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) homolog to inhibit innate immune responses due to stimulation by extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal that binds to P2X7 receptors and induces activation of an inflammasome and caspase-1. Thus, infection of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with wild-type P. gingivalis results in inhibition of ATP-induced caspase-1 activation. However, ndk-deficient P. gingivalis is less effective than wild-type P. gingivalis in reducing ATP-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from infected GECs. Furthermore, P. gingivalis NDK modulates release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a pro-inflammatory danger signal, which remains associated with chromatin in healthy cells. Unexpectedly, infection with either wild-type or ndk-deficient P. gingivalis causes release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol. But HMGB1 is released to the extracellular space when uninfected GECs are further stimulated with ATP, and there is more HMGB1 released from the cells when ATP-treated cells are infected with ndk-deficient mutant than wild-type P. gingivalis. Our results reveal that NDK plays a significant role in inhibiting P2X7-dependent inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from infected GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Johnson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Phuong Q Bui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Atanasova KR, Yilmaz Ö. Prelude to oral microbes and chronic diseases: past, present and future. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:473-83. [PMID: 25813714 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Associations between oral and systemic health are ancient. Oral opportunistic bacteria, particularly, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have recently been deviated from their traditional roles as periodontal pathogens and arguably ascended to central players based on their participations in complex co-dependent mechanisms of diverse systemic chronic diseases risk and pathogenesis, including cancers, rheumatoid-arthritis, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an anorectic neuropeptide abundantly expressed in the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems, as well as in several different endocrine cell types. Besides regulating food intake and endocrine function, it is also proposed to modulate ovarian function during follicular waves in cattle and has potent inhibitory effects on follicular development. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), presenting itself with multiple follicular ovarian cysts, is the most common endocrinological disorder among women of reproductive age. Here we aimed to investigate the association of this peptide with PCOS. Our research was designed as a case-control study, in which a total of 148 subjects (73 with PCOS and 75 age- and BMI-matched CONTROLS) were consecutively recruited. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipids, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, CART, and free testosterone levels were measured in all participants. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. CART levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with PCOS (PCOS: 90.77 ± 5.98 pg/ml, CONTROLS 93.24 ± 8.17 pg/ml, p=0.038). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that CART was significantly and negatively correlated with BMI and waist circumference in both (PCOS and control) groups. In CONTROLS only, CART was positively correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR, and negatively correlated with FBG. Logistic regression analysis results are suggestive of a possible protective effect of CART against PCOS (OR: 0.94, 95% CI=0.888-0.997, p=0.038).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Merkezefendi State Hospital, Merkezefendi, Manisa, Turkey
| | - M Calan
- Division of Endocrinology of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - T Kume
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - P Yesil
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Isik
- Department of Psychiatry, Manisa Psychiatry Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
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Spooner R, DeGuzman J, Lee K, Yilmaz Ö. Danger signal adenosine via adenosine 2a receptor stimulates growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in primary gingival epithelial cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:67-78. [PMID: 24517244 PMCID: PMC3960722 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signaling during inflammation and chronic diseases involves molecules referred to as 'Danger Signals' (DS), including the small molecule adenosine. We demonstrate that primary gingival epithelial cells (GEC) express a family of G-protein coupled receptors known as adenosine receptors, including the high-affinity receptors A1 and A2a and low-affinity receptors A2b and A3. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected GEC with the A2a receptor-specific agonist CGS-21680 resulted in elevated intracellular bacterial replication as determined by fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assay. Additionally, A2a receptor antagonism and knockdown via RNA interference significantly reduced metabolically active intracellular P. gingivalis. Furthermore, analysis of anti-inflammatory mediator cyclic AMP (cAMP) following A2a receptor selective agonist CGS-21680 stimulation induced significantly higher levels of cAMP during P. gingivalis infection, indicating that adenosine signaling may attenuate inflammatory processes associated with bacterial infection. This study reveals that the GEC express functional A2a receptor and P. gingivalis may use the A2a receptor coupled DS adenosine signaling as a means to establish successful persistence in the oral mucosa, possibly via downregulation of the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jefferson DeGuzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - KyuLim Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Jubair M, Atanasova KR, Rahman M, Klose KE, Yasmin M, Yilmaz Ö, Morris JG, Ali A. Vibrio cholerae persisted in microcosm for 700 days inhibits motility but promotes biofilm formation in nutrient-poor lake water microcosms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92883. [PMID: 24667909 PMCID: PMC3965490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, ubiquitous in aquatic environments, is responsible for cholera; humans can become infected after consuming food and/or water contaminated with the bacterium. The underlying basis of persistence of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment remains poorly understood despite decades of research. We recently described a “persister” phenotype of V. cholerae that survived in nutrient-poor “filter sterilized” lake water (FSLW) in excess of 700-days. Previous reports suggest that microorganisms can assume a growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype in response to long-term survival during stationary phase of growth. Here we report a V. cholerae GASP phenotype (GASP-700D) that appeared to result from 700 day-old persister cells stored in glycerol broth at −80°C. The GASP-700D, compared to its wild-type N16961, was defective in motility, produced increased biofilm that was independent of vps (p<0.005) and resistant to oxidative stress when grown specifically in FSLW (p<0.005). We propose that V. cholerae GASP-700D represents cell populations that may better fit and adapt to stressful survival conditions while serving as a critical link in the cycle of cholera transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jubair
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kalina R. Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mahmuda Yasmin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Afsar Ali
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Başkurt Z, Başkurt F, Özcan A, Yilmaz Ö. The immediate effects of heat and TENS on pressure pain threshold and pain intensity in patients with Stage I shoulder impingement syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1163/156856906775249839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hung SC, Choi CH, Said-Sadier N, Johnson L, Atanasova KR, Sellami H, Yilmaz Ö, Ojcius DM. P2X4 assembles with P2X7 and pannexin-1 in gingival epithelial cells and modulates ATP-induced reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70210. [PMID: 23936165 PMCID: PMC3723664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that Porphyromonas gingivalis infection of gingival epithelial cells (GEC) requires an exogenous danger signal such as ATP to activate an inflammasome and caspase-1, thereby inducing secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. Stimulation with extracellular ATP also stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GEC. However, the mechanism by which ROS is generated in response to ATP, and the role that different purinergic receptors may play in inflammasome activation, is still unclear. In this study, we revealed that the purinergic receptor P2X4 is assembled with the receptor P2X7 and its associated pore, pannexin-1. ATP induces ROS production through a complex consisting of the P2X4, P2X7, and pannexin-1. P2X7−mediated ROS production can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Furthermore, separate depletion or inhibition of P2X4, P2X7, or pannexin-1 complex blocks IL-1β secretion in P. gingivalis-infected GEC following ATP treatment. However, activation via P2X4 alone induces ROS generation but not inflammasome activation. These results suggest that ROS is generated through stimulation of a P2X4/P2X7/pannexin-1 complex, and reveal an unexpected role for P2X4, which acts as a positive regulator of inflammasome activation during microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Najwane Said-Sadier
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Larry Johnson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | | | - Hanen Sellami
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Medical School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Choi CH, Spooner R, DeGuzman J, Koutouzis T, Ojcius DM, Yilmaz Ö. Porphyromonas gingivalis-nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase inhibits ATP-induced reactive-oxygen-species via P2X7 receptor/NADPH-oxidase signalling and contributes to persistence. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:961-76. [PMID: 23241000 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of P2X7 receptors with a 'danger signal', extracellular ATP (eATP), has recently been shown to result in production of intracellular reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) in macrophages. We show that primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) produce sustained, robust cellular ROS upon stimulation by eATP. The induction of ROS was mediated by P2X7 receptor signalling coupled with NADPH-oxidase activation, as determined by pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference. Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral opportunistic pathogen, upregulated the antioxidant glutathione response, modulated eATP-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS generated through P2X7 /NADPH-oxidase interactome, and subsequently blocked oxidative stress in GECs via temporal secretion of a P. gingivalis effector, nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk). An ndk-deficient P. gingivalis mutant lacked the ability to inhibit ROS production and persist intracellularly following eATP stimulation. Treatment with recombinant Ndk significantly diminished eATP-evoked ROS production. P. gingivalis infection elicited a strong, time-dependent increase in anti-oxidativemitochondrial UCP2 levels, whereas ndk-deficient mutant did not cause any change. The results reveal a novel signalling cascade that is tightly coupled with eATP signalling and ROS regulation. Ndk by P. gingivalis counteracts these antimicrobial signalling activities by secreting Ndk, thus contributing to successful persistence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Nar G, Yuksel S, Nar R, Meriç M, Soylu K, Zengin H, Gulel O, Demircan S, Yilmaz Ö, Sahin M. OP-071 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE, AORTIC STIFFNESS AND SERUM ENDOTHELIN-1 LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION. Int J Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(12)70034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Filiou MD, Teplytska L, Otte DM, Yilmaz Ö, Zimmer A, Turck CW. Proteomic alterations in G72/G30 transgenic mice. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Choi CH, DeGuzman JV, Lamont RJ, Yilmaz Ö. Genetic transformation of an obligate anaerobe, P. gingivalis for FMN-green fluorescent protein expression in studying host-microbe interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18499. [PMID: 21525983 PMCID: PMC3078116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of “oxygen-independent” flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-based fluorescent proteins (FbFPs) is of major interest to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbial biologists. Accordingly, we demonstrate for the first time that an obligate anaerobe, the successful opportunistic pathogen of the oral cavity, Porphyromonas gingivalis, can be genetically engineered for expression of the non-toxic green FbFP. The resulting transformants are functional for studying dynamic bacterial processes in living host cells. The visualization of the transformed P. gingivalis (PgFbFP) revealed strong fluorescence that reached a maximum emission at 495 nm as determined by fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorometry. Human primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were infected with PgFbFP and the bacterial invasion of host cells was analyzed by a quantitative fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assays. The results showed similar levels of intracellular bacteria for both wild type and PgFbFP strains. In conjunction with organelle specific fluorescent dyes, utilization of the transformed strain provided direct and accurate determination of the live/metabolically active P. gingivalis' trafficking in the GECs over time. Furthermore, the GECs were co-infected with PgFbFP and the ATP-dependent Clp serine protease-deficient mutant (ClpP-) to study the differential fates of the two strains within the same host cells. Quantitative co-localization analyses displayed the intracellular PgFbFP significantly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum network, whereas the majority of ClpP- organisms trafficked into the lysosomes. Hence, we have developed a novel and reliable method to characterize live host cell-microbe interactions and demonstrated the adaptability of FMN-green fluorescent protein for studying persistent host infections induced by obligate anaerobic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jefferson V. DeGuzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spooner R, Yilmaz Ö. The role of reactive-oxygen-species in microbial persistence and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:334-52. [PMID: 21339989 PMCID: PMC3039955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of chronic infections caused by opportunistic pathogens are of keen interest to both researchers and health professionals globally. Typically, chronic infectious disease can be characterized by an elevation in immune response, a process that can often lead to further destruction. Reactive-Oxygen-Species (ROS) have been strongly implicated in the aforementioned detrimental response by host that results in self-damage. Unlike excessive ROS production resulting in robust cellular death typically induced by acute infection or inflammation, lower levels of ROS produced by host cells are increasingly recognized to play a critical physiological role for regulating a variety of homeostatic cellular functions including growth, apoptosis, immune response, and microbial colonization. Sources of cellular ROS stimulation can include “danger-signal-molecules” such as extracellular ATP (eATP) released by stressed, infected, or dying cells. Particularly, eATP-P2X7 receptor mediated ROS production has been lately found to be a key modulator for controlling chronic infection and inflammation. There is growing evidence that persistent microbes can alter host cell ROS production and modulate eATP-induced ROS for maintaining long-term carriage. Though these processes have yet to be fully understood, exploring potential positive traits of these “injurious” molecules could illuminate how opportunistic pathogens maintain persistence through physiological regulation of ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralee Spooner
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-8003
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Oskouei DD, Bekmen N, Ellidokuz H, Yilmaz Ö. Evaluation of different cryoprotective agents in maintenance of viability of Helicobacter pylori in stock culture media. Braz J Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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