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Loss of a single chlorophyll in CP29 triggers re-organization of the Photosystem II supramolecular assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148555. [PMID: 35378087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In land plants, both efficient light capture and photoprotective dissipation of chlorophyll excited states in excess require proper assembly of Photosystem II supercomplexes PSII-LHCs. These include a dimeric core moiety and a peripheral antenna system made of trimeric LHCII proteins connected to the core through monomeric LHC subunits. Regulation of light harvesting involves re-organization of the PSII supercomplex, including dissociation of its LHCII-CP24-CP29 domain under excess light. The Chl a603-a609-a616 chromophore cluster within CP29 was recently identified as responsible for the fast component of Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Here, we pinpointed a chlorophyll-protein domain of CP29 involved in the macro-organization of PSII-LHCs. By complementing an Arabidopsis knock-out mutant with CP29 sequences deleted in the residue binding chlorophyll b614/b3-binding, we found that the site is promiscuous for chlorophyll a and b. By plotting NPQ amplitude vs. CP29 content we observed that quenching activity was significantly reduced in mutants compared to the wild type. Analysis of pigment-binding supercomplexes showed that the missing Chl did hamper the assembly of PSII-LHCs supercomplexes, while observation by electron microscopy of grana membranes highlighted the PSII particles were organized in two-dimensional arrays in mutant grana partitions. As an effect of such array formation electron transport rate between QA and QB reduced, likely due to restricted plastoquinone diffusion. We conclude that chlorophyll b614, rather being part of pigment cluster responsible for quenching, is needed to maintain full rate of electron flow in the thylakoids by controlling protein-protein interactions between PSII units in grana partitions.
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2
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Dlouhý O, Karlický V, Arshad R, Zsiros O, Domonkos I, Kurasová I, Wacha AF, Morosinotto T, Bóta A, Kouřil R, Špunda V, Garab G. Lipid Polymorphism of the Subchloroplast-Granum and Stroma Thylakoid Membrane-Particles. II. Structure and Functions. Cells 2021; 10:2363. [PMID: 34572012 PMCID: PMC8472583 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Part I, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, we have shown that isolated granum and stroma thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer, display two isotropic phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase; saturation transfer experiments and selective effects of lipase and thermal treatments have shown that these phases arise from distinct, yet interconnectable structural entities. To obtain information on the functional roles and origin of the different lipid phases, here we performed spectroscopic measurements and inspected the ultrastructure of these TM fragments. Circular dichroism, 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and variable chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements revealed only minor lipase- or thermally induced changes in the photosynthetic machinery. Electrochromic absorbance transients showed that the TM fragments were re-sealed, and the vesicles largely retained their impermeabilities after lipase treatments-in line with the low susceptibility of the bilayer against the same treatment, as reflected by our 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Signatures of HII-phase could not be discerned with small-angle X-ray scattering-but traces of HII structures, without long-range order, were found by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FF-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (CET). EM and CET images also revealed the presence of small vesicles and fusion of membrane particles, which might account for one of the isotropic phases. Interaction of VDE (violaxanthin de-epoxidase, detected by Western blot technique in both membrane fragments) with TM lipids might account for the other isotropic phase. In general, non-bilayer lipids are proposed to play role in the self-assembly of the highly organized yet dynamic TM network in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Dlouhý
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Karlický
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ottó Zsiros
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Irena Kurasová
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - András F. Wacha
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Attila Bóta
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Győző Garab
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
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Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Zappone D, Bassi R. Monomeric light harvesting complexes enhance excitation energy transfer from LHCII to PSII and control their lateral spacing in thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dikaios I, Schiphorst C, Dall’Osto L, Alboresi A, Bassi R, Pinnola A. Functional analysis of LHCSR1, a protein catalyzing NPQ in mosses, by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:249-264. [PMID: 31270669 PMCID: PMC6874524 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching, NPQ, of chlorophyll fluorescence regulates the heat dissipation of chlorophyll excited states and determines the efficiency of the oxygenic photosynthetic systems. NPQ is regulated by a pH-sensing protein, responding to the chloroplast lumen acidification induced by excess light, coupled to an actuator, a chlorophyll/xanthophyll subunit where quenching reactions are catalyzed. In plants, the sensor is PSBS, while the two pigment-binding proteins Lhcb4 (also known as CP29) and LHCII are the actuators. In algae and mosses, stress-related light-harvesting proteins (LHCSR) comprise both functions of sensor and actuator within a single subunit. Here, we report on expressing the lhcsr1 gene from the moss Physcomitrella patens into several Arabidopsis thaliana npq4 mutants lacking the pH sensing PSBS protein essential for NPQ activity. The heterologous protein LHCSR1 accumulates in thylakoids of A. thaliana and NPQ activity can be partially restored. Complementation of double mutants lacking, besides PSBS, specific xanthophylls, allowed analyzing chromophore requirement for LHCSR-dependent quenching activity. We show that the partial recovery of NPQ is mostly due to the lower levels of Zeaxanthin in A. thaliana in comparison to P. patens. Complemented npq2npq4 mutants, lacking besides PSBS, Zeaxanthin Epoxidase, showed an NPQ recovery of up to 70% in comparison to A. thaliana wild type. Furthermore, we show that Lutein is not essential for the folding nor for the quenching activity of LHCSR1. In short, we have developed a system to study the function of LHCSR proteins using heterologous expression in a variety of A. thaliana mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Dikaios
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | | | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bassi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
| | - Alberta Pinnola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134 Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100 Italy
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5
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Koochak H, Puthiyaveetil S, Mullendore DL, Li M, Kirchhoff H. The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:412-429. [PMID: 30312499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the stacking of part of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane generates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae. However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and functional identity remains elusive. Here, an optimized thylakoid fragmentation procedure combined with detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and functional analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins. It is enriched with lipids, cytochrome b6 f complex, and ATPase while depleted in photosystems and light-harvesting complexes. A quantitative method is introduced that is based on Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and dot immunoblotting for quantifying various photosystem II (PSII) assembly forms in different thylakoid subcompartments. The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly zone for photodamaged PSII. In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functional PSII holocomplexes. The stroma lamellae, finally, contain monomeric PSII as well as a significant fraction of dimeric holocomplexes that identify this membrane area as the PSII repair zone. This structural organization and the heterogeneous PSII distribution support the idea that the stacking of thylakoid membranes leads to a division of labor that establishes distinct membrane areas with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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Gao S, Chi Z, Chen H, Zheng Z, Weng Y, Wang G. A Supercomplex, of Approximately 720 kDa and Composed of Both Photosystem Reaction Centers, Dissipates Excess Energy by PSI in Green Macroalgae Under Salt Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:166-175. [PMID: 30295873 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membranes of plants play a critical role in electron transfer and energy fixation, and are highly dynamic. So far, studies on the thylakoid membranes have mainly focused on microalgae and higher plants, yet very little information is available on the macroalgal thylakoids. Here, we studied the structure and organization of the thylakoid membranes in Ulva prolifera, a representative species of the green macroalgae. We found that U. prolifera had few but long loosely stacked membranes which lack the conventional grana found in higher plants. However, the thylakoid membrane complexes demonstrate lateral heterogeneity. Moreover, we found a supercomplex composed of PSII, light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and PSI from U. prolifera under salt stress. The supercomplex is approximately 720 kDa, and includes the two important photoprotection proteins, the PSII S subunit (PsbS) and the light-harvesting complex stress-related protein (LhcSR), as well as xanthophyll cycle pigments (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin). Time-resolved fluorescence analysis suggested that, in the supercomplex, excitation energy could efficiently be transferred from PSII to PSI, even when PSII was inhibited, a function which disappeared when the supercomplex was incubated in mild detergent. We suggest that the supercomplex might be an important mechanism to dissipate excess energy by PSI in green macroalgae under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Chi
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangce Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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7
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Betterle N, Poudyal RS, Rosa A, Wu G, Bassi R, Lee CH. The STN8 kinase-PBCP phosphatase system is responsible for high-light-induced reversible phosphorylation of the PSII inner antenna subunit CP29 in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:681-691. [PMID: 27813190 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid light-harvesting proteins is a mechanism to compensate for unbalanced excitation of photosystem I (PSI) versus photosystem II (PSII) under limiting light. In monocots, an additional phosphorylation event on the PSII antenna CP29 occurs upon exposure to excess light, enhancing resistance to light stress. Different from the case of the major LHCII antenna complex, the STN7 kinase and its related PPH1 phosphatase were proven not to be involved in CP29 phosphorylation, indicating that a different set of enzymes act in the high-light (HL) response. Here, we analyze a rice stn8 mutant in which both PSII core proteins and CP29 phosphorylation are suppressed in HL, implying that STN8 is the kinase catalyzing this reaction. In order to identify the phosphatase involved, we produced a recombinant enzyme encoded by the rice ortholog of AtPBCP, antagonist of AtSTN8, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of PSII core proteins. The recombinant protein was active in dephosphorylating P-CP29. Based on these data, we propose that the activities of the OsSTN8 kinase and the antagonistic OsPBCP phosphatase, in addition to being involved in the repair of photo-damaged PSII, are also responsible for the HL-dependent reversible phosphorylation of the inner antenna CP29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Betterle
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | | | - Anthony Rosa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Guangxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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8
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Pinnola A, Ghin L, Gecchele E, Merlin M, Alboresi A, Avesani L, Pezzotti M, Capaldi S, Cazzaniga S, Bassi R. Heterologous expression of moss light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (LHCSR1), the chlorophyll a-xanthophyll pigment-protein complex catalyzing non-photochemical quenching, in Nicotiana sp. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24340-54. [PMID: 26260788 PMCID: PMC4591818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms evolved mechanisms for thermal dissipation of energy absorbed in excess to prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. The major and fastest component, called non-photochemical quenching, occurs within the photosystem II antenna system by the action of two essential light-harvesting complex (LHC)-like proteins, photosystem II subunit S (PSBS) in plants and light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) in green algae and diatoms. In the evolutionary intermediate Physcomitrella patens, a moss, both gene products are active. These proteins, which are present in low amounts, are difficult to purify, preventing structural and functional analysis. Here, we report on the overexpression of the LHCSR1 protein from P. patens in the heterologous systems Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum using transient and stable nuclear transformation. We show that the protein accumulated in both heterologous systems is in its mature form, localizes in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes, and is correctly folded with chlorophyll a and xanthophylls but without chlorophyll b, an essential chromophore for plants and algal LHC proteins. Finally, we show that recombinant LHCSR1 is active in quenching in vivo, implying that the recombinant protein obtained is a good material for future structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Pinnola
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ghin
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Gecchele
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matilde Merlin
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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9
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Rasmussen M, Minteer SD. Thylakoid direct photobioelectrocatalysis: utilizing stroma thylakoids to improve bio-solar cell performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:17327-31. [PMID: 25019197 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes from spinach were separated into grana and stroma thylakoid fractions which were characterized by several methods (pigment content, protein gel electrophoresis, photosystem activities, and electron microscopy analysis) to confirm that the intact thylakoids were differentiated into the two domains. The results of photoelectrochemical experiments showed that stroma thylakoid electrodes generate photocurrents more than four times larger than grana thylakoids (51 ± 4 nA cm(-2) compared to 11 ± 1 nA cm(-2)). A similar trend was seen in a bio-solar cell configuration with stroma thylakoids giving almost twice the current (19 ± 3 μA cm(-2)) as grana thylakoids (11 ± 2 μA cm(-2)) with no change in open circuit voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rasmussen
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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10
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Towards structural and functional characterization of photosynthetic and mitochondrial supercomplexes. Micron 2015; 72:39-51. [PMID: 25841081 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetic reactions in chloroplasts and mitochondria are catalyzed by large multi-subunit membrane proteins. About two decades ago it became clear that several of these large membrane proteins further associate into supercomplexes and since then a number of new ones have been described. In this review we focus on supercomplexes involved in light harvesting and electron transfer in the primary reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis and on the mitochondrial supercomplexes that catalyze electron transfer and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation. Functional and structural aspects are overviewed. In addition, several relevant technical aspects are discussed, including membrane solubilization with suitable detergents and methods of purification. Some open questions are addressed, such as the lack of high-resolution structures, the outstanding gaps in the knowledge about supercomplexes involved in cyclic electron transport in photosynthesis and the unusual mitochondrial protein complexes of protists and in particular of ciliates.
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11
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Betterle N, Ballottari M, Baginsky S, Bassi R. High light-dependent phosphorylation of photosystem II inner antenna CP29 in monocots is STN7 independent and enhances nonphotochemical quenching. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:457-71. [PMID: 25501945 PMCID: PMC4326754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the photosystem II antenna protein CP29 has been reported to be induced by excess light and further enhanced by low temperature, increasing resistance to these stressing factors. Moreover, high light-induced CP29 phosphorylation was specifically found in monocots, both C3 and C4, which include the large majority of food crops. Recently, knockout collections have become available in rice (Oryza sativa), a model organism for monocots. In this work, we have used reverse genetics coupled to biochemical and physiological analysis to elucidate the molecular basis of high light-induced phosphorylation of CP29 and the mechanisms by which it exerts a photoprotective effect. We found that kinases and phosphatases involved in CP29 phosphorylation are distinct from those reported to act in State 1-State 2 transitions. In addition, we elucidated the photoprotective role of CP29 phosphorylation in reducing singlet oxygen production and enhancing excess energy dissipation. We thus established, in monocots, a mechanistic connection between phosphorylation of CP29 and nonphotochemical quenching, two processes so far considered independent from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Betterle
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (N.B., M.B., R.B.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (S.B.)
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (N.B., M.B., R.B.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (S.B.)
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (N.B., M.B., R.B.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (S.B.)
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (N.B., M.B., R.B.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (S.B.)
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12
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Onoa B, Schneider AR, Brooks MD, Grob P, Nogales E, Geissler PL, Niyogi KK, Bustamante C. Atomic force microscopy of photosystem II and its unit cell clustering quantitatively delineate the mesoscale variability in Arabidopsis thylakoids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101470. [PMID: 25007326 PMCID: PMC4090009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms efficiently regulate absorption of light energy to sustain photochemistry while promoting photoprotection. Photoprotection is achieved in part by triggering a series of dissipative processes termed non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), which depend on the re-organization of photosystem (PS) II supercomplexes in thylakoid membranes. Using atomic force microscopy, we characterized the structural attributes of grana thylakoids from Arabidopsis thaliana to correlate differences in PSII organization with the role of SOQ1, a recently discovered thylakoid protein that prevents formation of a slowly reversible NPQ state. We developed a statistical image analysis suite to discriminate disordered from crystalline particles and classify crystalline arrays according to their unit cell properties. Through detailed analysis of the local organization of PSII supercomplexes in ordered and disordered phases, we found evidence that interactions among light-harvesting antenna complexes are weakened in the absence of SOQ1, inducing protein rearrangements that favor larger separations between PSII complexes in the majority (disordered) phase and reshaping the PSII crystallization landscape. The features we observe are distinct from known protein rearrangements associated with NPQ, providing further support for a role of SOQ1 in a novel NPQ pathway. The particle clustering and unit cell methodology developed here is generalizable to multiple types of microscopy and will enable unbiased analysis and comparison of large data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Onoa
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anna R. Schneider
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Brooks
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia Grob
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Eva Nogales
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip L. Geissler
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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The response of Nannochloropsis gaditana to nitrogen starvation includes de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, a decrease of chloroplast galactolipids, and reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:665-76. [PMID: 23457191 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00363-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae of the genus Nannochloropsis are capable of accumulating triacylglycerols (TAGs) when exposed to nutrient limitation (in particular, nitrogen [N]) and are therefore considered promising organisms for biodiesel production. Here, after nitrogen removal from the medium, Nannochloropsis gaditana cells showed extensive triacylglycerol accumulation (38% TAG on a dry weight basis). Triacylglycerols accumulated during N deprivation harbored signatures, indicating that they mainly stemmed from freshly synthesized fatty acids, with a small proportion originating from a recycling of membrane glycerolipids. The amount of chloroplast galactoglycerolipids, which are essential for the integrity of thylakoids, decreased, while their fatty acid composition appeared to be unaltered. In starved cells, galactolipids were kept at a level sufficient to maintain chloroplast integrity, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Consistently, N-starved Nannochloropsis cells contained less photosynthetic membranes but were still efficiently performing photosynthesis. N starvation led to a modification of the photosynthetic apparatus with a change in pigment composition and a decrease in the content of all the major electron flow complexes, including photosystem II, photosystem I, and the cytochrome b(6)f complex. The photosystem II content was particularly affected, leading to the inhibition of linear electron flow from water to CO(2). Such a reduction, however, was partially compensated for by activation of alternative electron pathways, such as cyclic electron transport. Overall, these changes allowed cells to modify their energetic metabolism in order to maintain photosynthetic growth.
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Pagliano C, Barera S, Chimirri F, Saracco G, Barber J. Comparison of the α and β isomeric forms of the detergent n-dodecyl-D-maltoside for solubilizing photosynthetic complexes from pea thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1817:1506-15. [PMID: 22079201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild non-ionic detergents are indispensable in the isolation of intact integral membrane proteins and protein-complexes from biological membranes. Dodecylmaltoside (DM) belongs to this class of detergents being a glucoside-based surfactant with a bulky hydrophilic head group composed of two sugar rings and a non-charged alkyl glycoside chain. Two isomers of this molecule exist, differing only in the configuration of the alkyl chain around the anomeric center of the carbohydrate head group, axial in α-DM and equatorial in β-DM. In this paper, we have investigated the solubilizing properties of α-DM and β-DM on the isolation of photosynthetic complexes from pea thylakoids membranes maintaining their native architecture of stacked grana and stroma lamellae. Exposure of these stacked thylakoids to a single step treatment with increasing concentrations (5-100mM) of α-DM or β-DM resulted in a quick partial or complete solubilization of the membranes. Regardless of the isomeric form used: 1) at the lowest DM concentrations only a partial solubilization of thylakoids was achieved, giving rise to the release of mainly small protein complexes mixed with membrane fragments enriched in PSI from stroma lamellae; 2) at concentrations above 30mM a complete solubilization occurred with the further release of high molecular weight protein complexes identified as dimeric PSII, PSI-LHCI and PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. However, at concentrations of detergent which fully solubilized the thylakoids, the α and β isomeric forms of DM exerted a somewhat different solubilizing effect on the membranes: higher abundance of larger sized PSII-LHCII supercomplexes retaining a higher proportion of LHCII and lower amounts of PSI-LHCI intermediates were observed in α-DM treated membranes, reflecting the mildness of α-DM compared with its isomer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering - BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria, Italy.
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15
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Miloslavina Y, Lambrev PH, Jávorfi T, Várkonyi Z, Karlický V, Wall JS, Hind G, Garab G. Anisotropic circular dichroism signatures of oriented thylakoid membranes and lamellar aggregates of LHCII. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:29-39. [PMID: 21667227 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthesis research, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to probe molecular architecture at virtually all levels of structural complexity. At the molecular level, the chirality of the molecule results in intrinsic CD; pigment-pigment interactions in protein complexes and small aggregates can give rise to excitonic CD bands, while "psi-type" CD signals originate from large, densely packed chiral aggregates. It has been well established that anisotropic CD (ACD), measured on samples with defined non-random orientation relative to the propagation of the measuring beam, carries specific information on the architecture of molecules or molecular macroassemblies. However, ACD is usually combined with linear dichroism and can be distorted by instrumental imperfections, which given the strong anisotropic nature of photosynthetic membranes and complexes, might be the reason why ACD is rarely studied in photosynthesis research. In this study, we present ACD spectra, corrected for linear dichroism, of isolated intact thylakoid membranes of granal chloroplasts, washed unstacked thylakoid membranes, photosystem II (PSII) membranes (BBY particles), grana patches, and tightly stacked lamellar macroaggregates of the main light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII). We show that the ACD spectra of face- and edge-aligned stacked thylakoid membranes and LHCII lamellae exhibit profound differences in their psi-type CD bands. Marked differences are also seen in the excitonic CD of BBY and washed thylakoid membranes. Magnetic CD (MCD) spectra on random and aligned samples, and the largely invariable nature of the MCD spectra, despite dramatic variations in the measured isotropic and anisotropic CD, testify that ACD can be measured without substantial distortions and thus employed to extract detailed information on the (supra)molecular organization of photosynthetic complexes. An example is provided showing the ability of CD data to indicate such an organization, leading to the discovery of a novel crystalline structure in macroaggregates of LHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Miloslavina
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701, Szeged, Hungary
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Pagliano C, Chimirri F, Saracco G, Marsano F, Barber J. One-step isolation and biochemical characterization of a highly active plant PSII monomeric core. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 108:33-46. [PMID: 21487931 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe a one-step detergent solubilization protocol for isolating a highly active form of Photosystem II (PSII) from Pisum sativum L. Detailed characterization of the preparation showed that the complex was a monomer having no light harvesting proteins attached. This core reaction centre complex had, however, a range of low molecular mass intrinsic proteins as well as the chlorophyll binding proteins CP43 and CP47 and the reaction centre proteins D1 and D2. Of particular note was the presence of a stoichiometric level of PsbW, a low molecular weight protein not present in PSII of cyanobacteria. Despite the high oxygen evolution rate, the core complex did not retain the PsbQ extrinsic protein although there was close to a full complement of PsbO and PsbR and partial level of PsbP. However, reconstitution of PsbP and PsbPQ was possible. The presence of PsbP in absence of LHCII and other chlorophyll a/b binding proteins confirms that LHCII proteins are not a strict requirement for the assembly of this extrinsic polypeptide to the PSII core in contrast with the conclusion of Caffarri et al. (2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering - BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
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