1
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Díaz M, Fabelo N, Martín MV, Santos G, Ferrer I. Evidence for alterations in lipid profiles and biophysical properties of lipid rafts from spinal cord in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:391-402. [PMID: 38285093 PMCID: PMC10879240 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem whose etiopathogenesis remains unclear. Recent studies have linked major neurodegenerative diseases with altered function of multimolecular lipid-protein complexes named lipid rafts. In the present study, we have isolated lipid rafts from the anterior horn of the spinal cords of controls and ALS individuals and analysed their lipid composition. We found that ALS affects levels of different fatty acids, lipid classes and related ratios and indexes. The most significant changes affected the contents of n-9/n-7 monounsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid, the main n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), which were higher in ALS lipid rafts. Paralleling these findings, ALS lipid rafts lower saturates-to-unsaturates ratio compared to controls. Further, levels of cholesteryl ester (SE) and anionic-to-zwitterionic phospholipids ratio were augmented in ALS lipid rafts, while sulfatide contents were reduced. Further, regression analyses revealed augmented SE esterification to (mono)unsaturated fatty acids in ALS, but to saturates in controls. Overall, these changes indicate that lipid rafts from ALS spinal cord undergo destabilization of the lipid structure, which might impact their biophysical properties, likely leading to more fluid membranes. Indeed, estimations of membrane microviscosity confirmed less viscous membranes in ALS, as well as more mobile yet smaller lipid rafts compared to surrounding membranes. Overall, these results demonstrate that the changes in ALS lipid rafts are unrelated to oxidative stress, but to anomalies in lipid metabolism and/or lipid raft membrane biogenesis in motor neurons. KEY MESSAGES: The lipid matrix of multimolecular membrane complexes named lipid rafts are altered in human spinal cord in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Lipid rafts from ALS spinal cord contain higher levels of n-6 LCPUFA (but not n-3 LCPUFA), n-7/n-9 monounsaturates and lower saturates-to-unsaturates ratio. ALS lipid rafts display increased contents of cholesteryl esters, anomalous anionic-to-zwitterionic phospholipids and phospholipid remodelling and reduced sulphated and total sphingolipid levels, compared to control lipid rafts. Destabilization of the lipid structure of lipid raft affects their biophysical properties and leads to more fluid, less viscous membrane microdomains. The changes in ALS lipid rafts are unlikely related to increased oxidative stress, but to anomalies in lipid metabolism and/or raft membrane biogenesis in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Díaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Noemí Fabelo
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, School of Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Virginia Martín
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (COC-IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 38180, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Guido Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cellular Biology and Genetics. School of Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- University of Barcelona, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregatBarcelona, Spain
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2
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Akefe IO, Osborne SL, Matthews B, Wallis TP, Meunier FA. Lipids and Secretory Vesicle Exocytosis. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:357-397. [PMID: 37615874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of studies implicating lipids in the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis has risen considerably. It has become increasingly clear that lipids such as phosphoinositides, lysophospholipids, cholesterol, arachidonic acid and myristic acid play critical regulatory roles in the processes leading up to exocytosis. Lipids may affect membrane fusion reactions by altering the physical properties of the membrane, recruiting key regulatory proteins, concentrating proteins into exocytic "hotspots" or by modulating protein functions allosterically. Discrete changes in phosphoinositides concentration are involved in multiple trafficking events including exocytosis and endocytosis. Lipid-modifying enzymes such as the DDHD2 isoform of phospholipase A1 were recently shown to contribute to memory acquisition via dynamic modifications of the brain lipid landscape. Considering the increasing reports on neurodegenerative disorders associated with aberrant intracellular trafficking, an improved understanding of the control of lipid pathways is physiologically and clinically significant and will afford unique insights into mechanisms and therapeutic methods for neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, this chapter will discuss the different classes of lipids, phospholipase enzymes, the evidence linking them to synaptic neurotransmitter release and how they act to regulate key steps in the multi-step process leading to neuronal communication and memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Akefe
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shona L Osborne
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Matthews
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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3
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Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Amadio S, Nesci V, Torcinaro A, Giacovazzo G, Primiano A, Gloriani M, Candelise N, Pieroni L, Loeffler JP, Renè F, Quessada C, Tefera TW, Wang H, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST, Dobrowolny G, Lepore E, Urbani A, Musarò A, Volonté C, Ferraro E, Coccurello R, Valle C, Ferri A. Repurposing of Trimetazidine for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a study in SOD1 G93A mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1732-1752. [PMID: 34783031 PMCID: PMC9305494 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscles and is currently incurable. Although considered to be a pure motor neuron disease, increasing evidence indicates that the sole protection of motor neurons by a single targeted drug is not sufficient to improve the pathological phenotype. We therefore evaluated the therapeutic potential of the multi‐target drug used to treatment of coronary artery disease, trimetazidine, in SOD1G93A mice. Experimental Approach As a metabolic modulator, trimetazidine improves glucose metabolism. Furthermore, trimetazidine enhances mitochondrial metabolism and promotes nerve regeneration, exerting an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effect. We orally treated SOD1G93A mice with trimetazidine, solubilized in drinking water at a dose of 20 mg kg−1, from disease onset. We assessed the impact of trimetazidine on disease progression by studying metabolic parameters, grip strength and histological alterations in skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves and the spinal cord. Key Results Trimetazidine administration delays motor function decline, improves muscle performance and metabolism, and significantly extends overall survival of SOD1G93A mice (increased median survival of 16 days and 12.5 days for male and female respectively). Moreover, trimetazidine prevents the degeneration of neuromuscular junctions, attenuates motor neuron loss and reduces neuroinflammation in the spinal cord and in peripheral nerves. Conclusion and Implications In SOD1G93A mice, therapeutic effect of trimetazidine is underpinned by its action on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaricamazza
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Illari Salvatori
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Torcinaro
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurology (IBCN), Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Aniello Primiano
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Niccolò Candelise
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederique Renè
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Quessada
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tesfaye W Tefera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Lepore
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- University of Roma "La Sapienza", DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science (IASI), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Complex System (ISC), Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
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4
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Vassileff N, Cheng L, Hill AF. Extracellular vesicles - propagators of neuropathology and sources of potential biomarkers and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/23/jcs243139. [PMID: 33310868 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by the irreversible degeneration of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous systems. These include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion diseases. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a type of EV involved in cellular communication, have been well documented as propagating neurodegenerative diseases. These sEVs carry cargo, such as proteins and RNA, to recipient cells but are also capable of promoting protein misfolding, thus actively contributing to the progression of these diseases. sEV secretion is also a compensatory process for lysosomal dysfunction in the affected cells, despite inadvertently propagating disease to recipient cells. Despite this, sEV miRNAs have biomarker potential for the early diagnosis of these diseases, while stem cell-derived sEVs and those generated through exogenous assistance demonstrate the greatest therapeutic potential. This Review will highlight novel advancements in the involvement of sEVs as propagators of neuropathology, biomarkers and potential therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vassileff
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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5
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Kreuzer M, Stamenković S, Chen S, Andjus P, Dučić T. Lipids status and copper in a single astrocyte of the rat model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Correlative synchrotron-based X-ray and infrared imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000069. [PMID: 32463554 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, causing death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscles. The pathological mechanisms of the disease are only partially understood. The hSOD1-G93A ALS rat model is characterized by an overexpression of human mutated SOD1, causing increased vulnerability by forming intracellular protein aggregates, inducing excitotoxicity, affecting oxidative balance and disturbing axonal transport. In this study we followed the bio-macromolecular organic composition and compartmentalization together with trace metal distribution in situ in single astrocytes from the ALS rat model and compared them to the control astrocytes from nontransgenic littermates by simultaneous use of two synchrotron radiation-based methods: Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SR-FTIR) and hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF). We show that ALS cells contained more Cu, which colocalized with total lipids, increased carbonyl groups and oxidized lipids, thus implying direct involvement of Cu in oxidative stress of lipidic components without direct connection to protein aggregation in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreuzer
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Experimental division- MIRAS beamline, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Stamenković
- Faculty of Biology, Center for laser microscopy - CLM, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Si Chen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Faculty of Biology, Center for laser microscopy - CLM, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Dučić
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Experimental division- MIRAS beamline, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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7
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Müller GA, Ussar S, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Age-dependent membrane release and degradation of full-length glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111307. [PMID: 32628941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are associated with the surface of eucaryotic cells only through a covalently coupled carboxy-terminal GPI glycolipid structure which is anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes. This mode of membrane association may be responsible for the recent observations that full-length GPI-APs harbouring the complete GPI anchor are (i) released from isolated rat adipocytes in vitro and (ii) expressed in rat and human serum. The upregulation of the adipocyte release in response to increased cell size and blood glucose/insulin levels of the donor rats and downregulation of the expression in serum of insulin resistant and diabetic rats have been reconciled with enhanced degradation of the full-length GPI-APs released into micelle-like complexes together with (lyso) phospholipids and cholesterol by serum GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD). Here by using a sensitive and reliable sensing method for full-length GPI-APs, which relies on surface acoustic waves propagating over microfluidic chips, the upregulation of (i) the release of the full-length GPI-APs CD73, alkaline phosphatase and CD55 from isolated adipocyte plasma membranes monitored in a "lab-on-the-chip" configuration, (ii) their release from isolated rat adipocytes into the incubation medium and (iii) the lipolytic cleavage of their GPI anchors in serum was demonstrated to increase with age (3-16 weeks) and body weight (87-477 g) of (healthy) donor rats. In contrast, the amount of full-length GPI-APs in rat serum, as determined by chip-based sensing, turned out to decline with age/body weight. These correlations suggest that age-/weight-induced alterations (in certain biophysical/biochemical characteristics) of plasma membranes are responsible for the release of full-length GPI-APs which becomes counteracted by elevated GPI-PLD activity in serum. Thus, sensitive and specific measurement of these GPI-AP-relevant parameters may be useful for monitoring of age-related cell surface changes, in general, and diseases, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Department Biology I, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Saber SH, Meunier FA. Phospholipases in neuronal function: A role in learning and memory? J Neurochem 2020; 153:300-333. [PMID: 31745996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the human brain being made of nearly 60% fat, the vast majority of studies on the mechanisms of neuronal communication which underpin cognition, memory and learning, primarily focus on proteins and/or (epi)genetic mechanisms. Phospholipids are the main component of all cellular membranes and function as substrates for numerous phospholipid-modifying enzymes, including phospholipases, which release free fatty acids (FFAs) and other lipid metabolites that can alter the intrinsic properties of the membranes, recruit and activate critical proteins, and act as lipid signalling molecules. Here, we will review brain specific phospholipases, their roles in membrane remodelling, neuronal function, learning and memory, as well as their disease implications. In particular, we will highlight key roles of unsaturated FFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, in neurotransmitter release, neuroinflammation and memory. In light of recent findings, we will also discuss the emerging role of phospholipase A1 and the creation of saturated FFAs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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9
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Overview of Lipid Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:233-241. [PMID: 31562633 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease involving motor neuron (MN) degeneration in the spinal cord, brain stem and primary motor cortex. The existence of inflammatory processes around MN and axonal degeneration in ALS has been shown. Unfortunately, none of the successful therapies in ALS animal models has improved clinical outcomes in patients with ALS. Therefore, the detection of blood biomarkers to be used as screening tools for disease onset and progression has been an expanding research area with few advances in the development of drugs for the treatment of ALS. In this review, we will address the available data analyzing regarding the relationship of lipid metabolism and lipid derived- products with ALS. We will address the advances on the studies about the role that lipids plays at the onset, progression and lifespan extension of ALS patients.
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10
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Vejux A, Namsi A, Nury T, Moreau T, Lizard G. Biomarkers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Status and Interest of Oxysterols and Phytosterols. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:12. [PMID: 29445325 PMCID: PMC5797798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a non-demyelinating neurodegenerative disease in adults with motor disorders. Two forms exist: a sporadic form (90% of cases) and a family form due to mutations in more than 20 genes including the Superoxide dismutase 1, TAR DNA Binding Protein, Fused in Sarcoma, chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 and VAPB genes. The mechanisms associated with this pathology are beginning to be known: oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, protein aggregation, reticulum endoplasmic stress, neuroinflammation, alteration of RNA metabolism. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis, the involvement of lipids is increasingly suggested based on lipid metabolism modifications. With regard to ALS, research has also focused on the possible involvement of lipids. Lipid involvement was suggested for clinical arguments where changes in cholesterol and LDL/HDL levels were reported with, however, differences in positivity between studies. Since lipids are involved in the membrane structure and certain signaling pathways, it may be considered to look for oxysterols, mainly 25-hydroxycholesterol and its metabolites involved in immune response, or phytosterols to find suitable biomarkers for this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vejux
- Team Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA 7270, INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Namsi
- Team Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA 7270, INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, UR11ES/09, Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar - Bienvenue, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA 7270, INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Team Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA 7270, INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA 7270, INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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11
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Membrane cholesterol depletion in cortical neurons highlights altered NMDA receptor functionality in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:509-519. [PMID: 29154925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons, with unknown aetiology. Lipid rafts, cholesterol enriched microdomains of the plasma membrane, have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders like ALS. The NMDA-receptor subcellular localization in lipid rafts is known to play many roles, from modulating memory strength to neurotoxicity. In this study, performed on the widely used G93A mouse model of ALS, we have shown an equal content of total membrane cholesterol in Control and G93A cortical cultures. Moreover, by electrophysiological studies, we have recorded NMDA- and AMPA-evoked currents which were not significantly different between the two neuronal populations. To study the role of membrane cholesterol on glutamate receptor functionality, we have analysed NMDA and AMPA receptors following cholesterol membrane depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Interestingly, MβCD chronic treatment has provoked a significant reduction of NMDA-evoked currents in both cellular populations which was dose- and time-dependent but significantly higher in ALS neurons compared to Control. The different MβCD effect on NMDA-evoked currents was not due to a different membrane receptor subunit composition but seemed to cause in both neuronal populations a NMDA receptor membrane redistribution. MβCD treatment effect was receptor-specific since no alterations in the two neuronal populations were detected on AMPA receptors. These results lead us to speculate for an altered proteomic composition of lipid rafts in cortical mutated neurons and suggest the need for further studies on the lipid rafts composition and on their interaction with membrane receptors in ALS cortices.
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13
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Hui L, Shuangshuang G, Jianning Y, Zhendan S. Systemic analysis of gene expression profiles in porcine granulosa cells during aging. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96588-96603. [PMID: 29228554 PMCID: PMC5722506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies have revealed that aging is a negative factor that suppresses granulosa cell functions and causes low fertility in women. However, the difference in gene expression between normal and aging granulosa cells remains undefined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the gene expression profiles of granulosa cells during aging. Granulosa cells from young healthy porcine ovaries were aged in vitro by prolonging the culture time (for 48h). First, the extracellular ultrastructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy followed by RNA-seq and KEGG pathway analysis. The results showed that the extracellular ultrastructure was significantly altered by aging; cell membranes were rough, and cavitations were found. Moreover, the formations of filopodia were greatly reduced. RNA-seq data revealed that 3411 genes were differentially expressed during aging, of which 2193 genes were up-regulated and 1218 genes were down-regulated. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that 25 pathways including pathway in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, focal adhesion, proteoglycans in cancer, and cAMP signaling pathway were the most changed. Moreover, several high differentially expressed genes (CEBPB, CXCL12, ANGPT2, IGFBP3, and BBOX1) were identified in aging granulosa cells, The expressions of these genes and genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling associated genes (TIMP3, MMP2, MMP3, and CTGF), energy metabolism associated genes (SLC2A1, PPARγ) and steroidogenesis associated genes (StAR, CYP11A1 and LHCGR) were confirmed by quantitative PCR. This study identifies the differently changed pathways and their related genes, contributes to the understanding of aging in granulosa cells, and provides an important foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Shuangshuang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jianning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Zhendan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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14
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Vergara D, D'Alessandro M, Rizzello A, De Riccardis L, Lunetti P, Del Boccio P, De Robertis F, Trianni G, Maffia M, Giudetti AM. A lipidomic approach to the study of human CD4(+) T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26205308 PMCID: PMC4513631 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids play different important roles in central nervous system so that dysregulation of lipid pathways has been implicated in a growing
number of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the most prevalent autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, with neurological symptoms caused by inflammation and demyelination. In this study, a lipidomic analysis was performed for the rapid profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes from MS patient and control samples in an untargeted approach. Methods A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry based approach was used for the analysis of lipid extracts using 9-aminoacridine as matrix. Lipids were analyzed in negative mode and selected species fragmented using MALDI tandem mass spectrometry for their structural assignments. Results The analysis reveals some modifications in the phospholipid pattern of MS CD4+ T lymphocytes with respect to healthy controls with a significant increase of cardiolipin species in MS samples. Conclusions These results demonstrate the feasibility of a MALDI-TOF approach for the analysis of CD4+ lipid extracts and suggest how alterations in the lipid metabolism characterized lymphocytes of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele D'Alessandro
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Antonia Rizzello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Lidia De Riccardis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Paola Lunetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Francesca De Robertis
- Department of Neurology, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Trianni
- Department of Neurology, "Vito Fazzi" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Anna M Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
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15
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Tellone E, Galtieri A, Russo A, Giardina B, Ficarra S. Resveratrol: A Focus on Several Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:392169. [PMID: 26180587 PMCID: PMC4477222 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecules of the plant world are proving their effectiveness in countering, slowing down, and regressing many diseases. The resveratrol for its intrinsic properties related to its stilbene structure has been proven to be a universal panacea, especially for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper evaluates (in vivo and in vitro) the various molecular targets of this peculiar polyphenol and its ability to effectively counter several neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. What emerges is that, in the deep heterogeneity of the pathologies evaluated, resveratrol through a convergence on the protein targets is able to give therapeutic responses in neuronal cells deeply diversified not only in morphological structure but especially in their function performed in the anatomical district to which they belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Giardina
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, School of Medicine, Catholic University, L. go F. Vito n.1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- C.N.R. Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, L. go F. Vito n.1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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16
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García JJ, López-Pingarrón L, Almeida-Souza P, Tres A, Escudero P, García-Gil FA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Ramírez JM, Bernal-Pérez M. Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: a review. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:225-37. [PMID: 24571249 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals generated within subcellular compartments damage macromolecules which lead to severe structural changes and functional alterations of cellular organelles. A manifestation of free radical injury to biological membranes is the process of lipid peroxidation, an autooxidative chain reaction in which polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane are the substrate. There is considerable evidence that damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids tends to reduce membrane fluidity. However, adequate levels of fluidity are essential for the proper functioning of biological membranes. Thus, there is considerable interest in antioxidant molecules which are able to stabilize membranes because of their protective effects against lipid peroxidation. Melatonin is an indoleamine that modulates a wide variety of endocrine, neural and immune functions. Over the last two decades, intensive research has proven this molecule, as well as its metabolites, to possess substantial antioxidant activity. In addition to their ability to scavenge several reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, melatonin increases the activity of the glutathione redox enzymes, that is, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, as well as other antioxidant enzymes. These beneficial effects of melatonin are more significant because of its small molecular size and its amphipathic behaviour, which facilitates ease of melatonin penetration into every subcellular compartment. In the present work, we review the current information related to the beneficial effects of melatonin in maintaining the fluidity of biological membranes against free radical attack, and further, we discuss its implications for ageing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín J García
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Schmitt F, Hussain G, Dupuis L, Loeffler JP, Henriques A. A plural role for lipids in motor neuron diseases: energy, signaling and structure. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:25. [PMID: 24600344 PMCID: PMC3929843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are characterized by selective death of motor neurons and include mainly adult-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Neurodegeneration is not the single pathogenic event occurring during disease progression. There are multiple lines of evidence for the existence of defects in lipid metabolism at peripheral level. For instance, hypermetabolism is well characterized in ALS, and dyslipidemia correlates with better prognosis in patients. Lipid metabolism plays also a role in other MNDs. In SMA, misuse of lipids as energetic nutrients is described in patients and in related animal models. The composition of structural lipids in the central nervous system is modified, with repercussion on membrane fluidity and on cell signaling mediated by bioactive lipids. Here, we review the main epidemiologic and mechanistic findings that link alterations of lipid metabolism and motor neuron degeneration, and we discuss the rationale of targeting these modifications for therapeutic management of MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Schmitt
- Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénerescence, INSERM U1118 Strasbourg, France ; UMRS1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénerescence, INSERM U1118 Strasbourg, France ; UMRS1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénerescence, INSERM U1118 Strasbourg, France ; UMRS1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénerescence, INSERM U1118 Strasbourg, France ; UMRS1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Henriques
- Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénerescence, INSERM U1118 Strasbourg, France ; UMRS1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, France
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18
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Eckmann J, Eckert SH, Leuner K, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Mitochondria: Mitochondrial membranes in brain ageing and neurodegeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Cozzolino M, Pesaresi MG, Gerbino V, Grosskreutz J, Carrì MT. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new insights into underlying molecular mechanisms and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1277-330. [PMID: 22413952 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in the pathogenic mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a late-onset progressive degeneration of motor neurons. The discovery of new genes associated with the familial form of the disease, along with a deeper insight into pathways already described for this disease, has led scientists to reconsider previous postulates. While protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, defective axonal transport, and excitotoxicity have not been dismissed, they need to be re-examined as contributors to the onset or progression of ALS in the light of the current knowledge that the mutations of proteins involved in RNA processing, apparently unrelated to the previous "old partners," are causative of the same phenotype. Thus, newly envisaged models and tools may offer unforeseen clues on the etiology of this disease and hopefully provide the key to treatment.
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20
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García-Gil FA, Albendea CD, López-Pingarrón L, Royo-Dachary P, Martínez-Guillén J, Piedrafita E, Martínez-Díez M, Soria J, García JJ. Altered cellular membrane fluidity levels and lipid peroxidation during experimental pancreas transplantation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:571-7. [PMID: 22986734 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is based on complex mechanisms, free radicals play a central role. We evaluated membrane fluidity and lipid peroxidation during pancreas transplantation (PT) performed in 12 pigs (six donors and six recipients). Fluidity was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations were used as an index of lipid oxidation. Pancreatic tissues were collected as follows: (A) donor, immediately before vascular clamping; (B) graft, following perfusion lavage with University of Wisconsin preservation fluid; (C) graft, after 16 h of cold ischemia; and (D) recipient, 30 min vascular postreperfusion. Fluidity and MDA and 4-HDA concentrations were similar in cases A, B, and C. However, there was significant membrane rigidity and increased lipid peroxidation after reperfusion (D). These findings suggest that reperfusion exaggerates oxidative damage and may account for the rigidity in the membranes of allografts during PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A García-Gil
- Department of Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Sorce S, Krause KH, Jaquet V. Targeting NOX enzymes in the central nervous system: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2387-407. [PMID: 22643836 PMCID: PMC11114708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the pathogenic mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases, oxidative stress is almost invariably described. For this reason, numerous attempts have been made to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the administration of antioxidants as potential therapies for CNS disorders. However, such treatments have always failed in clinical trials. Targeting specific sources of reactive oxygen species in the CNS (e.g. NOX enzymes) represents an alternative promising option. Indeed, NOX enzymes are major generators of ROS, which regulate progression of CNS disorders as diverse as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and stroke. On the other hand, in autoimmune demyelinating diseases, ROS generated by NOX enzymes are protective, presumably by dampening the specific immune response. In this review, we discuss the possibility of developing therapeutics targeting NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes for the treatment of different CNS pathologies. Specific compounds able to modulate the activation of NOX enzymes, and the consequent production of ROS, could fill the need for disease-modifying drugs for many incurable CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals Centre Medical Universitaire 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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