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Huang AS, Chin HS, Reljic B, Djajawi TM, Tan IKL, Gong JN, Stroud DA, Huang DCS, van Delft MF, Dewson G. Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF5 controls BAK apoptotic activity independently of BH3-only proteins. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:632-646. [PMID: 36171332 PMCID: PMC9984372 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis is principally governed by the BCL-2 family of proteins, but some non-BCL-2 proteins are also critical to control this process. To identify novel apoptosis regulators, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library screen, and it identified the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF5/MITOL/RNF153 as an important regulator of BAK apoptotic function. Deleting MARCHF5 in diverse cell lines dependent on BAK conferred profound resistance to BH3-mimetic drugs. The loss of MARCHF5 or its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity surprisingly drove BAK to adopt an activated conformation, with resistance to BH3-mimetics afforded by the formation of inhibitory complexes with pro-survival proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL. Importantly, these changes to BAK conformation and pro-survival association occurred independently of BH3-only proteins and influence on pro-survival proteins. This study identifies a new mechanism by which MARCHF5 regulates apoptotic cell death by restraining BAK activating conformation change and provides new insight into how cancer cells respond to BH3-mimetic drugs. These data also highlight the emerging role of ubiquitin signalling in apoptosis that may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Shuai Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hui San Chin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Boris Reljic
- Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tirta M Djajawi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Iris K L Tan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jia-Nan Gong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Disease, Beijing, China
| | - David A Stroud
- Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mark F van Delft
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Grant Dewson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Liang F, Yang J, Gan Q, Xia Y, Wang L, Huang Y, Peng C. Transcriptomic insights into the role of the spleen in a mouse model of Wiskott‑Aldrich syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:64. [PMID: 36605531 PMCID: PMC9798154 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infection and increased incidence of autoimmune disorders and malignancy. WAS is caused by mutations in the was gene, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells; the spleen serves an important role in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. However, to the best of our knowledge, detailed comparative analysis of the spleen between WASp-knockout (WAS-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice, particularly at the transcriptomic level, have not been reported. The present study investigated the differences in the transcriptomes of spleen tissue of 10-week-old WAS-KO mice. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of WAS-KO and WT mice revealed 1,964 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among these genes, 996 DEGs were upregulated and 968 were downregulated in WAS-KO mice. To determine the functions of DEGs, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed for significantly upregulated and downregulated DEGs. The results showed that the levels of cell senescence and apoptosis-associated genes were increased, antigen processing and presentation mechanisms involved in the immune response were damaged and signal transduction processes were impaired in the spleen of WAS-KO mice. Thus, was gene deletion may lead to anemia and hemolysis-associated disease, primarily due to increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells, low hemoglobin and increased bilirubin levels and serum ferritin. These results indicated that senescence and apoptosis of blood cells also play an important role in the occurrence of WAS. Therefore, the present findings provide a theoretical basis for further study to improve the treatment of WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, P.R. China
| | - Qian Gan
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518034, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Cheng Peng, Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, 29 Bulan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
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Kang FC, Chen YC, Wang SC, So EC, Huang BM. Propofol induces apoptosis by activating caspases and the MAPK pathways, and inhibiting the Akt pathway in TM3 mouse Leydig stem/progenitor cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:439-448. [PMID: 32319554 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is an anesthetic agent moderating GABA receptors in the nervous system. A number of studies have demonstrated that propofol exerts a negative effect on neural stem cell development in the neonatal mouse hippocampus. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study available to date illustrating whether neonatal exposure to propofol affects Leydig stem/progenitor cell development for normal male reproductive development and functions, and the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, TM3 cells, a mouse Leydig stem/progenitor cell line, was treated with propofol. The data illustrated that propofol significantly reduced TM3 cell viability. TM3 subG1 phase cell numbers were significantly increased by propofol assayed by flow cytometric analysis. Annexin V/PI double staining assay of the TM3 Leydig cells also demonstrated that propofol increased TM3 cell apoptosis. In addition, cleaved caspase‑8, ‑9 and ‑3 and/or poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP) were significantly activated by propofol in the TM3 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of phospho‑JNK, phospho‑ERK1/2 and phospho‑p38 were activated by propofol in the TM3 cells, indicating that propofol induced apoptosis through the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Additionally, propofol diminished the phosphorylation of Akt to increase the apoptosis of TM3 cells. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that propofol induces TM3 cell apoptosis by activating caspases and MAPK pathways, as well as by inhibiting the Akt pathway in TM3 cells. These findings illustrate that propofol affects the viability of Leydig stem/progenitor cells possibly related to the development of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chi Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, Chi Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan 71004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Chia Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Chun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 70965, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Mozdarani H, Kiaee F, Fekrvand S, Azizi G, Yazdani R, Zaki-Dizaji M, Mozdarani S, Mozdarani S, Nosrati H, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. G2-lymphocyte chromosomal radiosensitivity in patients with LPS responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:680-690. [PMID: 30714845 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1577570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide-responsive, beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a CVID-like phenotype, particularly severe autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate radiation sensitivity in 11 LRBA-deficient patients. Therefore, stimulated lymphocytes of the studied subjects were exposed to a low dose γ-radiation (100 cGy) in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and chromosomal aberrations were scored. Lymphocytes of age-sex matched healthy individuals used in the same way as controls. Based on the G2-assay, six (54.5%) of the patients had higher radiosensitivity score comparing to the healthy control group, forming the radiosensitive LRBA-deficient patients. This chromosomal radiosensitivity showed that these patients are predisposed to autoimmunity and/or malignancy, and should be protected from unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using ionizing radiation and exposure to other DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mozdarani
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics , Tarbiat Modares University , Terhran , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kiaee
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Saba Fekrvand
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- d Non-communicable Diseases Research Center , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics , Tarbiat Modares University , Terhran , Iran
| | - Sahar Mozdarani
- e Cytogenome Medical Genetics laboratory , Chamran Medical Building , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sohail Mozdarani
- d Non-communicable Diseases Research Center , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- f Radiotherapy Department , Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,g Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institutet at the Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Kang FC, Wang SC, Chang MM, Pan BS, Wong KL, Cheng KS, So EC, Huang BM. Midazolam activates caspase, MAPKs and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, and inhibits cell cycle and Akt pathway, to induce apoptosis in TM3 mouse Leydig progenitor cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1475-1490. [PMID: 29588601 PMCID: PMC5858853 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Midazolam (MDZ) has powerful hypnosis, amnesia, anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant effects. Studies have shown that prenatally developmental toxicity of diazepam can be observed in many organs/tissues. However, it remains elusive in male reproductive system. Materials and methods TM3 mouse Leydig progenitor cell line was used to determine whether MDZ has any unfavorable effects. Results Midazolam significantly decreased cell viability in dose- and time-dependent manners in TM3 cells. In flow cytometry analysis, midazolam significantly increased subG1 phase cell numbers, and annexin V/PI double staining assay further confirmed that MDZ induced apoptosis in TM3 cells. Moreover, MDZ significantly induced the expression of caspase-8 and -3 proteins and the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38. Besides, MDZ didn’t activate Akt pathway in TM3 cells. Furthermore, the expressions of p-EIF2α, ATF4, ATF3 and CHOP were induced by midazolam, suggesting that midazolam could induce apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in TM3 cells. Additionally, the expressions of cyclin A, cyclin B and CDK1 were inhibited by midazolam through the regulation of p53 in TM3 cells, indicating that midazolam could regulate cell cycle to induce apoptosis. Conclusion Midazolam could activate caspase, MAPKs and ER stress pathways and impede Akt pathway and cell cycle to induce apoptosis in TM3 mouse Leydig progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chi Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, Chi Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Chun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Min Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Novel Triazole linked 2-phenyl benzoxazole derivatives induce apoptosis by inhibiting miR-2, miR-13 and miR-14 function in Drosophila melanogaster. Apoptosis 2018; 22:786-799. [PMID: 28401354 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important phenomenon in multi cellular organisms for maintaining tissue homeostasis and embryonic development. Defect in apoptosis leads to a number of disorders like- autoimmune disorder, immunodeficiency and cancer. 21-22 nucleotides containing micro RNAs (miRNAs/miRs) function as a crucial regulator of apoptosis alike other cellular pathways. Recently, small molecules have been identified as a potent inducer of apoptosis. In this study, we have identified novel Triazole linked 2-phenyl benzoxazole derivatives (13j and 13h) as a negative regulator of apoptosis inhibiting micro RNAs (miR-2, miR-13 and miR-14) in a well established in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster where the process of apoptosis is very similar to human apoptosis. These compounds inhibit miR-2, miR-13 and miR-14 activity at their target sites, which induce an increased caspase activity, and in turn influence the caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. These two compounds also increase the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level to trigger apoptotic cell death.
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Schoknecht T, Schwinge D, Stein S, Weiler-Normann C, Sebode M, Mucha S, Otto B, Ellinghaus E, Stahl F, Franke A, Lohse AW, Herkel J, Schramm C. CD4+ T cells from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis exhibit reduced apoptosis and down-regulation of proapoptotic Bim in peripheral blood. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:589-597. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a1015-469r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the progressive liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), remains largely elusive. The strong genetic association with HLA loci suggests that T cell–dependent, adaptive immune reactions could contribute to disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have indicated that PSC is also associated with polymorphisms in the locus encoding for proapoptotic Bim (BCL2L11). Bim is crucial for the maintenance of immunologic tolerance through induction of apoptosis in activated T cells. Of interest with regard to PSC is the finding that BCL2L11-deficient mice develop periductular infiltrates. We, therefore, investigated, whether defective apoptosis of T cells might contribute to the phenotype of PSC. Thus, we induced apoptosis of T cells from patients with PSC and controls by repeated T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation or cytokine withdrawal. We found that CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, from patients with PSC exhibited significantly reduced apoptosis in response to both, TCR restimulation or cytokine withdrawal. This increased apoptosis resistance was associated with significantly reduced up-regulation of proapoptotic Bim in T cells from patients with PSC. However, T cell apoptosis did not seem to be influenced by the previously described BCL2L11 polymorphisms. Reduced CD4+ T cell apoptosis in patients with PSC was not due to reduced cell activation, as indicated by a similar surface expression of the activation markers CD69, CD25, and CD28 in T cells from patients and controls. Thus, decreased apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells may be part of the immune dysregulation observed in patients with PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schoknecht
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie Stein
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | | | - Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Sören Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Felix Stahl
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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So EC, Chen YC, Wang SC, Wu CC, Huang MC, Lai MS, Pan BS, Kang FC, Huang BM. Midazolam regulated caspase pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and cell cycle to induce apoptosis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2519-33. [PMID: 27175086 PMCID: PMC4854247 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Midazolam is widely used as a sedative and anesthetic induction agent by modulating the different GABA receptors in the central nervous system. Studies have also shown that midazolam has an anticancer effect on various tumors. In a previous study, we found that midazolam could induce MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cell apoptosis by activating caspase cascade. However, the detailed mechanism related to the upstream and downstream pathways of the caspase cascade, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and p53 pathways plus cell cycle regulation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells, remains elusive. METHODS Flow cytometry assay and Western blot analyses were exploited. RESULTS Midazolam significantly decreased cell viability but increased sub-G1 phase cell numbers in MA-10 cells (P<0.05). Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining further confirmed that midazolam induced apoptosis. In addition, expressions of Fas and Fas ligand could be detected in MA-10 cells with midazolam treatments, and Bax translocation and cytochrome c release were also involved in midazolam-induced MA-10 cell apoptosis. Moreover, the staining and expression of LC3-II proteins could be observed with midazolam treatment, implying midazolam could induce autophagy to control MA-10 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the expressions of p-EIF2α, ATF4, ATF3, and CHOP could be induced by midazolam, indicating that midazolam could stimulate apoptosis through ER stress in MA-10 cells. Additionally, the expressions of cyclin A, cyclin B, and CDK1 could be inhibited by midazolam, and the phosphorylation of p53, P27, and P21 could be adjusted by midazolam, suggesting that midazolam could manage cell cycle through the regulation of p53 pathway to induce apoptosis in MA-10 cells. CONCLUSION Midazolam could induce cell apoptosis through the activation of ER stress and the regulation of cell cycle through p53 pathway with the involvement of autophagy in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Republic of China
| | - Yung-Chia Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Chun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Man-Chi Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Shao Lai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Fu-Chi Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, Chi Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune deficiency and autoimmunity have been recognized as cotravelers for decades. This clinically oriented review brings together our evolving mechanistic understanding to highlight associations of particular relevance to rheumatologists. RECENT FINDINGS Conceptually, all autoimmunity derives from a loss of tolerance. This distinguishes it from autoinflammation in which the innate immune system is dysregulated without necessarily affecting tolerance. Studies have demonstrated the profound effects of signaling defects, apoptotic pathways and the ramifications of homeostatic proliferation on tolerance. This foundation has translated into an improved understanding of the specific associations of autoimmune diseases with immune deficiencies. This important foundation paves the way for personalized treatment strategies. SUMMARY This review identifies critical mechanisms important to conceptualize the association of primary immune deficiencies and autoimmunity. It highlights a growing appreciation of the hidden single gene defects affecting T-cells within the group of patients with early-onset pleomorphic autoimmunity.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caspase-9 is the apoptotic initiator protease of the intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which is activated at multi-protein activation platforms. Its activation is believed to involve homo-dimerization of the monomeric zymogens. It binds to the apoptosome to retain substantial catalytic activity. Variety of apoptotic stimuli can regulate caspase-9. However, the mechanism of action of various regulators of caspase-9 has not been summarized and compared yet. In this article, we elucidate the regulators of caspase-9 including microRNAs, natural compounds that are related to caspase-9 and ongoing clinical trials with caspase-9 to better understand the caspase-9 in suppressing cancer. AREAS COVERED In this study, the basic mechanism of apoptosis pathways, regulators of caspase-9 and the development of drugs to regulate caspase-9 are reviewed. Also, ongoing clinical trials for caspase-9 are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Apoptosis has crucial role in cancer, brain disease, aging and heart disease to name a few. Since caspase-9 is an initiator caspase of apoptosis, it is an important therapeutic target of various diseases related to apoptosis. Therefore, a deep understanding on the roles as well as regulators of caspase-9 is required to find more effective ways to conquer apoptosis-related diseases especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonglee Kim
- Kyunghee University, College of Korean Medicine, Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center , 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 131-701 , South Korea
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Gupta S, Louis AG. Tolerance and autoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency disease: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:162-9. [PMID: 23296947 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to respond to pathogens (nonself) and unresponsive to self-antigens (tolerance). During the development of T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively, self-reactive T and B cells are deleted by a process of apoptosis (both T and B cells) and become unresponsive to self-antigen by receptor editing (for B cells). However, few self-reactive T cells are leaked into the periphery. A number of mechanisms are responsible to ensure that self-reactive T and B cells remain unresponsive to self-antigens. In the central tolerance, major mechanisms include apoptosis (for T cells) and receptor editing (for B cells), and in the peripheral tolerance, a major mechanism appears to be regulated by Treg cells. In T cell central tolerance, one of the most important molecules is a transcription factor, autoimmune regulator, which is selectively expressed in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and constitutively regulates the transcription of hundreds of self-antigens in mTECs, thereby inducing central tolerance, negative selection, and Treg differentiation from some self-reactive thymocytes. Primary immunodeficiency diseases are a group of monogenic diseases where mutations of certain genes have resulted in the loss of central and/or peripheral tolerance. As a result autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases are common among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Here, we have provided a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance and autoimmune manifestations and mechanisms of autoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Gupta
- Programs in Primary Immunodeficiency and Aging and Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Medical sciences I, C-240, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA,
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B L, R.K Y, G.S J, H.-R K, H.-J C. The characteristics of Bax inhibitor-1 and its related diseases. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:603-15. [PMID: 24894176 PMCID: PMC4083451 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140603101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily-conserved endoplasmic reticulum protein. The expression of BI-1 in mammalian cells suppresses apoptosis induced by Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. BI-1 has been shown to be associated with calcium (Ca(2+)) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytosolic acidification, and autophagy as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways. According to both in vitro and clinical studies, BI-1 promotes the characteristics of cancers. In other diseases, BI-1 has also been shown to regulate insulin resistance, adipocyte differentiation, hepatic dysfunction and depression. However, the roles of BI-1 in these disease conditions are not fully consistent among studies. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of BI-1 have not directly explained with regard to how these conditions can be regulated. Therefore, this review investigates the physiological role of BI-1 through molecular mechanism studies and its application in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li B
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-181, Republic of Korea
| | - Yadav R.K
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong G.S
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-181, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim H.-R
- Department of Dental Pharmacology and Wonkwang Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae H.-J
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-181, Republic of Korea
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U937 variant cells as a model of apoptosis without cell disintegration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:249-62. [PMID: 23605997 PMCID: PMC6275624 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The variant cell line U937V was originally identified by a higher sensitivity to the cytocidal action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) than that of its reference cell line, U937. We noticed that a typical morphological feature of dying U937V cells was the lack of cellular disintegration, which contrasts to the formation of apoptotic bodies seen with dying U937 cells. We found that both TNFα, which induces the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and etoposide (VP-16), which induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, stimulated U937V cell death without cell disintegration. In spite of the distinct morphological differences between the U937 and U937V cells, the basic molecular events of apoptosis, such as internucleosomal DNA degradation, phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, caspase activation and cytochrome c release, were evident in both cell types when stimulated with both types of apoptosis inducer. In the U937V cells, we noted an accelerated release of cytochrome c, an accelerated decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and a more pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species compared to the reference cells. We propose that the U937 and U937V cell lines could serve as excellent comparison models for studies on the mechanisms regulating the processes of cellular disintegration during apoptosis, such as blebbing (zeiosis) and apoptotic body formation.
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14
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Mehić B. Apoptosis - is it good or bad. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2013; 12:1. [PMID: 23097821 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2012.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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The effect of intra-articular injection of different concentrations of ozone on the level of TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:1223-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Structural features of caspase-activating complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4807-4818. [PMID: 22606010 PMCID: PMC3344246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is an orderly cellular suicide program that is critical for the development, immune regulation and homeostasis of a multi-cellular organism. Failure to control this process can lead to serious human diseases, including many types of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmununity. The process of apoptosis is mediated by the sequential activation of caspases, which are cysteine proteases. Initiator caspases, such as caspase-2, -8, -9, and -10, are activated by formation of caspase-activating complexes, which function as a platform to recruit caspases, providing proximity for self-activation. Well-known initiator caspase-activating complexes include (1) DISC (Death Inducing Signaling Complex), which activates caspases-8 and 10; (2) Apoptosome, which activates caspase-9; and (3) PIDDosome, which activates caspase-2. Because of the fundamental biological importance of capases, many structural and biochemical studies to understand the molecular basis of assembly mechanism of caspase-activating complexes have been performed. In this review, we summarize previous studies that have examined the structural and biochemical features of caspase-activating complexes. By analyzing the structural basis for the assembly mechanism of the caspase-activating complex, we hope to provide a comprehensive understanding of caspase activation by these important oligomeric complexes.
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17
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Kim JH, Lee ER, Jeon K, Choi HY, Lim H, Kim SJ, Chae HJ, Park SH, Kim S, Seo YR, Kim JH, Cho SG. Role of BI-1 (TEGT)-mediated ERK1/2 activation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and splenomegaly in BI-1 transgenic mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:876-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Inhibition of genotoxic stress induced apoptosis by novel TAT-fused peptides targeting PIDDosome. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:218-27. [PMID: 22056621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic stress induced apoptosis is mediated by the formation of PIDDosome, which is a caspase-2 activating complex composed of three protein components, PIDD, RAIDD, and caspase-2. Here, synthetic TAT-fused peptides designed by the structure of PIDD and RAIDD, TAT-Y814A and TAT-R147E, respectively, were produced and tested for their ability to inhibit PIDDosome formation in vitro as well as to attenuate genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis in human renal cancer cells. The results show that TAT-Y814A and TAT-R147E have the potential to inhibit formation of the PIDDosome in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, both peptides partially inhibit genotoxic stress mediated apoptosis and activation of caspase2 and caspase3 in Caki cells. These results suggest that TAT-Y814A (also TAT-R147E) is a novel inhibitor of genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis that may serve as a prototype for anti-apoptotic drug development.
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19
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Soares J, Lowe MM, Jarstfer MB. The catalytic subunit of human telomerase is a unique caspase-6 and caspase-7 substrate. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9046-55. [PMID: 21936563 DOI: 10.1021/bi2010398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that is essential for persistent cellular proliferation. The catalytic subunit of human telomerase, hTERT, functions as a reverse transcriptase and promotes vitality by maintaining telomeric DNA length. hTERT is tightly regulated with complex but poorly understood positive and negative regulation at several levels including transcription, protein-protein interactions, and post-translation modifications. Because evidence implicates hTERT as an apoptosis inhibitor and because telomerase activity tends to decrease during apoptosis, we hypothesized that hTERT is a caspase substrate leading to down regulation during apoptosis. Caspases are proteases that initiate and execute apoptosis by cleaving target proteins. Indeed, we found that caspases-6 and -7 cleave hTERT during apoptosis in cultured cells. Caspase-6 cleaves at residues D129 and D637, and caspase-7 cleaves at E286 and D628. Three of the caspase cleavage sites are unique motifs. All four caspase motifs appear conserved in TERTs from Old World monkeys and apes, and the caspase-6 sites appear conserved in all primates. The caspase site that cleaves at D129 appears conserved in amniotes. hTERT fragments generated by cleavage were remarkably persistent, lasting hours after caspase activation. These results reveal a new biologically relevant mechanism for telomerase down regulation through caspase-mediated cleavage of hTERT and expand the list of known caspase motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Soares
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7568, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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20
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Kersse K, Verspurten J, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. The death-fold superfamily of homotypic interaction motifs. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:541-52. [PMID: 21798745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The death-fold superfamily encompasses four structurally homologous subfamilies that engage in homotypic, subfamily-restricted interactions. The Death Domains (DDs), the Death Effector Domains (DEDs), the CAspase Recruitment Domains (CARDs) and the PYrin Domains (PYDs) constitute key building blocks involved in the assembly of multimeric complexes implicated in signaling cascades leading to inflammation and cell death. We review the molecular basis of these homotypic domain-domain interactions in light of their structure, function and evolution. In addition, we elaborate on three distinct types of asymmetric interactions that were recently identified from the crystal structures of three multimeric, death-fold complexes: the MyDDosome, the PIDDosome and the Fas/FADD-DISC. Insights into the mechanisms of interaction of death-fold domains will be useful to design strategies for specific modulation of complex formation and might lead to novel therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Kersse
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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21
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Proal AD, Albert PJ, Blaney GP, Lindseth IA, Benediktsson C, Marshall TG. Immunostimulation in the era of the metagenome. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:213-25. [PMID: 21278764 PMCID: PMC4076734 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are increasingly being implicated in autoimmune disease. This calls for a re-evaluation of how these chronic inflammatory illnesses are routinely treated. The standard of care for autoimmune disease remains the use of medications that slow the immune response, while treatments aimed at eradicating microbes seek the exact opposite-stimulation of the innate immune response. Immunostimulation is complicated by a cascade of sequelae, including exacerbated inflammation, which occurs in response to microbial death. Over the past 8 years, we have collaborated with American and international clinical professionals to research a model-based treatment for inflammatory disease. This intervention, designed to stimulate the innate immune response, has required a reevaluation of disease progression and amelioration. Paramount is the inherent conflict between palliation and microbicidal efficacy. Increased microbicidal activity was experienced as immunopathology-a temporary worsening of symptoms. Further studies are needed, but they will require careful planning to manage this immunopathology.
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Potential therapeutic applications of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides in modulation of splicing in primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Immunol Methods 2010; 365:1-7. [PMID: 21147113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly complementary antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) can bind to pre-mRNA and modulate splicing site selection. This offers a powerful tool to regulate the splicing process, such as correcting subtypes of splicing mutations and nonsense mutations and reprogramming alternative splicing processes. Therefore, AMO-mediated splicing modulation represents an attractive therapeutic strategy for genetic disorders. Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that result from mutations in genes involved in development and maintenance of the immune system. Many of these mutations are splicing mutations and nonsense mutations that can be manipulated by AMOs. This review discusses AMO-mediated splicing modulation approaches and their potential applications in treating PIDs.
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23
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Wang L, Yang JK, Kabaleeswaran V, Rice AJ, Cruz AC, Park AY, Yin Q, Damko E, Jang SB, Raunser S, Robinson CV, Siegel RM, Walz T, Wu H. The Fas-FADD death domain complex structure reveals the basis of DISC assembly and disease mutations. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:1324-9. [PMID: 20935634 PMCID: PMC2988912 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The death inducing signaling complex (DISC) formed by the death receptor Fas, the adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 mediates the extrinsic apoptotic program. Mutations in Fas that disrupt the DISC cause autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Here we show that the Fas–FADD death domain (DD) complex forms an asymmetric oligomeric structure composed of 5–7 Fas DD and 5 FADD DD, whose interfaces harbor ALPS-associated mutations. Structure-based mutations disrupt the Fas–FADD interaction in vitro and in living cells; the severity of a mutation correlates with the number of occurrence of a particular interaction in the structure. The highly oligomeric structure explains the requirement for hexameric or membrane-bound FasL in Fas signaling. It also predicts strong dominant negative effects of Fas mutations, which are confirmed by signaling assays. The structure optimally positions the FADD death effector domain (DED) to interact with the caspase-8 DED for caspase recruitment and higher order aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Arason GJ, Jorgensen GH, Ludviksson BR. Primary immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: lessons from human diseases. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:317-28. [PMID: 20500682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogenous group of >150 disorders that affect distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune system and are often associated with autoimmune diseases. We describe PID affecting T-regulatory cells, complement and B cells or their products and discuss the possibility of a cause-effect relationship. The high concordance of T-regulatory cell defects to organ-specific autoimmune disease implies an obligatory role of these cells in maintaining tolerance to epithelial and endocrine tissues; the absence of central nervous system involvement may reflect immunological privilege. Congenital defects in C1q, C1r/s and C4 are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and this pattern along with laboratory evidence suggests a major importance of classical pathway activity in safe elimination of immune complexes and prevention of immune complex disease (ICD). It is debatable whether this ICD is to be regarded as an autoimmune disease (resulting from a breakdown of immunological ignorance to antigens that are normally hidden), as autoantibodies may be absent, and tissue damage because of deposition of immune complexes could account for all of the pathology observed. Evidence for a causative link between primary antibody deficiencies and autoimmune disease is much less compelling and may in fact involve a common genetic background. However, arguments have also been made in favour of the notion that an intense antigen load as a result of recurrent or persistent infections may affect either tolerance or ignorance, e.g. by molecular mimicry or the presence of superantigens. Similar immunological mechanisms might account for the vast majority of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Arason
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Identifying autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome in children with Evans syndrome: a multi-institutional study. Blood 2010; 115:2142-5. [PMID: 20068224 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-239525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival caused by dysregulation of the Fas apoptotic pathway. Clinical manifestations of ALPS include autoimmune cytopenias, organomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. These findings overlap with Evans syndrome (ES), defined by presence of at least 2 autoimmune cytopenias. We hypothesized a subset of patients with ES have ALPS and tested 45 children at 22 institutions, measuring peripheral blood double-negative T cells (DNTs) and Fas-mediated apoptosis. ALPS was diagnosed in 47% of patients tested. Markedly elevated DNTs (> or = 5%) were a strong predictor of ALPS (positive predictive value = 94%), whereas no patients with DNTs less than 2.5% had ALPS on apoptosis testing. Severity of cytopenias and elevated immunoglobulin levels also predicted ALPS. This is the largest published series describing children with ES and documents a high rate of ALPS among pediatric ES patients. These data suggest that children with ES should be screened for ALPS with DNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Photopheresis with UV-A light and 8-methoxypsoralen leads to cell death and to release of blebs with anti-inflammatory phenotype in activated and non-activated lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune manifestations are increasingly being recognized as a component of several forms of primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Defects in purging of self-reactive T and B cells, impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis, abnormalities in development and/or function of regulatory T cells, and persistence of immune activation as a result of inability to clear infections have been shown to account for this association. Among autoimmune manifestations in patients with PID, cytopenias are particularly common. Up to 80% of patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) have autoantibodies, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia have been reported in 23% and 51% of ALPS patients, and may even mark the onset of the disease. ALPS-associated cytopenias are often refractory to conventional treatment and represent a therapeutic challenge. Autoimmune manifestations occur in 22% to 48% of patients with common variable immunodeficiencies (CVIDs), and are more frequent among CVID patients with splenomegaly and granulomatous disease. Finally, autoimmune cytopenias have been reported also in patients with combined immunodeficiency. In particular, autoimmune hemolytic anemia is very common among infants with nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. While immune suppression may be beneficial in these cases, full resolution of the autoimmune manifestations ultimately depends on immune reconstitution, which is typically provided by hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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