1
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Beuthert K, Peerless B, Dehnen S. Insight into the formation of bismuth-tungsten carbonyl clusters. Commun Chem 2023; 6:109. [PMID: 37277548 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimetallic clusters play a key role as models to doped metals, as candidates to new types of superatomic catalysts and as precursors to new multimetallic solids. Understanding formation pathways is an essential and necessary step forward in the development of cluster synthesis and research, yet remains considerably lacking owing to difficulty in identification of intermediates and the ill-defined nature of common starting materials. Here we show progress in this regard by investigating the reactivity of an intermetallic solid of nominal composition 'K5Ga2Bi4' with [W(cod)(CO)4] upon extraction with ethane-1,2-diamine (en) and 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (crypt-222). Several polybismuthide intermediates and by-products were identified along the reaction pathway, ultimately forming the new polybismuthide salt [K(crypt-222)]3[µ:η3-Bi3{W(CO)3}2]∙en∙tol. DFT calculations revealed plausible reaction schemes for the transformations taking place in the reaction mixture providing insight into the complex reactivity of 'K5Ga2Bi4' on the basis of in situ generation of Bi22-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Beuthert
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Peerless
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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2
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Jing W, Shen H, Qin R, Wu Q, Liu K, Zheng N. Surface and Interface Coordination Chemistry Learned from Model Heterogeneous Metal Nanocatalysts: From Atomically Dispersed Catalysts to Atomically Precise Clusters. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5948-6002. [PMID: 36574336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface and interface coordination structures of heterogeneous metal catalysts are crucial to their catalytic performance. However, the complicated surface and interface structures of heterogeneous catalysts make it challenging to identify the molecular-level structure of their active sites and thus precisely control their performance. To address this challenge, atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) and ligand-protected atomically precise metal clusters (APMCs) have been emerging as two important classes of model heterogeneous catalysts in recent years, helping to build bridge between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This review illustrates how the surface and interface coordination chemistry of these two types of model catalysts determines the catalytic performance from multiple dimensions. The section of ADMCs starts with the local coordination structure of metal sites at the metal-support interface, and then focuses on the effects of coordinating atoms, including their basicity and hardness/softness. Studies are also summarized to discuss the cooperativity achieved by dual metal sites and remote effects. In the section of APMCs, the roles of surface ligands and supports in determining the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability of APMCs are illustrated. Finally, some personal perspectives on the further development of surface coordination and interface chemistry for model heterogeneous metal catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
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3
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Into the Role of Unsaturated Trinuclear Metal Carbonyls in the Formation of [M3(2,3-bpp)(CO)10] with M=Ru, Os: A DFT Stability Analysis and Electronic Structure. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Guillamón E, Sorribes I, Safont VS, Algarra AG, Fernández-Trujillo MJ, Pedrajas E, Llusar R, Basallote MG. Base-Free Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Formic Acid Mediated by a Cubane-Type Mo 3S 4 Cluster Hydride. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16730-16739. [PMID: 36239439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation is an attractive process in the implementation of a hydrogen economy. To make this process greener and less costly, the interest nowadays is moving toward non-noble metal catalysts and additive-free protocols. Efficient protocols using earth abundant first row transition metals, mostly iron, have been developed, but other metals, such as molybdenum, remain practically unexplored. Herein, we present the transformation of FA to form H2 and CO2 through a cluster catalysis mechanism mediated by a cuboidal [Mo3S4H3(dmpe)3]+ hydride cluster in the absence of base or any other additive. Our catalyst has proved to be more active and selective than the other molybdenum compounds reported to date for this purpose. Kinetic studies, reaction monitoring, and isolation of the [Mo3S4(OCHO)3(dmpe)3]+ formate reaction intermediate, in combination with DFT calculations, have allowed us to formulate an unambiguous mechanism of FA dehydrogenation. Kinetic studies indicate that the reaction at temperatures up to 60 °C ends at the triformate complex and occurs in a single kinetic step, which can be interpreted in terms of statistical kinetics at the three metal centers. The process starts with the formation of a dihydrogen-bonded species with Mo-H···HOOCH bonds, detected by NMR techniques, followed by hydrogen release and formate coordination. Whereas this process is favored at temperatures up to 60 °C, the subsequent β-hydride elimination that allows for the CO2 release and closes the catalytic cycle is only completed at higher temperatures. The cycle also operates starting from the [Mo3S4(OCHO)3(dmpe)3]+ formate intermediate, again with preservation of the cluster integrity, which adds our proposal to the list of the infrequent cluster catalysis reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guillamón
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Iván Sorribes
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent S Safont
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Andrés G Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, Puerto Real, 11510Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Jesús Fernández-Trujillo
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, Puerto Real, 11510Cádiz, Spain
| | - Elena Pedrajas
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, Puerto Real, 11510Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Llusar
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Manuel G Basallote
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, Puerto Real, 11510Cádiz, Spain
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5
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van Beek CB, Killian L, Lutz M, Broere D. Persistence of a Ru3( µ ‐CO)3(CO)5 cluster bound to a PNNP ‘expanded pincer’ ligand in different protonation states. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Killian
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Martin Lutz
- Utrecht University: Universiteit Utrecht Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Daniel Broere
- Universiteit Utrecht Faculteit Betawetenschappen Chemistry Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht NETHERLANDS
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6
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Cesari C, Shon JH, Zacchini S, Berben LA. Metal carbonyl clusters of groups 8-10: synthesis and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9503-9539. [PMID: 34259674 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss advances in the chemistry of metal carbonyl clusters (MCCs) spanning the last three decades, with an emphasis on the more recent reports and those involving groups 8-10 elements. Synthetic methods have advanced and been refined, leading to higher-nuclearity clusters and a wider array of structures and nuclearities. Our understanding of the electronic structure in MCCs has advanced to a point where molecular chemistry tools and other advanced tools can probe their properties at a level of detail that surpasses that possible with other nanomaterials and solid-state materials. MCCs therefore advance our understanding of structure-property-reactivity correlations in other higher-nuclearity materials. With respect to catalysis, this article focuses only on homogeneous applications, but it includes both thermally and electrochemically driven catalysis. Applications in thermally driven catalysis have found success where the reaction conditions stabilise the compounds toward loss of CO. In more recent years, MCCs, which exhibit delocalised bonding and possess many electron-withdrawing CO ligands, have emerged as very stable and effective for reductive electrocatalysis reactions since reduction often strengthens M-C(O) bonds and since room-temperature reaction conditions are sufficient for driving the electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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7
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C−C Bond Formation between the μ‐Alkylidyne Ligands in a Diruthenium Bis(μ‐alkylidyne) Complex; σ‐ and π‐Aromaticity of the Ru
2
C
2
Core. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Miao W, Yang N, Yang H, Dou J, Li D. Two Copper Coordination Polymers with Cage-Like 12-MC-4 Metallacrown and Linear Trinuclear Structures. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Takao T, Suzuki H, Shimogawa R. Syntheses and Properties of Triruthenium Polyhydrido Complexes Composed of 1,2,4-tri- tert-butylcyclopentadienyl and p-Cymene Ruthenium Units. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takao
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shimogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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10
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Chakraborty U, Bügel P, Fritsch L, Weigend F, Bauer M, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Planar Iron Hydride Nanoclusters: Combined Spectroscopic and Theoretical Insights into Structures and Building Principles. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:265-271. [PMID: 33646644 PMCID: PMC7919527 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled assembly of well-defined planar nanoclusters from molecular precursors is synthetically challenging and often plagued by the predominant formation of 3D-structures and nanoparticles. Herein, we report planar iron hydride nanoclusters from reactions of main group element hydrides with iron(II) bis(hexamethyldisilazide). The structures and properties of isolated Fe4 , Fe6 , and Fe7 nanoplatelets and calculated intermediates enable an unprecedented insight into the underlying building principle and growth mechanism of iron clusters, metal monolayers, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Chakraborty
- Dept. of ChemistryUniversity of Hamburg Martin Luther King Pl. 620146HamburgGermany
| | - Patrick Bügel
- Institut für NanotechnologieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)v.-Helmholtz Pl. 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Lorena Fritsch
- Dept. of Chemistry, Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)University of PaderbornWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institut für NanotechnologieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)v.-Helmholtz Pl. 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Dept. of Chemistry, Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)University of PaderbornWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
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11
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Takao T, Seki K. Reversible Transformation of a μ3-η3-C3 Ring into μ3-η2-Ethyne and μ-Vinylidene Ligands at a Triruthenium Site upon Deprotonation and Protonation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takao
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Seki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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12
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Castillo CE, Algarra AG. The Mechanism of the Intramolecular Hydrocarbyl Metathesis within a Planar Triruthenium Cluster: Combining Core Flexibility with Hydride Mobility. Chemistry 2020; 26:13880-13889. [PMID: 32476172 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The transition metal catalysed formation and cleavage of C-C bonds is of utmost importance in synthetic chemistry. While most of the existing homogeneous catalysts are mononuclear, knowledge of the behaviour of polynuclear species is much more limited. By using computational methods, here we shed light into the mechanistic details of the thermally-induced isomerization of Cp*3 Ru3 (μ-H)2 (μ3 -η2 -pentyne)(μ3 -pentylidyne) (2) into Cp*3 Ru3 (μ-H)2 (μ3 -η2 -octyne)(μ3 -ethylidyne) (3), a process that involves the migration of a C3 fragment between the hydrocarbyl ligands and across the plane formed by the three Ru centres. Our results show this to be a complex transformation that comprises of five individual rearrangements in an A→B→A→B→A order. Each so-called rearrangement A consists of the CH migration from the μ3 -η2 -alkyne into the μ3 -alkylidine ligand in the other side of the Ru3 plane. This process is facilitated by the cluster's ability to adopt open-core structures in which one Ru-Ru bond is broken and a new C-C bond is formed. In contrast, rearrangements B do not involve the formation or cleavage of C-C bonds, nor do they require the opening of the cluster core. Instead, they consist of the isomerization of the μ3 -η2 -alkyne and μ3 -alkylidyne ligands on each side of the triruthenium plane into μ3 -alkylidyne and μ3 -η2 -alkyne, respectively. Such transformation implies the migration of three H atoms within the hydrocarbyl ligands, and in this case, it is aided by the cluster's ability to behave as a H reservoir. All in all, this study highlights the plasticity of these Ru3 clusters, whereby Ru-Ru, Ru-C, Ru-H, C-C, and C-H bonds are formed and broken with surprising ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y, Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrés G Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y, Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas (INBIO), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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13
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Li JX, Du ZX, Zhang LL, Liu DL, Pan QY. Doubly mononuclear cocrystal and oxalato-bridged binuclear copper compounds containing flexible 2-((3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)acetate tectons: Synthesis, crystal analysis and magnetic properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Takao T. Transformation of Pyridines and Cyclic Amines at an Electron-Rich Diruthenium Site. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takao
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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15
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Abdel-Magied AF, Theibich Y, Singh AK, Rahaman A, Doverbratt I, Raha AK, Haukka M, Richmond MG, Nordlander E. Asymmetric hydrogenation of an α-unsaturated carboxylic acid catalyzed by intact chiral transition metal carbonyl clusters – diastereomeric control of enantioselectivity. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4244-4256. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation catalysis by [(μ-H)2Ru3(μ3-S)(CO)7(μ-P–P*)] (P–P* = chiral diphosphine) indicates intact chiral clusters as active catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf Theibich
- Chemical Physics
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | | | - Ahibur Rahaman
- Chemical Physics
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Isa Doverbratt
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Arun K. Raha
- Chemical Physics
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | | | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
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