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Faustino B, Pilkington P, Pascoal PM. Dialectical Core Schemas Mediate the Relationships Between Dissociative Experiences and Symptomatology in a Community Sample. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231175065. [PMID: 37217316 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231175065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptive cognitions about the self and others are associated with a wide array of dysfunctional responses and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical and clinical samples. Dissociative experiences (e.g., depersonalization and derealization) as a coping response to stressful situations lie on a continuum from healthy to unhealthy but are generally elevated in individuals experiencing mental illness. However, the extent to which Dialectical Core Schemas explain the relationship between dissociative experiences and symptomatology is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of Dialectical Core Schemas on the relationship between dissociative experiences and symptomatology. METHODS A community sample of 179 participants were recruited (Mage = 21.2 years, SD = 8.2). Data were gathered through self-report questionnaires using a cross-sectional design. RESULTS Maladaptive core schemas about self and others correlated positively with all dissociative experiences (e.g., depersonalization/derealization, amnesia), while adaptive core schemas about the self correlated negatively with depersonalization/derealization and distractibility. Maladaptive core schemas mediated the relationship between dissociative experiences and symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS The relationships between dissociative experiences and symptomatology are bi-directional. Exploring the mediating factors may help clinicians and researchers better understand how to enhance case conceptualization and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Patrícia M Pascoal
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
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2
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Dostal AL, Pilkington PD. Early maladaptive schemas and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 336:42-51. [PMID: 37217101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition with poor treatment outcomes. Improved understanding of the aetiology can inform prevention and treatment approaches; hence several studies have assessed early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) in OCD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise the evidence on relationships between the 18 EMSs and OCD. METHODS The study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022329337). A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL Complete was conducted on 4 June 2022. Studies in peer-reviewed journal articles were included if they assessed EMSs and OCD (diagnosis or symptom severity) in adults with a mean age of 18 years or older. Studies were excluded if they were not in English, did not include original quantitative data, or reported on case studies. Study details were tabulated and the meta-analysis findings were presented using forest plots. Methodological quality was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). RESULTS Based on 22 studies (pooled N = 3699), all 18 EMSs were positively correlated with OCD. The largest associations were with the dependence/incompetence (r = 0.40 95 % CI [0.32, 0.47]), vulnerability to harm or illness (r = 0.40 95 % CI [0.32, 0.48]), and negativity/pessimism schemas (r = 0.42 95 % CI [0.22, 0.58]). LIMITATIONS Several meta-analyses showed considerable heterogeneity and publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest all EMSs, particularly those relating to disproportionate negative expectations and a perceived inability to cope, are implicated in OCD. Psychological prevention and treatment for OCD may benefit from targeting these schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Dostal
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia.
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia
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3
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Affective neurobiological systems underlie emotional needs, interpersonal motivations and life themes from a biopsychosocial and contextual perspective. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Am I thin enough? Social media use and the ideal body stereotype: The mediating role of perceived socio-cultural pressure and the moderating role of cognitive fusion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, da Silva AN, Matos M. Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Personality Belief Questionnaire—Short Form in a Community Sample. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Faustino B, Branco Vasco A, Nunes Da Silva A, Barreira J. Emotional processing difficulties scale-revised: preliminary psychometric study. PERSON-CENTERED & EXPERIENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2022.2028661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CICPSI - Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Nunes Da Silva
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CICPSI - Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica
| | - João Barreira
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Faustino B. Minding my brain: Fourteen neuroscience-based principles to enhance psychotherapy responsiveness. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1254-1275. [PMID: 35112428 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Intersections between psychotherapy and neurosciences are at its dawn. The quest to understand the neural underpinnings of psychological processes has led several generations of scientists to explore neural correlates between mind, brain, and behavior. Neuroscience methods and research has given psychology new perspectives and insights about the structure and function of complex neural pathways, that underly human functioning (cognition, emotion, motivation, and interpersonal behavior). By translating neuroscientific findings into psychotherapeutic principles of change, it is possible to promote responsiveness towards brain dysfunction that underlies patients' psychological malfunctioning. In psychotherapy, responsiveness is a core aspect of the therapeutic change process, especially to adapt psychological interventions to patients' motivational stages and preferences, coping styles, neurobehavioral modes, and emotional needs. Within a transtheoretical and translational approach, contemporary neuroscientific findings are revised, discussed, and used to attempt to build-on fourteen theoretical brain-based principles that may be applied to psychotherapy. Translating these empirical findings into practical principles, clinical strategies and tasks is expected to enhance psychotherapy responsiveness grounded on a science-based knowledge of brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.,HEI-Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Faustino B. Maladaptive and Adaptive Cognitions About the Self and Others: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Brief Core Schemas Scales. Psychol Rep 2022; 126:1445-1460. [PMID: 35015611 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of dysfunctional cognitions about how individuals see themselves and others is a hallmark of psychopathology. The Brief Core Schemas Scale (BCSS) was developed to evaluate adaptive and dysfunctional beliefs about the self and others. This study describes the first psychometric analysis of the BCSS in the Portuguese population. Participants were recruited from community (N = 320, Mage=27.31, DP = 12.75). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the BCSS factorial structure. Four-factor model revealed moderate to adequate goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 717.1, (246) p = .01; SRMR = .044; RMSEA = .077; CFI/TLI < .90). Negative views of the self and others correlated positively with early maladaptive schemas, distress, and symptomatology and correlated negatively with psychological well-being. An inversed correlational pattern was found with the positive views of the self and others. Despite the model's moderate adherence to the data, results suggest that the BCSS may be an asset in the assessment of dysfunctional and adaptive cognitions about the self and others. Further analysis is required to deepen the psychometric properties of the BCSS in the Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia da 37809Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, Delgado J, Farinha-Fernandes A, Guerreiro JC. Early maladaptive schemas and COVID-19 anxiety: The mediational role of mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1297-1308. [PMID: 34989057 PMCID: PMC9015275 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Early maladaptive schemas (EMS), as lifelong psychological structures, tend to be associated with psychopathological symptomatology. Previous research has suggested that schemas act as psychological vulnerabilities to stressful life situations, such as the present worldwide COVID‐19 pandemic. In this context, anxiety and psychological distress have been documented as two of the main psychological symptoms associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the associations between specific EMS and COVID‐19 anxiety remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationships between EMS, COVID‐19 anxiety as well as other mental health variables such as psychological well‐being, distress and life satisfaction. Methods In a cross‐sectional design, 249 individuals (M = 34.2, SD = 12.0) completed several self‐report measures. Results EMS from different schematic domains were positively associated with COVID‐19 anxiety and psychological distress and negatively associated with psychological well‐being and life satisfaction. An EMS hierarchical regression model predicted COVID‐19 anxiety. Mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness mediated the relationships between COVID‐19 anxiety, psychological distress and life satisfaction. Conclusions According to these results, mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness can act as underlying variables for the decrease in mental health associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculdade de Psicologia da, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - João Delgado
- Faculdade de Psicologia da, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic construct: relationships between cognitive fusion, psychological well-being and symptomatology. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Emotional schemas mediate the relationship between emotion regulation and symptomatology. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Faustino B, Branco Vasco A, Delgado J, Farinha-Fernandes A, Guerreiro JC. Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 related social distancing on loneliness, psychological needs and symptomatology. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2020; 23:492. [PMID: 33585299 PMCID: PMC7875069 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness may be a consequence of social distancing, a measure imposed by several governments to try to reduce the contagion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being necessary, this measure may have thus caused a rise in mental health issues, leading to higher psychological distress and symptomatology. Thus, it is also important to explore how loneliness relates to the regulation of psychological needs. This study aims to explore the relationships between loneliness, symptomatology, and the regulation of psychological needs. 142 individuals (M age=32.7, SD=10.9), answered self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design. Results show that loneliness is positively correlated with symptomatology and difficulties in the regulation of psychological needs, with these relationships being mediated by psychological distress and psychological well-being. We discuss our results with a focus on loneliness and related psychopathological symptomatology, as they seem to be core factors in the regulation of psychological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Branco Vasco
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Delgado
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, Dimaggio G, da Silva AN, Seromenho S. Self-assessment of patterns of subjective experience: development and psychometric study of the States of Mind Questionnaire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 23:465. [PMID: 33585292 PMCID: PMC7875075 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
States of mind are forms of subjective experience that involve cognitions, emotions, needs, desires and physical sensations, subjectively, some charged with emotional suffering and some charged with well-being. This study presents a new questionnaire designed of States of Mind Questionnaire (SMQ), focused on the self-assessment of recurring patterns of subjective experience. We first review the literature leading to the development of SMQ and then we investigate its psychometric properties. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal reliability, inter-correlations between subscales, test-retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity. Finally, we explored the relationship between states of mind and symptoms. The sample was composed of 427 individuals (M age=32; SD=11.49). EFA did not showed a theoretically coherent structure. Internal consistency was good for the 24 subscales (Cronbach's α of 0.62 to 0.96) and test-retest reliability was adequate. States of mind converged and diverged with maladaptive schemas and predicted symptomatology. Overall results indicate that SMQ may be a valuable tool to help clinicians and patients to assess different and diverse states of mind. However, more research it is required to explore and enhance SMQ psychometric properties in non-clinical clinical groups and in psychotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Branco Vasco
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Nunes da Silva
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sophie Seromenho
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, Silva AN, Marques T. Relationships between Emotional Schemas, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion and Unconditional Self-Acceptance on the Regulation of Psychological Needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 23:442. [PMID: 33024719 PMCID: PMC7513613 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotional schemas are pervasive mental structures associated with a wide array of psychological symptoms, while mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance are viewed as adaptive psychological constructs. Psychological needs may be described as the cornerstone of mental health and well-being. However, a study of the relationships between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-acceptance with psychological needs was not performed. For this purpose, 250 subjects (M=20.67, SD=4.88, Male=33, Female=217), were evaluated through self-report questionnaires, in a cross-sectional design. Negative correlations were found between emotional schemas, mindfulness, self-compassion, unconditional self-acceptance, and psychological needs. Symptomatology was positively correlated with emotional schemas. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and unconditional self-acceptance predicted the regulation of psychological needs and mediated the relationship between emotional schemas and psychological needs. Emotional schemas may be associated with a tendency for experiential avoidance of internal reality, self-rejection/shame and self-criticism which may impair the regulation of psychological needs. These variables may be targets of integrative case conceptualization and clinical decision making focused on patient’s timings, styles of communication and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon
| | - António Branco Vasco
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon
| | - Ana Nunes Silva
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Integrative Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon.,CICPSI, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telma Marques
- CICPSI, Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Transdiagnostic perspective on psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation. Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 49:233-246. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation are a hallmark of psychopathology, being intrinsically embedded in emotional and personality disorders. However, the transdiagnostic mechanisms of psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation domains are still a matter of discussion.Aims:The present study aims to explore the relationships between cognitive fusion (as a measure of psychological inflexibility), emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression and emotional dysregulation domains in two different samples.Method:In a cross-sectional design, 297 individuals were assessed with self-report measures and divided into non-clinical (n = 231) and clinical samples (n = 66), according to diagnosis.Results:Results showed that the degree of cognitive fusion was higher in the clinical sample. However, significant correlations between cognitive fusion, emotional regulation strategies and emotional dysregulation domains were found in the two samples. Cognitive reappraisal and emotional dysregulation domains predicted cognitive fusion and mediated the relationship between cognitive fusion and symptomatology in the two samples.Conclusions:Relationships between cognitive fusion and emotional dysregulation domains were found independent of diagnosis. The implementation of emotion regulation strategies may be related to individual differences. However, cognitive fusion, reappraisal and lack of strategies may be core transdiagnostic features in psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation.
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Faustino B, Vasco AB. Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:804-813. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculty of Psychology University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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