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Stupski SD, van Breugel F. Wind gates olfaction-driven search states in free flight. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00912-6. [PMID: 39067453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
For organisms tracking a chemical cue to its source, the motion of their surrounding fluid provides crucial information for success. Swimming and flying animals engaged in olfaction-driven search often start by turning into the direction of an oncoming wind or water current. However, it is unclear how organisms adjust their strategies when directional cues are absent or unreliable, as is often the case in nature. Here, we use the genetic toolkit of Drosophila melanogaster to develop an optogenetic paradigm to deliver temporally precise "virtual" olfactory experiences for free-flying animals in either laminar wind or still air. We first confirm that in laminar wind flies turn upwind. Furthermore, we show that they achieve this using a rapid (∼100 ms) turn, implying that flies estimate the ambient wind direction prior to "surging" upwind. In still air, flies adopt a remarkably stereotyped "sink and circle" search state characterized by ∼60° turns at 3-4 Hz, biased in a consistent direction. Together, our results show that Drosophila melanogaster assesses the presence and direction of ambient wind prior to deploying a distinct search strategy. In both laminar wind and still air, immediately after odor onset, flies decelerate and often perform a rapid turn. Both maneuvers are consistent with predictions from recent control theoretic analyses for how insects may estimate properties of wind while in flight. We suggest that flies may use their deceleration and "anemometric" turn as active sensing maneuvers to rapidly gauge properties of their wind environment before initiating a proximal or upwind search routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S David Stupski
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA; Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Floris van Breugel
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA; Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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2
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Abangan AS, Bürgi K, Méhault S, Deroiné M, Kopp D, Faillettaz R. Assessment of sustainable baits for passive fishing gears through automatic fish behavior recognition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13110. [PMID: 38849459 PMCID: PMC11161462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-impact fishing gear, such as fish pots, could help reduce human's impact on coastal marine ecosystems in fisheries but catch rates remain low and the harvest of resources used for baiting increases their environmental cost. Using black seabreams (Spondyliosoma cantharus) as target species in the Bay of Biscay, we developed and assessed the efficiency of biodegradable biopolymer-based baits (hereafter bio-baits) made of cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and different biopolymer concentrations. Through a suite of deep and machine learning models, we automatized both the tracking and behavior classification of seabreams based on quantitative metrics describing fish motion. The models were used to predict the interest behavior of seabream towards the bait over 127 h of video. All behavior predictions categorized as interested to the bait were validated, highlighting that bio-baits have a much weaker attractive power than natural bait yet with higher activity after 4 h once natural baits have been consumed. We also show that even with imperfect tracking models, fine behavioral information can be robustly extracted from video footage through classical machine learning methods, dramatically lifting the constraints related to monitoring fish behavior. This work therefore offers new perspectives both for the improvement of bio-baits and automatic fish behavior recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kilian Bürgi
- DECOD, L'Institut Agro, IFREMER, INRAE, 56100, Lorient, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ECOSEAS, Nice, France
| | - Sonia Méhault
- DECOD, L'Institut Agro, IFREMER, INRAE, 56100, Lorient, France
| | - Morgan Deroiné
- Institut Régional des Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Ploemeur, France
| | - Dorothée Kopp
- DECOD, L'Institut Agro, IFREMER, INRAE, 56100, Lorient, France
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3
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Yang W, Tan Q, Zhao H, Xia F, Li C, Ma X, Li W. Eutrophication-driven infochemical dimethylsulfide accelerates carbon transfer in freshwater food chain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120155. [PMID: 38308987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a major organic sulfide in aquatic ecosystems and an infochemical that is considered as a key predictor of changes in energy and material fluxes and stocks. It is largely unknown how DMS changes and affects the food webs and material cycles in eutrophicated freshwater. In this study, field monitoring and literature surveys were conducted to analyze the effects of eutrophication on DMS concentrations. Daphnia-zebrafish microcosms were then used to investigate the effects of DMS concentrations on carbon transfer. The results demonstrated that the concentration of DMS was increased by eutrophication related indicators (chlorophyll and phosphorus). Eutrophication driven DMS altered carbon transfer in the freshwater food chain. Low concentrations (0.1-1 nM) of DMS promoted the predation of daphnia by zebrafish compared to the 0.01 nM DMS, which further stimulated the total carbon transfer from daphnia to zebrafish and altered the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) distribution in water. High concentrations (10-100 nM) of DMS did not alter zebrafish predation on daphnia and carbon transfer. DOC excreted by zebrafish altered carbon emission potential, and DMS in water showed a unimodal relationship with the carbon emission potential, peaking at 0.40 nM DMS. Keeping the DMS in water at 1.82 nM may maintain a lower carbon emission potential. These results improved the understanding of the effects of eutrophication on DMS, demonstrated the ecological role of DMS on freshwater fish and the carbon cycle, estimated the effects of DMS on the carbon emission potential of fish, and offered new insights into the management of eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Ecological Sciences and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Qian Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Haixiao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feiyang Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cangbai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ecological Sciences and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
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4
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Carrión O, Li CY, Peng M, Wang J, Pohnert G, Azizah M, Zhu XY, Curson ARJ, Wang Q, Walsham KS, Zhang XH, Monaco S, Harvey JM, Chen XL, Gao C, Wang N, Wang XJ, Wang P, Giovanonni SJ, Lee CP, Suffridge CP, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Wang D, Todd JD, Zhang YZ. DMSOP-cleaving enzymes are diverse and widely distributed in marine microorganisms. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2326-2337. [PMID: 38030907 PMCID: PMC10686828 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoxonium propionate (DMSOP) is a recently identified and abundant marine organosulfur compound with roles in oxidative stress protection, global carbon and sulfur cycling and, as shown here, potentially in osmotolerance. Microbial DMSOP cleavage yields dimethyl sulfoxide, a ubiquitous marine metabolite, and acrylate, but the enzymes responsible, and their environmental importance, were unknown. Here we report DMSOP cleavage mechanisms in diverse heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and phototrophic algae not previously known to have this activity, and highlight the unappreciated importance of this process in marine sediment environments. These diverse organisms, including Roseobacter, SAR11 bacteria and Emiliania huxleyi, utilized their dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase 'Ddd' or 'Alma' enzymes to cleave DMSOP via similar catalytic mechanisms to those for dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Given the annual teragram predictions for DMSOP production and its prevalence in marine sediments, our results highlight that DMSOP cleavage is likely a globally significant process influencing carbon and sulfur fluxes and ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Carrión
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Ming Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Muhaiminatul Azizah
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew R J Curson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keanu S Walsham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - James M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Chih-Ping Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Qingdao, China.
- Joint Research Center for Marine Microbial Science and Technology, Shandong University and Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Gore M, Camplisson E, Ormond R. The biology and ecology of the basking shark: A review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2023; 95:113-257. [PMID: 37923538 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the literature on the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Gunnerus, 1765), well known as the second largest extant shark (and fish) species globally. Previous reviews were published by Kunzlik in 1988 and Sims in 2008, but in the last 15 years modern electronic and DNA sequencing technologies have resulted in considerable advances in our knowledge of the species' behaviour and ecology. Basking sharks are planktivores and under appropriate conditions spend prolonged periods at the ocean surface feeding on copepod prey that primarily make up their diet, the behaviour that gave rise to their common name. In general, they are migratory and move into higher latitude waters during the summer months, when loose surface-feeding aggregations may form at favoured sites, the best known of which at present occur at hotspots on the west coasts of Britain and Ireland. The species is found circumglobally in temperate waters, but they are also now known on occasion to migrate at depth between northern and southern hemispheres, as well as across oceans within the northern hemisphere. In the past basking shark were more abundant across much of their range, but, consequent on targeted fisheries and in some places intentional eradication, became everywhere scarce, with recent population recovery in the north-east Atlantic being the result of protective measures initiated in the 1990s. Despite their charismatic nature, some of their most fundamental biological processes including copulation, gestation and birth remain largely unknown, due to their migratory and often deep-water lifestyle. In contrast, the deployment of small-scale archival and satellite tags has revealed the details of both broadscale migratory movements and horizontal and vertical foraging behaviours. Recent genetic studies support evidence suggesting a degree of site fidelity in relation to seasonal feeding grounds, which likely explains why in the past local populations have collapsed following periods of intensive fishing. Other recent research using aerial drones and towed cameras has revealed within loose feeding aggregations elements of social behaviour that may have a courtship function as well as enhance feeding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauvis Gore
- Marine Conservation International, South Queensferry, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Camplisson
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; School of Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Ormond
- Marine Conservation International, South Queensferry, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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6
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Carrión O, Zhu XY, Williams BT, Wang J, Zhang XH, Todd JD. Molecular discoveries in microbial DMSP synthesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:59-116. [PMID: 37507162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of the Earth's most abundant organosulfur compounds because many marine algae, bacteria, corals and some plants produce it to high mM intracellular concentrations. In these organisms, DMSP acts an anti-stress molecule with purported roles to protect against salinity, temperature, oxidative stress and hydrostatic pressure, amongst many other reported functions. However, DMSP is best known for being a major precursor of the climate-active gases and signalling molecules dimethylsulfide (DMS), methanethiol (MeSH) and, potentially, methane, through microbial DMSP catabolism. DMSP catabolism has been extensively studied and the microbes, pathways and enzymes involved have largely been elucidated through the application of molecular research over the last 17 years. In contrast, the molecular biology of DMSP synthesis is a much newer field, with the first DMSP synthesis enzymes only being identified in the last 5 years. In this review, we discuss how the elucidation of key DMSP synthesis enzymes has greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity of DMSP-producing organisms, the pathways used, and what environmental factors regulate production, as well as to inform on the physiological roles of DMSP. Importantly, the identification of key DMSP synthesis enzymes in the major groups of DMSP producers has allowed scientists to study the distribution and predict the importance of different DMSP-producing organisms to global DMSP production in diverse marine and sediment environments. Finally, we highlight key challenges for future molecular research into DMSP synthesis that need addressing to better understand the cycling of this important marine organosulfur compound, and its magnitude in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Carrión
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Beth T Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jinyan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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7
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Clement L, Schwarz S, Wystrach A. An intrinsic oscillator underlies visual navigation in ants. Curr Biol 2023; 33:411-422.e5. [PMID: 36538930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many insects display lateral oscillations while moving, but how these oscillations are produced and participate in visual navigation remains unclear. Here, we show that visually navigating ants continuously display regular lateral oscillations coupled with variations of forward speed that strongly optimize the distance covered while simultaneously enabling them to scan left and right directions. This pattern of movement is produced endogenously and conserved across navigational contexts in two phylogenetically distant ant species. Moreover, the oscillations' amplitude can be modulated by both innate or learnt visual cues to adjust the exploration/exploitation balance to the current need. This lower-level motor pattern thus drastically reduces the degree of freedom needed for higher-level strategies to control behavior. The observed dynamical signature readily emerges from a simple neural circuit model of the insect's conserved pre-motor area known as the lateral accessory lobe, offering a surprisingly simple but effective neural control and endorsing oscillation as a core, ancestral way of moving in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Clement
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, CBI, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, CBI, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Antoine Wystrach
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, CBI, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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Li L, He S, Lin MH, Zhang YP, Kuhl H, Liang XF. Whole-genome resequencing and bisulfite sequencing provide new insights into the feeding habit domestication in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi). Front Genet 2023; 13:1088081. [PMID: 36712873 PMCID: PMC9878154 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1088081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is one of the most economically important fish in China. However, it has the peculiar feeding habit that it feeds solely on live prey fish since first-feeding, while refuses dead prey fish or artificial diets. After the specific training procedure, partial individuals could accept dead prey fish and artificial diets. The genetic basis of individual difference in artificial diet feeding habit is still unknown. In the present study, the resequencing was performed between 10 individuals which could be domesticated to accept artificial diets and 10 individuals which could not. Through the selective sweep analysis based on heterozygosity (Hp) and population differentiation coefficient (Fst), 57 candidate windows were identified as the putative selected regions for feeding habit domestication of mandarin fish, involved in 149 genes. These genes were related to memory, vision and olfaction function, which could be potential targets of molecular marker assistant breeding of artificial diet feeding trait. Beside of the DNA sequence, we also explored the potential role of DNA methylation in feeding habit domestication in mandarin fish. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was performed between the individuals which could be domesticated to accept artificial diets and those could not. 5,976 differentially methylated regions were identified, referring to 3,522 genes, such as the genes involved in cAMP signaling pathway. The DNA methylation changes of these genes might contribute to the adaption of artificial diets in mandarin fish. In conclusion, the putative selected regions and the differentially methylated regions were identified in the whole genome, providing new insights into the feeding habit domestication from live prey fish to artificial diets in mandarin fish. And the involved genes were identified as the candidate genes for molecular breeding of artificial diet utilization in mandarin fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Chinese Perch Research Center, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan He
- Chinese Perch Research Center, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Hui Lin
- Chinese Perch Research Center, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zhang
- Chinese Perch Research Center, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Xu-Fang Liang, ; Heiner Kuhl,
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- Chinese Perch Research Center, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xu-Fang Liang, ; Heiner Kuhl,
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9
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Kröber E, Mankowski A, Schäfer H. Microorganisms associated with Sporobolus anglicus, an invasive dimethylsulfoniopropionate producing salt marsh plant, are an unrecognized sink for dimethylsulfide. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:950460. [PMID: 36246216 PMCID: PMC9563715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.950460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saltmarshes are hotspots of organosulfur compound cycling due to production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by benthic microorganisms, macroalgae, and saltmarsh vegetation. Degradation of DMSP is a source of dimethylsulfide (DMS), an important precursor for formation of secondary organic aerosol. Microorganisms degrading DMS play a role in controlling the amount of DMS available for emission into the atmosphere. Previous work has implicated sediment microbial populations as a major sink for DMS. Here, we show that Sporobolus anglicus (previously known as Spartina anglica), a widely distributed saltmarsh plant, is colonized by DMS-degrading microorganisms. Methods Dimethylsulfide degradation potential was assessed by gas chromatography and 13C-DMS stable isotope probing, microbial community diversity and functional genetic potential in phyllosphere and rhizosphere samples was assessed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, cloning and sequencing of methanethiol oxidase genes, and by metagenomic analysis of phyllosphere microbial communities. Results The DMS degradation potential of microbial communities recovered from phyllosphere and rhizosphere samples was similar. Active DMS-degraders were identified by 13C-DMS stable isotope probing and included populations related to Methylophaga and other Piscirickettsiaceae in rhizosphere samples. DMS-degraders in the phyllosphere included Xanthomonadaceae and Halothiobacillaceae. The diversity in sediment samples of the methanethiol oxidase (mtoX) gene, a marker for metabolism of methanethiol during DMS and DMSP degradation, was similar to previously detected saltmarsh mtoX, including those of Methylophaga and Methylococcaeae. Phyllosphere mtoX genes were distinct from sediment mtoX and did not include close relatives of cultivated bacteria. Microbial diversity in the phyllosphere of S. anglicus was distinct compared to those of model plants such as rice, soybean, clover and Arabidopsis and showed a dominance of Gammaproteobacteria rather than Alphaproteobacteria. Conclusion The potential for microbial DMS degradation in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Sporobolus anglicus suggest that DMS cycling in saltmarshes is more complex than previously recognised and calls for a more detailed assessment of how aboveground activities affect fluxes of DMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Kröber
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anna Mankowski
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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10
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Cheng K. Oscillators and servomechanisms in orientation and navigation, and sometimes in cognition. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220237. [PMID: 35538783 PMCID: PMC9091845 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Navigational mechanisms have been characterized as servomechanisms. A navigational servomechanism specifies a goal state to strive for. Discrepancies between the perceived current state and the goal state specify error. Servomechanisms adjust the course of travel to reduce the error. I now add that navigational servomechanisms work with oscillators, periodic movements of effectors that drive locomotion. I illustrate this concept selectively over a vast range of scales of travel from micrometres in bacteria to thousands of kilometres in sea turtles. The servomechanisms differ in sophistication, with some interrupting forward motion occasionally or changing travel speed in kineses and others adjusting the direction of travel in taxes. I suggest that in other realms of life as well, especially in cognition, servomechanisms work with oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cheng
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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11
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Little CJ, Rizzuto M, Luhring TM, Monk JD, Nowicki RJ, Paseka RE, Stegen JC, Symons CC, Taub FB, Yen JDL. Movement with meaning: integrating information into meta‐ecology. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J. Little
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- School of Environmental Science, Simon Fraser Univ. Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Matteo Rizzuto
- Dept of Biology, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | | | - Julia D. Monk
- School of the Environment, Yale Univ. New Haven CT USA
| | - Robert J. Nowicki
- Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Mote Marine Laboratory Summerland Key FL USA
| | - Rachel E. Paseka
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | | | - Celia C. Symons
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Frieda B. Taub
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Jian D. L. Yen
- School of BioSciences, Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Arthur Rylah Inst. for Environmental Reserach Heidelberg Victoria Australia
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12
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Jacobs LF. How the evolution of air breathing shaped hippocampal function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200532. [PMID: 34957846 PMCID: PMC8710879 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To make maps from airborne odours requires dynamic respiratory patterns. I propose that this constraint explains the modulation of memory by nasal respiration in mammals, including murine rodents (e.g. laboratory mouse, laboratory rat) and humans. My prior theories of limbic system evolution offer a framework to understand why this occurs. The answer begins with the evolution of nasal respiration in Devonian lobe-finned fishes. This evolutionary innovation led to adaptive radiations in chemosensory systems, including the emergence of the vomeronasal system and a specialization of the main olfactory system for spatial orientation. As mammals continued to radiate into environments hostile to spatial olfaction (air, water), there was a loss of hippocampal structure and function in lineages that evolved sensory modalities adapted to these new environments. Hence the independent evolution of echolocation in bats and toothed whales was accompanied by a loss of hippocampal structure (whales) and an absence of hippocampal theta oscillations during navigation (bats). In conclusion, models of hippocampal function that are divorced from considerations of ecology and evolution fall short of explaining hippocampal diversity across mammals and even hippocampal function in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F. Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
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13
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Ischer M, Coppin G, De Marles A, Essellier M, Porcherot C, Cayeux I, Margot C, Sander D, Delplanque S. Exogenous capture of visual spatial attention by olfactory-trigeminal stimuli. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252943. [PMID: 34111171 PMCID: PMC8191882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which a nasal whiff of scent can exogenously orient visual spatial attention remains poorly understood in humans. In a series of seven studies, we investigated the existence of an exogenous capture of visual spatial attention by purely trigeminal (i.e., CO2) and both olfactory and trigeminal stimuli (i.e., eucalyptol). We chose these stimuli because they activate the trigeminal system which can be considered as an alert system and are thus supposedly relevant for the individual, and thus prone to capture attention. We used them as lateralized cues in a variant of a visual spatial cueing paradigm. In valid trials, trigeminal cues and visual targets were presented on the same side whereas in invalid trials they were presented on opposite sides. To characterize the dynamics of the cross-modal attentional capture, we manipulated the interval between the onset of the trigeminal cues and the visual targets (from 580 to 1870 ms). Reaction times in trigeminal valid trials were shorter than all other trials, but only when this interval was around 680 or 1170 ms for CO2 and around 610 ms for eucalyptol. This result reflects that both pure trigeminal and olfactory-trigeminal stimuli can exogenously capture humans’ spatial visual attention. We discuss the importance of considering the dynamics of this cross-modal attentional capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ischer
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Coppin
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Distance University Institute (UniDistance/FernUni), Brig, Switzerland
| | - Axel De Marles
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Essellier
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wright RJ, Erni-Cassola G, Zadjelovic V, Latva M, Christie-Oleza JA. Marine Plastic Debris: A New Surface for Microbial Colonization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11657-11672. [PMID: 32886491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastics become rapidly colonized by microbes when released into marine environments. This microbial community-the Plastisphere-has recently sparked a multitude of scientific inquiries and generated a breadth of knowledge, which we bring together in this review. Besides providing a better understanding of community composition and biofilm development in marine ecosystems, we critically discuss current research on plastic biodegradation and the identification of potentially pathogenic "hitchhikers" in the Plastisphere. The Plastisphere is at the interface between the plastic and its surrounding milieu, and thus drives every interaction that this synthetic material has with its environment, from ecotoxicity and new links in marine food webs to the fate of the plastics in the water column. We conclude that research so far has not shown Plastisphere communities to starkly differ from microbial communities on other inert surfaces, which is particularly true for mature biofilm assemblages. Furthermore, despite progress that has been made in this field, we recognize that it is time to take research on plastic-Plastisphere-environment interactions a step further by identifying present gaps in our knowledge and offering our perspective on key aspects to be addressed by future studies: (I) better physical characterization of marine biofilms, (II) inclusion of relevant controls, (III) study of different successional stages, (IV) use of environmentally relevant concentrations of biofouled microplastics, and (V) prioritization of gaining a mechanistic and functional understanding of Plastisphere communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gabriel Erni-Cassola
- Man-Society-Environment (MSE) program, University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Vinko Zadjelovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Mira Latva
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Joseph A Christie-Oleza
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma 07122, Spain
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles 07190, Spain
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15
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Zhang XH, Liu J, Liu J, Yang G, Xue CX, Curson ARJ, Todd JD. Biogenic production of DMSP and its degradation to DMS-their roles in the global sulfur cycle. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1296-1319. [PMID: 31231779 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the most abundant form of volatile sulfur in Earth's oceans, and is mainly produced by the enzymatic clevage of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). DMS and DMSP play important roles in driving the global sulfur cycle and may affect climate. DMSP is proposed to serve as an osmolyte, a grazing deterrent, a signaling molecule, an antioxidant, a cryoprotectant and/or as a sink for excess sulfur. It was long believed that only marine eukaryotes such as phytoplankton produce DMSP. However, we recently discovered that marine heterotrophic bacteria can also produce DMSP, making them a potentially important source of DMSP. At present, one prokaryotic and two eukaryotic DMSP synthesis enzymes have been identified. Marine heterotrophic bacteria are likely the major degraders of DMSP, using two known pathways: demethylation and cleavage. Many phytoplankton and some fungi can also cleave DMSP. So far seven different prokaryotic and one eukaryotic DMSP lyases have been identified. This review describes the global distribution pattern of DMSP and DMS, the known genes for biosynthesis and cleavage of DMSP, and the physiological and ecological functions of these important organosulfur molecules, which will improve understanding of the mechanisms of DMSP and DMS production and their roles in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ji Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guipeng Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chun-Xu Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Andrew R J Curson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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17
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Carrión O, Pratscher J, Richa K, Rostant WG, Farhan Ul Haque M, Murrell JC, Todd JD. Methanethiol and Dimethylsulfide Cycling in Stiffkey Saltmarsh. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1040. [PMID: 31134039 PMCID: PMC6524544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanethiol (MeSH) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) are volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) with important roles in sulfur cycling, signaling and atmospheric chemistry. DMS can be produced from MeSH through a reaction mediated by the methyltransferase MddA. The mddA gene is present in terrestrial and marine metagenomes, being most abundant in soil environments. The substrate for MddA, MeSH, can also be oxidized by bacteria with the MeSH oxidase (MTO) enzyme, encoded by the mtoX gene, found in marine, freshwater and soil metagenomes. Methanethiol-dependent DMS production (Mdd) pathways have been shown to function in soil and marine sediments, but have not been characterized in detail in the latter environments. In addition, few molecular studies have been conducted on MeSH consumption in the environment. Here, we performed process measurements to confirm that Mdd-dependent and Mdd-independent MeSH consumption pathways are active in tested surface saltmarsh sediment when MeSH is available. We noted that appreciable natural Mdd-independent MeSH and DMS consumption processes masked Mdd activity. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics data showed that Methylophaga, a bacterial genus known to catabolise DMS and MeSH, was enriched by the presence of MeSH. Moreover, some MeSH and/or DMS-degrading bacteria isolated from this marine environment lacked known DMS and/or MeSH cycling genes and can be used as model organisms to potentially identify novel genes in these pathways. Thus, we are likely vastly underestimating the abundance of MeSH and DMS degraders in these marine sediment environments. The future discovery and characterization of novel enzymes involved in MeSH and/or DMS cycling is essential to better assess the role and contribution of microbes to global organosulfur cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Carrión
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kumari Richa
- School of the Environment, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Wayne G Rostant
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Bouchard B, Barnagaud JY, Poupard M, Glotin H, Gauffier P, Torres Ortiz S, Lisney TJ, Campagna S, Rasmussen M, Célérier A. Behavioural responses of humpback whales to food-related chemical stimuli. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212515. [PMID: 30807595 PMCID: PMC6391047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Baleen whales face the challenge of finding patchily distributed food in the open ocean. Their relatively well-developed olfactory structures suggest that they could identify the specific odours given off by planktonic prey such as krill aggregations. Like other marine predators, they may also detect dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a chemical released in areas of high marine productivity. However, dedicated behavioural studies still have to be conducted in baleen whales in order to confirm the involvement of chemoreception in their feeding ecology. We implemented 56 behavioural response experiments in humpback whales using two food-related chemical stimuli, krill extract and DMS, as well as their respective controls (orange clay and vegetable oil) in their breeding (Madagascar) and feeding grounds (Iceland and Antarctic Peninsula). The whales approached the stimulus area and stayed longer in the trial zone during krill extract trials compared to control trials, suggesting that they were attracted to the chemical source and spent time exploring its surroundings, probably in search of prey. This response was observed in Iceland, and to a lesser extend in Madagascar, but not in Antarctica. Surface behaviours indicative of sensory exploration, such as diving under the stimulus area and stopping navigation, were also observed more often during krill extract trials than during control trials. Exposure to DMS did not elicit such exploration behaviours in any of the study areas. However, acoustic analyses suggest that DMS and krill extract both modified the whales' acoustic activity in Madagascar. Altogether, these results provide the first behavioural evidence that baleen whales actually perceive prey-derived chemical cues over distances of several hundred metres. Chemoreception, especially olfaction, could thus be used for locating prey aggregations and for navigation at sea, as it has been shown in other marine predators including seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bouchard
- Behavioural Ecology Group, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Barnagaud
- Behavioural Ecology Group, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Poupard
- DYNI team, LIS, Université de Toulon, Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Glotin
- DYNI team, LIS, Université de Toulon, Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Gauffier
- CIRCE, Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans, Algeciras-Pelayo, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sara Torres Ortiz
- Marine Biological Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Thomas J. Lisney
- Behavioural Ecology Group, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Aurélie Célérier
- Behavioural Ecology Group, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Orgeret F, Péron C, Enstipp MR, Delord K, Weimerskirch H, Bost CA. Exploration during early life: distribution, habitat and orientation preferences in juvenile king penguins. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 31660153 PMCID: PMC6805568 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early life of marine apex predators is poorly known, particularly for diving species. The orientation and foraging skills are presumably less developed in juveniles than in adults, especially during their first year at sea when juveniles might disperse further than adults. METHODS Over two years of monitoring, we tracked the movements of 17 juvenile king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus, ~ 1 year old) using satellite relay tags from Crozet Archipelago (Southern Indian Ocean), starting when birds left their natal colony for the first time. For comparison we also tagged 6 non-breeding adults, which at that stage, similar to juveniles, are unhampered by reproductive constraints and might roam further than breeders. We used a combination of cluster analysis and habitat modelling to investigate and compare the movement patterns and habitat use of experienced (non-breeding adults) and non-experienced (juveniles) individuals. RESULTS While juvenile penguins and non-breeding adults followed similar routes, the movements by adults started later in the season and ranged over a considerably smaller area than juveniles. Net squared displacement analysis revealed that both groups did not move to a specific wintering area. Changes in direction of juveniles in respect to their departure island were similar and synchronous for both years. Habitat models revealed that foraging behaviour was affected by environmental variables such as wind or current speeds, sea surface temperature, or oceanic productivity, for both stages. Analysis of tracks revealed that birds moved predominately perpendicular or against the main direction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the prevailing wind during austral summer (juveniles only) and autumn (juveniles and non-breeding adults). However, both juveniles and adults were more likely to move against the prevailing winds if productivity increased along their trajectories. CONCLUSIONS The exceptional duration of our tracking study provided unprecedented insights into the distribution, habitat preferences and orientation of two poorly known life history stages of an expert avian diver. Our study suggests that juveniles might use both innate and learnt skills to reach profitable foraging areas during their first year at sea, which is critical in long-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Orgeret
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - C. Péron
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA. CP 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. R. Enstipp
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - K. Delord
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - H. Weimerskirch
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - C. A. Bost
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Cabe
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
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22
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Abolaffio M, Reynolds AM, Cecere JG, Paiva VH, Focardi S. Olfactory-cued navigation in shearwaters: linking movement patterns to mechanisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11590. [PMID: 30072695 PMCID: PMC6072774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
After foraging in the open ocean pelagic birds can pinpoint their breeding colonies, located on remote islands in visually featureless seascapes. This remarkable ability to navigate over vast distances has been attributed to the birds being able to learn an olfactory map on the basis of wind-borne odors. Odor-cued navigation has been linked mechanistically to displacements with exponentially-truncated power-law distributions. Such distributions were previously identified in three species of Atlantic and Mediterranean shearwaters but crucially it has not been demonstrated that these distributions are wind-speed dependent, as expected if navigation was olfactory-cued. Here we show that the distributions are wind-speed dependent, in accordance with theoretical expectations. We thereby link movement patterns to underlying generative mechanisms. Our novel analysis is consistent with the results of more traditional, non-mathematical, invasive methods and thereby provides independent evidence for olfactory-cued navigation in wild birds. Our non-invasive diagnostic tool can be applied across taxa, potentially allowing for the assessment of its pervasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Abolaffio
- Department of Physics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- ISC-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | | | - Jacopo G Cecere
- ISPRA, via Ca' Fornacetta 9, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
- LIPU, LIPU-Birdlife Italy, via Udine 3/a, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Vitor H Paiva
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Stefano Focardi
- ISC-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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Abstract
Olfactory cues provide critical information for spatial orientation of fish, especially in the context of anadromous migrations. Born in freshwater, juveniles of anadromous fish descend to the ocean where they grow into adults before migrating back into freshwater to spawn. The reproductive migrants, therefore, are under selective pressures to locate streams optimal for offspring survival. Many anadromous fish use olfactory cues to orient toward suitable streams. However, no behaviorally active compounds have been identified as migratory cues. Extensive studies have shown that the migratory adult sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless fish, track a pheromone emitted by their stream-dwelling larvae, and, consequently, enter streams with abundant larvae. We fractionated extracts of larval sea lamprey washings with guidance from a bioassay that measures in-stream migratory behaviors of adults and identified four dihydroxylated tetrahydrofuran fatty acids, of which (+)-(2S,3S,5R)-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-5-[(1R)-1-hydroxyhexyl]-2-furanoctanoic acid was shown as a migratory pheromone. The chemical structure was elucidated by spectroscopies and confirmed by chemical synthesis and X-ray crystallography. The four fatty acids were isomer-specific and enantiomer-specific in their olfactory and behavioral activities. A synthetic copy of the identified pheromone was a potent stimulant of the adult olfactory epithelium, and, at 5 × 10-13 M, replicated the extracts of larval washings in biasing adults into a tributary stream. Our results reveal a pheromone that bridges two distinct life stages and guides orientation over a large space that spans two different habitats. The identified molecule may be useful for control of the sea lamprey.
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Wagner CM, Hanson JE, Meckley TD, Johnson NS, Bals JD. A simple, cost-effective emitter for controlled release of fish pheromones: Development, testing, and application to management of the invasive sea lamprey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197569. [PMID: 29897927 PMCID: PMC5999092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiochemicals that elicit species-specific attraction or repulsion have proven useful in the management of terrestrial pests and hold considerable promise for control of nuisance aquatic species, particularly invasive fishes. Because aquatic ecosystems are typically large and open, use of a semiochemical to control a spatially dispersed invader will require the development of a cost-effective emitter that is easy to produce, environmentally benign, inexpensive, and controls the release of the semiochemical without altering its structure. We examined the release properties of five polymers, and chose polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the best alternative. In a series of laboratory and field experiments, we examined the response of the invasive sea lamprey to PEG, and to a partial sex pheromone emitted from PEG that has proven effective as a trap bait to capture migrating sea lamprey prior to spawning. Our findings confirm that the sea lamprey does not behaviorally respond to PEG, and that the attractant response to the pheromone component was conserved when emitted from PEG. Further, we deployed the pheromone-PEG emitters as trap bait during typical control operations in three Great Lakes tributaries, observing similar improvements in trap performance when compared to a previous study using mechanically pumped liquid pheromone. Finally, the polymer emitters tended to dissolve unevenly in high flow conditions. We demonstrate that housing the emitter stabilizes the dissolution rate at high water velocity. We conclude the performance characteristics of PEG emitters to achieve controlled-release of a semiochemical are sufficient to recommend its use in conservation and management activities related to native and invasive aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Michael Wagner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James E. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Trevor D. Meckley
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Johnson
- USGS, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Bals
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals. Nature 2018; 558:50-59. [PMID: 29875486 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, humans have been fascinated by how migratory animals find their way over thousands of kilometres. Here, I review the mechanisms used in animal orientation and navigation with a particular focus on long-distance migrants and magnetoreception. I contend that any long-distance navigational task consists of three phases and that no single cue or mechanism will enable animals to navigate with pinpoint accuracy over thousands of kilometres. Multiscale and multisensory cue integration in the brain is needed. I conclude by raising twenty important mechanistic questions related to long-distance animal navigation that should be solved over the next twenty years.
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Vermeij GJ, Grosberg RK. Rarity and persistence. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:3-8. [PMID: 29110416 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rarity is a population characteristic that is usually associated with a high risk of extinction. We argue here, however, that chronically rare species (those with low population densities over many generations across their entire ranges) may have individual-level traits that make populations more resistant to extinction. The major obstacle to persistence at low density is successful fertilisation (union between egg and sperm), and chronically rare species are more likely to survive when (1) fertilisation occurs inside or close to an adult, (2) mate choice involves long-distance signals, (3) adults or their surrogate gamete dispersers are highly mobile, or (4) the two sexes are combined in a single individual. In contrast, external fertilisation and wind- or water-driven passive dispersal of gametes, or sluggish or sedentary adult life habits in the absence of gamete vectors, appear to be incompatible with sustained rarity. We suggest that the documented increase in frequency of these traits among marine genera over geological time could explain observed secular decreases in rates of background extinction. Unanswered questions remain about how common chronic rarity actually is, which traits are consistently associated with chronic rarity, and how chronically rare species are distributed among taxa, and among the world's ecosystems and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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27
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Parker MR, Kardong KV. Airborne Chemical Information and Context-Dependent Post-Strike Foraging Behavior in Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus). COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-16-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Henderson LJ, Ryan MR, Rowland HM. Perch, Perca fluviatilis show a directional preference for, but do not increase attacks toward, prey in response to water-borne cortisol. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3883. [PMID: 29018617 PMCID: PMC5629957 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In freshwater environments, chemosensory cues play an important role in predator-prey interactions. Prey use a variety of chemosensory cues to detect and avoid predators. However, whether predators use the chemical cues released by disturbed or stressed prey has received less attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that the disturbance cue cortisol, in conjunction with visual cues of prey, elevates predatory behavior. We presented predators (perch, Perca fluviatilis) with three chemosensory choice tests and recorded their location, orientation, and aggressive behavior. We compared the responses of predators when provided with (i) visual cues of prey only (two adjacent tanks containing sticklebacks); (ii) visual and natural chemical cues of prey vs. visual cues only; and (iii) visual cues of prey with cortisol vs. visual cues only. Perch spent a significantly higher proportion of time in proximity to prey, and orientated toward prey more, when presented with a cortisol stimulus plus visual cues, relative to presentations of visual and natural chemical cues of prey, or visual cues of prey only. There was a trend that perch directed a higher proportion of predatory behaviors (number of lunges) toward sticklebacks when presented with a cortisol stimulus plus visual cues, relative to the other chemosensory conditions. But they did not show a significant increase in total predatory behavior in response to cortisol. Therefore, it is not clear whether water-borne cortisol, in conjunction with visual cues of prey, affects predatory behavior. Our results provide evidence that cortisol could be a source of public information about prey state and/or disturbance, but further work is required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Henderson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mary R Ryan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Rowland
- Predators and Prey Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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29
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Kim D, Alvarez M, Lechuga LM, Louis M. Species-specific modulation of food-search behavior by respiration and chemosensation in Drosophila larvae. eLife 2017; 6:27057. [PMID: 28871963 PMCID: PMC5584988 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals explore their environment to encounter suitable food resources. Despite its vital importance, this behavior puts individuals at risk by consuming limited internal energy during locomotion. We have developed a novel assay to investigate how food-search behavior is organized in Drosophila melanogaster larvae dwelling in hydrogels mimicking their natural habitat. We define three main behavioral modes: resting at the gel's surface, digging while feeding near the surface, and apneic dives. In unstimulated conditions, larvae spend most of their time digging. By contrast, deep and long exploratory dives are promoted by olfactory stimulations. Hypoxia and chemical repellents impair diving. We report remarkable differences in the dig-and-dive behavior of D. melanogaster and the fruit-pest D. suzukii. The present paradigm offers an opportunity to study how sensory and physiological cues are integrated to balance the limitations of dwelling in imperfect environmental conditions and the risks associated with searching for potentially more favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Kim
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Alvarez
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthieu Louis
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
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30
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Carrión O, Pratscher J, Curson ARJ, Williams BT, Rostant WG, Murrell JC, Todd JD. Methanethiol-dependent dimethylsulfide production in soil environments. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2379-2390. [PMID: 28763056 PMCID: PMC5607357 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is an environmentally important trace gas with roles in sulfur cycling, signalling to higher organisms and in atmospheric chemistry. DMS is believed to be predominantly produced in marine environments via microbial degradation of the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). However, significant amounts of DMS are also generated from terrestrial environments, for example, peat bogs can emit ~6 μmol DMS m−2 per day, likely via the methylation of methanethiol (MeSH). A methyltransferase enzyme termed ‘MddA’, which catalyses the methylation of MeSH, generating DMS, in a wide range of bacteria and some cyanobacteria, may mediate this process, as the mddA gene is abundant in terrestrial metagenomes. This is the first study investigating the functionality of MeSH-dependent DMS production (Mdd) in a wide range of aerobic environments. All soils and marine sediment samples tested produced DMS when incubated with MeSH. Cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods were used to assess microbial community changes in response to MeSH addition in a grassland soil where 35.9% of the bacteria were predicted to contain mddA. Bacteria of the genus Methylotenera were enriched in the presence of MeSH. Furthermore, many novel Mdd+ bacterial strains were isolated. Despite the abundance of mddA in the grassland soil, the Mdd pathway may not be a significant source of DMS in this environment as MeSH addition was required to detect DMS at only very low conversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Carrión
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jennifer Pratscher
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew R J Curson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Beth T Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Wayne G Rostant
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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31
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Foretich MA, Paris CB, Grosell M, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD. Dimethyl Sulfide is a Chemical Attractant for Reef Fish Larvae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2498. [PMID: 28566681 PMCID: PMC5451384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of coral reef fish larvae is driven by advection in ocean currents and larval swimming. However, for swimming to be advantageous, larvae must use external stimuli as guides. One potential stimulus is "odor" emanating from settlement sites (e.g., coral reefs), signaling the upstream location of desirable settlement habitat. However, specific chemicals used by fish larvae have not been identified. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced in large quantities at coral reefs and may be important in larval orientation. In this study, a choice-chamber (shuttle box) was used to assess preference of 28 pre-settlement stage larvae from reef fish species for seawater with DMS. Swimming behavior was examined by video-tracking of larval swimming patterns in control and DMS seawater. We found common responses to DMS across reef fish taxa - a preference for water with DMS and change in swimming behavior - reflecting a switch to "exploratory behavior". An open water species displayed no response to DMS. Affinity for and swimming response to DMS would allow a fish larva to locate its source and enhance its ability to find settlement habitat. Moreover, it may help them locate prey accumulating in fronts, eddies, and thin layers, where DMS is also produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Foretich
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Claire B Paris
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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Guan XL, Wu PF, Wang S, Zhang JJ, Shen ZC, Luo H, Chen H, Long LH, Chen JG, Wang F. Dimethyl sulfide protects against oxidative stress and extends lifespan via a methionine sulfoxide reductase A-dependent catalytic mechanism. Aging Cell 2017; 16:226-236. [PMID: 27790859 PMCID: PMC5334523 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a key endogenous antioxidative enzyme with longevity benefits in animals. Only very few approaches have been reported to enhance MsrA function. Recent reports have indicated that the antioxidant capability of MsrA may involve a Met oxidase activity that facilities the reaction of Met with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we used a homology modeling approach to search the substrates for the oxidase activity of MsrA. We found that dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a main metabolite that produced by marine algae, emerged as a good substrate for MsrA‐catalytic antioxidation. MsrA bounds to DMS and promoted its antioxidant capacity via facilitating the reaction of DMS with ROS through a sulfonium intermediate at residues Cys72, Tyr103, and Glu115, followed by the release of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMS reduced the antimycin A‐induced ROS generation in cultured PC12 cells and alleviated oxidative stress. Supplement of DMS exhibited cytoprotection and extended longevity in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. MsrA knockdown abolished the cytoprotective effect and the longevity benefits of DMS. Furthermore, we found that the level of physiologic DMS was at the low micromolar range in different tissues of mammals and its level decreased after aging. This study opened a new window to elucidate the biological role of DMS and other low‐molecular sulfides in the cytoprotection and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- Department of Pharmacy; Wuhan Puai Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430033 China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST); Ministry of Education of China; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province; Wuhan 430030 China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases; The Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zu-Cheng Shen
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Han Luo
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Li-Hong Long
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST); Ministry of Education of China; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province; Wuhan 430030 China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases; The Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST); Ministry of Education of China; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province; Wuhan 430030 China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases; The Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST); Ministry of Education of China; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province; Wuhan 430030 China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases; The Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Wuhan 430030 China
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33
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Vermeij GJ. Plant defences on land and in water: why are they so different? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1099-109. [PMID: 27091505 PMCID: PMC4904178 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants (attached photosynthesizing organisms) are eaten by a wide variety of herbivorous animals. Despite a vast literature on plant defence, contrasting patterns of antiherbivore adaptation among marine, freshwater and land plants have been little noticed, documented or understood. SCOPE Here I show how the surrounding medium (water or air) affects not only the plants themselves, but also the sensory and locomotor capacities of herbivores and their predators, and I discuss patterns of defence and host specialization of plants and herbivores on land and in water. I analysed the literature on herbivory with special reference to mechanical defences and sensory cues emitted by plants. Spines, hairs, asymmetrically oriented features on plant surfaces, and visual and olfactory signals that confuse or repel herbivores are common in land plants but rare or absent in water-dwelling plants. Small terrestrial herbivores are more often host-specific than their aquatic counterparts. I propose that patterns of selection on terrestrial herbivores and plants differ from those on aquatic species. Land plants must often attract animal dispersers and pollinators that, like their herbivorous counterparts, require sophisticated locomotor and sensory abilities. Plants counter their attractiveness to animal helpers by evolving effective contact defences and long-distance cues that mislead or warn herbivores. The locomotor and sensory world of small aquatic herbivores is more limited. These characteristics result from the lower viscosity and density of air compared with water as well as from limitations on plant physiology and signal transmission in water. Evolutionary innovations have not eliminated the contrasts in the conditions of life between water and land. CONCLUSION Plant defence can be understood fully when herbivores and their victims are considered in the broader context of other interactions among coexisting species and of the medium in which these interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- University of California, Davis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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34
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Edmunds NB, McCann KS, Laberge F. Food Web Structure Shapes the Morphology of Teleost Fish Brains. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:128-38. [PMID: 27216606 DOI: 10.1159/000445973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous work showed that teleost fish brain size correlates with the flexible exploitation of habitats and predation abilities in an aquatic food web. Since it is unclear how regional brain changes contribute to these relationships, we quantitatively examined the effects of common food web attributes on the size of five brain regions in teleost fish at both within-species (plasticity or natural variation) and between-species (evolution) scales. Our results indicate that brain morphology is influenced by habitat use and trophic position, but not by the degree of littoral-pelagic habitat coupling, despite the fact that the total brain size was previously shown to increase with habitat coupling in Lake Huron. Intriguingly, the results revealed two potential evolutionary trade-offs: (i) relative olfactory bulb size increased, while relative optic tectum size decreased, across a trophic position gradient, and (ii) the telencephalon was relatively larger in fish using more littoral-based carbon, while the cerebellum was relatively larger in fish using more pelagic-based carbon. Additionally, evidence for a within-species effect on the telencephalon was found, where it increased in size with trophic position. Collectively, these results suggest that food web structure has fundamentally contributed to the shaping of teleost brain morphology.
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35
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Mixtures of Two Bile Alcohol Sulfates Function as a Proximity Pheromone in Sea Lamprey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149508. [PMID: 26885832 PMCID: PMC4757539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique mixtures of pheromone components are commonly identified in insects, and have been shown to increase attractiveness towards conspecifics when reconstructed at the natural ratio released by the signaler. In previous field studies of pheromones that attract female sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus, L.), putative components of the male-released mating pheromone included the newly described bile alcohol 3,12-diketo-4,6-petromyzonene-24-sulfate (DkPES) and the well characterized 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS). Here, we show chemical evidence that unequivocally confirms the elucidated structure of DkPES, electrophysiological evidence that each component is independently detected by the olfactory epithelium, and behavioral evidence that mature female sea lamprey prefer artificial nests activated with a mixture that reconstructs the male-released component ratio of 30:1 (3kPZS:DkPES, molar:molar). In addition, we characterize search behavior (sinuosity of swim paths) of females approaching ratio treatment sources. These results suggest unique pheromone ratios may underlie reproductive isolating mechanisms in vertebrates, as well as provide utility in pheromone-integrated control of invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.
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36
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Lehtonen TK, Kvarnemo C. Odour cues from suitors' nests determine mating success in a fish. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150021. [PMID: 25948566 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use a range of sensory cues for finding food, avoiding predators and choosing mates. In this regard, the aquatic environment is particularly suitable for the use of olfactory and other chemical cues. Nevertheless, mate choice research, even on aquatic organisms, has focused on visual signals, while chemical cues relevant in sexual selection have been assumed to be 'intrinsic' excretions of mate candidates. Here, using the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus, a small fish with paternal egg care, we investigated the possibility that 'extrinsic' chemical cues in the males' nests could also have a significant contribution to mating success. We found that females strongly avoided laying eggs into nests subject to the odour of Saprolegnia water moulds (an egg infection) and that this effect was independent of the females' initial, visually based preference for males. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that chemical cues related to parental failure can play a large role in sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi K Lehtonen
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Gravem SA, Morgan SG. Prey state alters trait‐mediated indirect interactions in rocky tide pools. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Gravem
- Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California Davis PO Box 247 Bodega Bay 94923 CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University 3029 Cordley Hall Corvallis 97331 OregonUSA
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California Davis PO Box 247 Bodega Bay 94923 CaliforniaUSA
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Nosal AP, Chao Y, Farrara JD, Chai F, Hastings PA. Olfaction Contributes to Pelagic Navigation in a Coastal Shark. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0143758. [PMID: 26735492 PMCID: PMC4703295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals navigate the constantly moving and visually uniform pelagic realm, often along straight paths between distant sites, is an enduring mystery. The mechanisms enabling pelagic navigation in cartilaginous fishes are particularly understudied. We used shoreward navigation by leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) as a model system to test whether olfaction contributes to pelagic navigation. Leopard sharks were captured alongshore, transported 9 km offshore, released, and acoustically tracked for approximately 4 h each until the transmitter released. Eleven sharks were rendered anosmic (nares occluded with cotton wool soaked in petroleum jelly); fifteen were sham controls. Mean swimming depth was 28.7 m. On average, tracks of control sharks ended 62.6% closer to shore, following relatively straight paths that were significantly directed over spatial scales exceeding 1600 m. In contrast, tracks of anosmic sharks ended 37.2% closer to shore, following significantly more tortuous paths that approximated correlated random walks. These results held after swimming paths were adjusted for current drift. This is the first study to demonstrate experimentally that olfaction contributes to pelagic navigation in sharks, likely mediated by chemical gradients as has been hypothesized for birds. Given the similarities between the fluid three-dimensional chemical atmosphere and ocean, further research comparing swimming and flying animals may lead to a unifying paradigm explaining their extraordinary navigational abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Nosal
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
| | - Yi Chao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - John D. Farrara
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Fei Chai
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Hastings
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
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Robust and Rapid Air-Borne Odor Tracking without Casting. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0102-15. [PMID: 26665165 PMCID: PMC4674010 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Casting behavior (zigzagging across an odor stream) is common in air/liquid-borne odor tracking in open fields; however, terrestrial odor localization often involves path selection in a familiar environment. To study this, we trained rats to run toward an odor source in a multi-choice olfactory arena with near-laminar airflow. We find that rather than casting, rats run directly toward an odor port, and if this is incorrect, they serially sample other sources. This behavior is consistent and accurate in the presence of perturbations, such as novel odors, background odor, unilateral nostril stitching, and turbulence. We developed a model that predicts that this run-and-scan tracking of air-borne odors is faster than casting, provided there are a small number of targets at known locations. Thus, the combination of best-guess target selection with fallback serial sampling provides a rapid and robust strategy for finding odor sources in familiar surroundings.
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40
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41
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A novel pathway producing dimethylsulphide in bacteria is widespread in soil environments. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6579. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Dove ADM. Foraging and ingestive behaviors of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, in response to chemical stimulus cues. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 228:65-74. [PMID: 25745101 DOI: 10.1086/bblv228n1p65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, display a number of behaviors that suggest these animals can locate food from afar, as well as identify and discriminate between food items. However, their intractably large size and relative rarity in the field has so far prevented direct studies of their behavior and sensory capability. A small population of aquarium-held whale sharks facilitated direct studies of behavior in response to chemical stimulus plumes. Whale sharks were exposed to plumes composed of either homogenized krill or simple aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is associated with krill aggregations and is used by several pelagic species as a food-finding stimulus. Whale sharks exhibited pronounced ingestive and search behaviors when exposed to both types of stimuli, compared to control trials. Ingestive behaviors included open mouth swimming and active surface feeding (gulping). These behaviors were stronger and more prevalent in response to krill homogenate plumes than to DMS plumes. Both chemical stimuli also increased visitation rate, and krill homogenate plumes additionally affected swimming speed. Whale sharks use chemosensory cues of multiple types to locate and identify palatable food, suggesting that chemical stimuli can help direct long-range movements and allow discrimination of different food items. There appears to be a hierarchy of responses: krill metabolites directly associated with food produced more frequent and intense feeding responses relative to DMS, which is indirectly associated with krill. DMS is used to find food by a number of pelagic species and may be an important signaling molecule in pelagic food webs.
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Pansopha P, Ando N, Kanzaki R. Dynamic use of optic flow during pheromone tracking by the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:1811-20. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several insects require both olfactory and visual cues during odour-source localisation to successfully locate an odour source. In the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori, detection of the female sex pheromone triggers a programmed walking pattern, starting from a surge (straight-line walking) followed by zigzag walking. Although pheromone-triggered behaviour in silkmoths is well understood, the role of visual cues remains obscure. To address this question, we performed behavioural experiments on tethered-walking moths by recording their locomotion during stimulation with a pheromone and a visual motion pattern (optic flow). The experiments were conducted under open- and closed-loop visual stimuli. We found that the use of optic flow input was determined by the behavioural state of surge and zigzagging. Silkmoths exhibited an optomotor response, which is a behavioural visual response, by turning towards the same direction as optic flow stimuli only during surge, but not during zigzagging. In addition, modulation of the zigzag walking pattern was observed when the moths were presented with biased closed-loop visual stimuli (visual feedback with biased constant optic flow); however, the directional preference mechanism was different from that of the optomotor response. Based on these findings, we suggest that the optomotor response is utilised for course control during straight-line walking, whereas the absence of optomotor response during zigzagging is used to effectively perform the programmed walking pattern. Considering the neural basis of programmed behaviour, we speculate that at least two visual pathways are involved in the state-dependent use of optic flow during odour tracking behaviour in silkmoths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonsup Pansopha
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ando
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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Buehlmann C, Graham P, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Desert ants locate food by combining high sensitivity to food odors with extensive crosswind runs. Curr Biol 2014; 24:960-4. [PMID: 24726153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Desert ants feeding on dead arthropods forage for food items that are distributed unpredictably in space and time in the food-scarce terrain of the Saharan salt pans [1]. Scavengers of the genus Cataglyphis forage individually and do not lay pheromone trails [2]. They rely primarily on path integration [3] for navigation and, in addition, use visual [4] and olfactory cues [5-7]. While most studies have focused on the navigational mechanisms of ants targeting a familiar place like the nest or a learned feeding site, little is known about how ants locate food in their natural environment. Here we show that Cataglyphis fortis is highly sensitive to and attracted by food odors, especially the necromone linoleic acid, enabling them to locate tiny arthropods over several meters in distance. Furthermore, during the search for food, ants use extensive crosswind walks that increase the chances of localizing food plumes. By combining high sensitivity toward food odors with crosswind runs, the ants efficiently screen the desert for food and hence reduce the time spent foraging in their harsh desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Buehlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Paul Graham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Evidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4157-61. [PMID: 24591607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrophic mutualistic interactions have been best studied in plant-insect systems. During these interactions, plants release volatiles in response to herbivore damage, which, in turn, facilitates predation on primary consumers or benefits the primary producer by providing nutrients. Here we explore a similar interaction in the Southern Ocean food web, where soluble iron limits primary productivity. Dimethyl sulfide has been studied in the context of global climate regulation and is an established foraging cue for marine top predators. We present evidence that procellariiform seabird species that use dimethyl sulfide as a foraging cue selectively forage on phytoplankton grazers. Their contribution of beneficial iron recycled to marine phytoplankton via excretion suggests a chemically mediated link between marine top predators and oceanic primary production.
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Not all sharks are "swimming noses": variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1127-43. [PMID: 24435575 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is a universal modality by which all animals sample chemical stimuli from their environment. In cartilaginous fishes, olfaction is critical for various survival tasks including localizing prey, avoiding predators, and chemosensory communication with conspecifics. Little is known, however, about interspecific variation in olfactory capability in these fishes, or whether the relative importance of olfaction in relation to other sensory systems varies with regard to ecological factors, such as habitat and lifestyle. In this study, we have addressed these questions by directly examining interspecific variation in the size of the olfactory bulbs (OB), the region of the brain that receives the primary sensory projections from the olfactory nerve, in 58 species of cartilaginous fishes. Relative OB size was compared among species occupying different ecological niches. Our results show that the OBs maintain a substantial level of allometric independence from the rest of the brain across cartilaginous fishes and that OB size is highly variable among species. These findings are supported by phylogenetic generalized least-squares models, which show that this variability is correlated with ecological niche, particularly habitat. The relatively largest OBs were found in pelagic-coastal/oceanic sharks, especially migratory species such as Carcharodon carcharias and Galeocerdo cuvier. Deep-sea species also possess large OBs, suggesting a greater reliance on olfaction in habitats where vision may be compromised. In contrast, the smallest OBs were found in the majority of reef-associated species, including sharks from the families Carcharhinidae and Hemiscyllidae and dasyatid batoids. These results suggest that there is great variability in the degree to which these fishes rely on olfactory cues. The OBs have been widely used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capability in vertebrates, and we speculate that differences in olfactory capabilities may be the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations.
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Auffarth B. Understanding smell—The olfactory stimulus problem. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1667-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Beyaert I, Hilker M. Plant odour plumes as mediators of plant-insect interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:68-81. [PMID: 23714000 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect olfactory orientation along odour plumes has been studied intensively with respect to pheromonal communication, whereas little knowledge is available on how plant odour plumes (POPs) affect olfactory searching by an insect for its host plants. The primary objective of this review is to examine the role of POPs in the attraction of insects. First, we consider parameters of an odour source and the environment which determine the size, shape and structure of an odour plume, and we apply that knowledge to POPs. Second, we compare characteristics of insect pheromonal plumes and POPs. We propose a 'POP concept' for the olfactory orientation of insects to plants. We suggest that: (i) an insect recognises a POP by means of plant volatile components that are encountered in concentrations higher than a threshold detection limit and that occur in a qualitative and quantitative blend indicating a resource; (ii) perception of the fine structure of a POP enables an insect to distinguish a POP from an unspecific odorous background and other interfering plumes; and (iii) an insect can follow several POPs to their sources, and may leave the track of one POP and switch to another one if this conveys a signal with higher reliability or indicates a more suitable resource. The POP concept proposed here may be a useful tool for research in olfactory-mediated plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Beyaert
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163, Berlin, Germany
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From chemotaxis to the cognitive map: the function of olfaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109 Suppl 1:10693-700. [PMID: 22723365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201880109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradox of vertebrate brain evolution is the unexplained variability in the size of the olfactory bulb (OB), in contrast to other brain regions, which scale predictably with brain size. Such variability appears to be the result of selection for olfactory function, yet there is no obvious concordance that would predict the causal relationship between OB size and behavior. This discordance may derive from assuming the primary function of olfaction is odorant discrimination and acuity. If instead the primary function of olfaction is navigation, i.e., predicting odorant distributions in time and space, variability in absolute OB size could be ascribed and explained by variability in navigational demand. This olfactory spatial hypothesis offers a single functional explanation to account for patterns of olfactory system scaling in vertebrates, the primacy of olfaction in spatial navigation, even in visual specialists, and proposes an evolutionary scenario to account for the convergence in olfactory structure and function across protostomes and deuterostomes. In addition, the unique percepts of olfaction may organize odorant information in a parallel map structure. This could have served as a scaffold for the evolution of the parallel map structure of the mammalian hippocampus, and possibly the arthropod mushroom body, and offers an explanation for similar flexible spatial navigation strategies in arthropods and vertebrates.
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Spatial patterning of vulture scavenged human remains. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 219:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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