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Knudsen JT, Ignell R. Semiochemicals modulating bed bug behaviour. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101207. [PMID: 38821142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Cimicidae, Hemiptera), is obligate haematophagous and can carry pathogens but is not known to transmit diseases to humans in natural settings. Bed bugs are activated and guided by semiochemicals and heat by potential hosts, as well as by an aggregation pheromone when searching for food and home. No sexual pheromone has been detected in bed bugs, which mate through traumatic insemination. First, after mounting, males are able to distinguish between large nymphs, other males, and females. To avoid unwanted traumatic inseminations, nymphs and adults emit an alarm pheromone. The olfactory system of bed bugs has relatively few odorant and ionotropic receptors, which likely reflects the simple environment that bed bugs live in, and use to search for hosts and conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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2
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Hayes CC, Schal C. Repellency of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) during host-seeking behavior of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in binary choice olfactometer assays. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:1016-1025. [PMID: 38839102 PMCID: PMC11239792 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is one of the most prolific and burdensome indoor pests, and suppression of bed bug populations is a global priority. Understanding bed bug behavior is important to the development of new tactics for their control. Major gaps exist in our understanding of how host cues, insecticide resistance, and exposure modality impact the repellency of formulated products to bed bugs. Here, we validate the use of a binary choice olfactometer for assessing bed bug repellency behaviors using N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) in a dose-dependent manner, while considering the role of host-associated stimuli (with vs. without CO2), exposure modality (olfactory vs. olfactory and contact), and resistance status (susceptible vs. resistant) on repellency. We observed that host-seeking insecticide-susceptible bed bugs were repelled only when olfactorily exposed to high concentrations of DEET. However, exposure to DEET by contact repelled insecticide-susceptible bed bugs at 100-fold lower dose of DEET. Further, we demonstrate for the first time that insecticide-resistant bed bugs were significantly more responsive to DEET than susceptible bed bugs. We conclude that the 2-choice olfactometer is an effective tool for assessing the behavioral responses of bed bugs to spatial and contact repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Hayes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Xia Y, Liang J, Wang C, Qiu H, He Y, Ma T, Wang L, Wang D. Repellent effect of two anthranilates against the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) demonstrated in laboratory assays. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:988-995. [PMID: 37822111 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bites and blood sucking of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) pose a serious threat to human physical and mental health. Application of an effective repellent can prevent or reduce bed bug bites. Previous studies on repellent screening mainly focused on Cimex lectularius L. In this study, we investigated the repellent effect of two safe food additives, ethyl anthranilate (EA) and butyl anthranilate (BA), against Cimex hemipterus (F.), and also explored the role of antennae and mouthparts on C. hemipterus perception of repellents. RESULTS Both EA and BA had a strong repellent effect against tropical bed bugs and their repellency was similar or lower than that of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide, depending on whether or not a CO2 source was present. EA had higher repellency than BA and exhibited repellency to C. hemipterus for 3 days when a CO2 source was present. C. hemipterus avoided resting on 20% EA- and BA-treated harborages. Applying 20% EA and BA on rabbit skin significantly reduced the blood intake of C. hemipterus within 2 h. C. hemipterus could perceive EA and BA after their antennae or mouthparts or both antennae and mouthparts were removed. CONCLUSION Both EA and BA had strong repellency against C. hemipterus, with EA being more repellent. Ablation of antennae and mouthparts did not affect the perception of EA and BA by C. hemipterus. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hualong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Desen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Akhoundi M, Chebbah D, Elissa N, Brun S, Jan J, Lacaze I, Izri A. Volatile Organic Compounds: A Promising Tool for Bed Bug Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5214. [PMID: 36982123 PMCID: PMC10048870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent decades' resurgence of bed bugs as a public health concern in industrialized countries has driven an increased interest on new sustainable insecticide-free methods to monitor and control these ectoparasites. Current methods of detection rely mainly on visual inspection or canine scent detection, which are methods that are time-consuming, require experience, are non-specific or require costly mission repetitions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered an environmentally friendly alternative and a promising approach for bed bug detection. An overview of the released literature on VOCs, their chemical characteristics and their role in bed bugs' intra- and inter-species communications allowed us to highlight the identification of 49 VOCs in Cimex lectularius (23 molecules) and C. hemipterus (26), which are emitted by both sexes during diverse compartments including aggregation (46), mating (11), defense (4), etc., and all life stages including exuviae or dead bed bugs as a principal indicator of infestation. The latter has a great importance for application of these semiochemicals in successful detection and control management of bed bugs and to prevent their further dispersion. This approach has the advantage of more reliability compared to conventional detection methods with no need for repeated inspections, household furniture moving or resident rehousing for bed bugs' VOC detection, which are commonly performed by active or passive sampling with absorbing tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography-based analytical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 35, Rue de la Gare, CEDEX 19, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lacaze
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Direction Santé Confort, Division Qualité Sanitaire des Ouvrages, 84, Avenue Jean Jaurès, CEDEX F-77447, 77420 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13000 Marseille, France
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Strickland J, Larson NR, Feldlaufer M, Zhang A. Characterizing Repellencies of Methyl Benzoate and Its Analogs against the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. INSECTS 2022; 13:1060. [PMID: 36421963 PMCID: PMC9697005 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bed bug infestations are on the rise globally, and remediation efforts are becoming more expensive and difficult to achieve due to rising insecticide resistance in the pest populations. This study evaluates Cimex lectularius behavior in the presence of attractive elements-aggregation pheromone or food source (human blood)-and the reported botanical repellent methyl benzoate (MB), several MB analogs, as well as the well-known insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Utilizing EthoVision, a video tracking system, we now report that MB and several of its analogs exhibit strong spatial repellency against C. lectularius, with methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (M2MOB) and methyl 3-methoxybenzoate (M3MOB) exhibiting the strongest repellent effects. Further, our data showed that MB, M2MOB, M3MOB, and DEET exhibit repellency against a pyrethroid resistant strain of C. lectularius.
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Oladipupo SO, Hu XP, Appel AG. Essential Oils in Urban Insect Management-A Review. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1375-1408. [PMID: 35791493 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The allures of city life have culminated in the rise of urban populations resulting in conditions that promote the establishment of certain insect pests. Globally, the public health significance of these urban insect pests is enormous, ranging from billions of dollars to loss of lives. Most chemical insecticides no longer provide the anticipated level of control, and significant insecticide resistance has been reported. Therefore, there has been a spike in interest for alternatives to conventional insecticides. Among them, natural products from plants such as essential oils (EOs) and essential oil components (EOCs) have enjoyed the most attention owing to widespread reports of efficacy and toxicity even against insecticide-resistant urban insects. Yet, there is no comprehensive synthesis on the extent and impact of the management of urban insects using EOs or EOCs. Such a review is highly relevant since it provides a means to assess the extent of progress made, shortfalls, limitations, and prospects. More so, we hope it can be used to make informed decisions and develop relevant policies reliably. We present the ranges of insecticidal effects of EOs, EOCs, and commercially available EO-based products from laboratory and field studies. Finally, we discuss the gaps in our knowledge and prospects for the sustainable use of EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Oladipupo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - X P Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - A G Appel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
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Liu F, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu N. The Olfactory Chemosensation of Hematophagous Hemipteran Insects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:703768. [PMID: 34434117 PMCID: PMC8382127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.703768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant insect orders on earth, most Hemipteran insects are phytophagous, with the few hematophagous exceptions falling into two families: Cimicidae, such as bed bugs, and Reduviidae, such as kissing bugs. Many of these blood-feeding hemipteran insects are known to be realistic or potential disease vectors, presenting both physical and psychological risks for public health. Considerable researches into the interactions between hemipteran insects such as kissing bugs and bed bugs and their human hosts have revealed important information that deepens our understanding of their chemical ecology and olfactory physiology. Sensory mechanisms in the peripheral olfactory system of both insects have now been characterized, with a particular emphasis on their olfactory sensory neurons and odorant receptors. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies of both kissing bugs (including Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), focusing on their chemical ecology and peripheral olfactory systems. Potential chemosensation-based applications for the management of these Hemipteran insect vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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González-Morales MA, Terán M, Romero A. Behavioral Responses of the Common Bed Bug to Essential Oil Constituents. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020184. [PMID: 33670065 PMCID: PMC7926421 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are blood-sucking insects that have emerged worldwide in the last two decades causing serious public health and economic impact. Today, control of bed bug infestations relies on the use of synthetic insecticides, but their frequent use has led to the development of resistance in bed bug populations. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the development of safer, green, and more effective tools for bed bug control. Plant-derived pesticides are part of the proposed “green” methods for bed bug control. We evaluated behavioral responses of bed bugs to essential oil constituents (EOCs) and detected that bed bugs did not rest on areas treated with geraniol, eugenol, citronellic acid, and carvacrol. Barriers of these constituents did not deter bed bugs from reaching warmed blood meal and feeding. Our results show that novel formulations of natural product insecticides that include geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, or citronellic acid have potential to repel bed bugs. However, little benefit of protection against bed bug bites can be expected when EOC-based products are applied to items present in close proximity to a sleeping host such as mattress covers, liners, or around the bed. Abstract Botanical-derived pesticides have arisen as an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides to effectively manage infestations of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). While information on contact, residual, and fumigant toxicity of plant-essential oils against bed bugs have been recently published, there is a gap of information regarding the repellent activity of these products and their constituents. Identification of essential oil constituents (EOCs) with repellent activity will help develop potentially efficacious essential oil-based formulations for use in bed bug management programs. In this study, we first screened fresh and 24 h-aged residues of geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, citronellic acid, linalool, menthone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene for avoidance behavior from individual bed bugs with a video-tracking system. Six EOCs, geraniol, eugenol, citronellic acid, thymol, carvacrol, and linalool were further evaluated overnight in choice tests to determine whether 24-h aged residues were still avoided by groups of bed bugs. While bed bugs avoided resting on filter papers treated with 24-h aged residues of geraniol, eugenol, citronellic acid, and carvacrol, bed bugs aggregated in areas treated with linalool-aged residues. Barriers of EOCs did not prevent bed bugs from reaching a warmed blood source and acquiring blood meals. Our results show that novel formulations of natural product insecticides that include geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, or citronellic acid have potential to repel bed bugs. The presence of host-associated cues might interfere with these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. González-Morales
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | | | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-575-646-5550
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Krüger A, Schmolz E, Vander Pan A. Methods for Testing Repellents Against Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:265-273. [PMID: 33420500 PMCID: PMC7871147 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bed bug repellents should not only prevent humans from being bitten but impede an infestation of personal belongings. Only a few test proposals for evaluating the efficacy of repellents against bed bugs have been published so far. In the present study, two test systems were assessed for efficacy testing with five potential bed bug repellents (cinnamon oil, icaridin, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), permethrin, and margosa extract). The first test setup was a harborage choice test system that consisted of a crystallizing dish with a treated and an untreated harborage. Sixty minutes and 24 h after treatment, DEET, icaridin, and cinnamon oil showed the highest repellency with a median proportion of at least 99% repelled bed bugs. The second test system was a barrier test. Bed bugs were attracted by CO2 and heat to cross filter papers treated with the potential repellents. The repellency of substances was significantly lower in comparison to the harborage choice test, except for DEET. The latter showed the highest repellency (97%) against bed bugs 24 h after application compared to controls. Results show that bed bugs are less sensitive to repellents when searching for a bloodmeal than when searching for a shelter.
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Nararak J, Giorgio CD, Sukkanon C, Mahiou-Leddet V, Ollivier E, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T. Excito-repellency and biological safety of β-caryophyllene oxide against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 2020; 210:105556. [PMID: 32485168 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The activity of β-caryophyllene oxide as either a contact or noncontact repellent was evaluated against two laboratory strains (Aedes albopictus and Anopheles dirus) using an excito-repellency test system. N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) was used as a standard reference baseline for comparative purposes. β-Caryophyllene oxide and DEET were tested at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% (v/v). In addition, the phototoxic and genotoxic effects of β-caryophyllene oxide were investigated on Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (3T3-L1) and Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1). The results demonstrated that the higher concentrations of test compounds (0.5 and 1.0%) produced greater behavioral responses. Aedes albopictus was more sensitive to β-caryophyllene oxide than An. dirus. Moderate avoidance response rates (25-56% escape) of Ae. albopictus at 0.5% and 1.0% β-caryophyllene oxide were observed in contact and noncontact trials compared with low response rates from An. dirus (26-31% escape). DEET at ≤1% displayed lower irritancy and repellency (1-38%) than β-caryophyllene oxide when tested against the two mosquito species. Knockdown responses (37%) were only observed in An. dirus exposed to 1% β-caryophyllene oxide in the contact trial. β-Caryophyllene oxide did not show any phototoxic potential (PIF= 0.38) nor was there any significant genotoxic response as indicated by no increase in micro-nucleated cells with or without metabolic activation. β-Caryophyllene oxide could be considered as a safe repellent, effective against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirod Nararak
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France.
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Valerie Mahiou-Leddet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France.
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France.
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Wang Y, Brożek J, Dai W. Functional morphology and sexual dimorphism of antennae of the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi (Hemiptera: Tingidae). ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Zhang A, Feng Y, Larson N, Feldlaufer M. Eucalyptol Detected by Aeration from the Eggs of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:772-775. [PMID: 30551170 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether volatiles from bed bug eggs were similar to the defensive secretions from nymphs and adults, headspace volatiles from eggs of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) were collected by aeration, daily until hatch, and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We now report that eucalyptol (1,8-epoxy-p-menthane) was identified from all egg samples. Blank control samples containing no eggs had no evidence of eucalyptol. Positive controls, containing nymphs, adults, and fecal deposits, showed the presence of the defensive secretions (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal, but no eucalyptol. The lack of detectable (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal in viable egg samples and the detection of eucalyptol are discussed in relation to canine detection of bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zhang
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville
| | - Yan Feng
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville
| | - Nicholas Larson
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson
| | - Mark Feldlaufer
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville
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Neuronal Responses of Antennal Olfactory Sensilla to Insect Chemical Repellents in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:1120-1126. [PMID: 30291492 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector of many human diseases such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika. As insecticide resistance has been widely reported, chemical repellents have been adopted as alternative options for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. This study characterized the responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in different types of antennal olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti to 48 chemicals that exhibited repellent activity in various insect species. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed from ORNs in response to these chemicals and differential tuning properties were also observed among ORNs. Remarkable excitatory responses were recorded from the ORNs in sensilla SST1, SST2, SBTI, SBTII, and LST2, while inhibitory activities were detected from a neuron in sensillum SST2 in response to several terpene/terpenoid compounds. Moreover, the temporal dynamics of neuronal responses were found to be compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the response to each compound across ORNs in seven types of olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti revealed that odor reception depended not only on chemical class but also specific chemical structure. Results of this study give new insights into the sensory physiology of Aedes mosquitoes to the chemical repellents and should contribute to the development of new repellent reagents for human protection.
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Anderson JF, Ferrandino FJ, Vasil MP, Bedoukian RH, Maher M, McKenzie K. Repellency of Naturally Occurring or Related Compounds, DEET, and Para-Menthane-3,8-Diol to Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:666-672. [PMID: 29415167 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), have become a major health nuisance in the past 20 ysin cities and elsewhere throughout many areas of the world. Few studies have reported on repellent compounds that could reduce their transport in luggage. We evaluated the repellency of six naturally occurring or related compounds used in flavor/fragrance applications or structurally related compounds, para-menthane-3,8-diol, and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) to bed bugs in a 183 × 183-cm arena . Repellency was assessed using soft-sided polyester lunch bags serving as surrogates of luggage and barrier cloth towels upon which rested untreated lunch bags. We report for the first time repellency of delta dodecalactone, 2-(3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-nonadien-1-yl)-cyclopentanone (a.k.a. 'methyl apritone'), gamma dodecalactone, and para-menthane-3,8-diol to bed bugs. Propyl dihydrojasmonate, 3-methyl-5-hexyl-2-cyclohexenone, gamma methyl tridecalactone, and DEET are also documented to be repellent to bed bugs. These compounds provided relatively long-term protection. Propyl dihydrojasmonate prevented bed bugs from seeking refuge in treated lunch bags 27 d after treatment, and when applied to cloth towels repelled harborage-seeking bed bugs for 146 d. Methyl apritone blended with 3-methyl-5-hexyl-2-cyclohexenone and delta dodecalactone as an individual compound applied to cloth towels repelled bed bugs for 190 and 276 d, respectively. The above-mentioned compounds, either individually or as blends, may reduce risk of bed bugs seeking harborage in treated suitcases or towels upon which untreated luggage is placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Anderson
- Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - Francis J Ferrandino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael P Vasil
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
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Different Ways to Apply a Measurement Instrument of E-Nose Type to Evaluate Ambient Air Quality with Respect to Odour Nuisance in a Vicinity of Municipal Processing Plants. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112671. [PMID: 29156597 PMCID: PMC5712908 DOI: 10.3390/s17112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents different ways to apply a measurement instrument of e-nose type to evaluate ambient air with respect to detection of the odorants characterized by unpleasant odour in a vicinity of municipal processing plants. An emphasis was put on the following applications of the electronic nose instruments: monitoring networks, remote controlled robots and drones as well as portable devices. Moreover, this paper presents commercially available sensors utilized in the electronic noses and characterized by the limit of quantification below 1 ppm v/v, which is close to the odour threshold of some odorants. Additionally, information about bioelectronic noses being a possible alternative to electronic noses and their principle of operation and application potential in the field of air evaluation with respect to detection of the odorants characterized by unpleasant odour was provided.
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Liu F, Xia X, Liu N. Molecular Basis of N,N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET) in Repelling the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Front Physiol 2017; 8:418. [PMID: 28676765 PMCID: PMC5476731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most extensively used chemical repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) displayed repellency to a wide range of insects, including the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. While the neuronal or molecular basis involved in DEET's repellency have been majorly focused on mosquitos and fruit flies, DEET's repellency to the common bed bug is largely unreached. To gain new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms in DEET's repellency to the common bed bug, we characterized the neuronal response of bed bugs to DEET, identified the olfactory receptors targeted by DEET and demonstrated the interfering effect of DEET on bed bug's responses to human odorants. High doses of DEET were required for activating the olfactory receptor neurons in the sensilla of bed bugs and at least three DEET-sensitive receptors were functionally deciphered. These DEET-sensitive receptors presented even more sensitive to certain botanical terpenes/terpenoids which also displayed repellency at varying levels for bed bugs. In addition, DEET produced a blocking effect on the neuronal responses of bed bugs to specific human odors and showed inhibitory effect on the function of odorant receptors in responding to certain human odors. Taken together, our results indicate that DEET may function as a stimulus that triggers avoidance behaviors and a molecular “confusant” for interrupting the host odor recognition in the odorant receptors of bed bugs. The receptors that coincidently responded to both synthetic DEET and botanical terpenes/terpenoids suggested that DEET probably target on receptors that originally responded to terpenes/terpenoids. This study gave novel insight into the mechanisms of DEET's repellency to bed bugs and also provided valuable information for developing new reagents for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
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17
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Liu F, Chen Z, Liu N. Molecular Basis of Olfactory Chemoreception in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45531. [PMID: 28383033 PMCID: PMC5382537 DOI: 10.1038/srep45531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most notorious ectoparasites, bed bugs rely heavily on human or animal blood sources for survival, mating and reproduction. Chemoreception, mediated by the odorant receptors on the membrane of olfactory sensory neurons, plays a vital role in their host seeking and risk aversion processes. We investigated the responses of odorant receptors to a large spectrum of semiochemicals, including human odorants and plant-released volatiles and found that strong responses were sparse; aldehydes/ketones were the most efficient stimuli, while carboxylic acids and aliphatics/aromatics were comparatively less effective in eliciting responses from bed bug odorant receptors. In bed bugs, both the odorant identity and concentrations play important roles in determining the strength of these responses. The odor space constructed based on the responses from all the odorant receptors tested revealed that odorants within the same chemical group are widely dispersed while odorants from different groups are intermingled, suggesting the complexity of odorant encoding in the bed bug odorant receptors. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the olfactory coding mechanisms of bed bugs that will ultimately contribute to the design and development of novel olfactory-based strategies to reduce both the biting nuisance and disease transmission from bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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18
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Liu F, Xiong C, Liu N. Chemoreception to aggregation pheromones in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 82:62-73. [PMID: 28167332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an obligate blood-feeding insect that is resurgent worldwide, posing a threat to human beings through its biting nuisance and disease transmission. Bed bug aggregation pheromone is considered a very promising attractant for use in the monitoring and management of bed bugs, but as yet little is known regarding the sensory physiology of bed bugs related to this pheromone. This study examined how the individual components of aggregation pheromone are perceived by the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in different types of olfactory sensilla in bed bugs and the molecular basis for the ORNs' responses to the aggregation pheromone. We found that the ORNs in the D olfactory sensilla played a predominant role in detecting all the components of aggregation pheromone except for histamine, which was only recognized by the C sensilla. Bed bugs' E sensilla, which include four functionally distinct groups, showed only a very weak but variant sensitivity (both excitatory and inhibitory) to the components of aggregation pheromone. Functional tests of 15 odorant receptors (ORs) in response to the components of aggregation pheromone revealed that most of these components were encoded by multiple ORs with various tuning properties. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of how bed bug aggregation pheromone is perceived and recognized in the peripheral olfactory system and will contribute useful information to support the development of synthetic attractants for bed bug monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Caixing Xiong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Liu F, Liu N. Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals. J Vis Exp 2016:e53337. [PMID: 26862929 DOI: 10.3791/53337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University;
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20
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Liu F, Liu N. Human Odorant Reception in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15558. [PMID: 26522967 PMCID: PMC4629130 DOI: 10.1038/srep15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug Cimex lectularius is a temporary ectoparasite on humans and currently resurgent in many developed countries. The ability of bed bugs to detect human odorants in the environment is critical for their host-seeking behavior. This study deciphered the chemical basis of host detection by investigating the neuronal response of olfactory sensilla to 104 human odorants using single sensillum recording and characterized the electro-physiological responses of bed bug odorant receptors to human odorants with the Xenopus expression system. The results showed that the D type of olfactory sensilla play a predominant role in detecting the human odorants tested. Different human odorants elicited different neuronal responses with different firing frequencies and temporal dynamics. Particularly, aldehydes and alcohols are the most effective stimuli in triggering strong response while none of the carboxylic acids showed a strong stimulation. Functional characterization of two bed bug odorant receptors and co-receptors in response to human odorants revealed their specific responses to the aldehyde human odorants. Taken together, the findings of this study not only provide exciting new insights into the human odorant detection of bed bugs, but also offer valuable information for developing new reagents (attractants or repellents) for the bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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