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Desika J, Yogendra K, Hepziba SJ, Patne N, Vivek BS, Ravikesavan R, Nair SK, Jaba J, Razak TA, Srinivasan S, Shettigar N. Exploring Metabolomics to Innovate Management Approaches for Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) Infestation in Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2451. [PMID: 39273935 PMCID: PMC11397220 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a highly destructive lepidopteran pest known for its extensive feeding on maize (Zea mays L.) and other crops, resulting in a substantial reduction in crop yields. Understanding the metabolic response of maize to FAW infestation is essential for effective pest management and crop protection. Metabolomics, a powerful analytical tool, provides insights into the dynamic changes in maize's metabolic profile in response to FAW infestation. This review synthesizes recent advancements in metabolomics research focused on elucidating maize's metabolic responses to FAW and other lepidopteran pests. It discusses the methodologies used in metabolomics studies and highlights significant findings related to the identification of specific metabolites involved in FAW defense mechanisms. Additionally, it explores the roles of various metabolites, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and signaling molecules, in mediating plant-FAW interactions. The review also examines potential applications of metabolomics data in developing innovative strategies for integrated pest management and breeding maize cultivars resistant to FAW by identifying key metabolites and associated metabolic pathways involved in plant-FAW interactions. To ensure global food security and maximize the potential of using metabolomics in enhancing maize resistance to FAW infestation, further research integrating metabolomics with other omics techniques and field studies is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasaravanan Desika
- V.O.C. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Killikulam 628252, India
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Sundararajan Juliet Hepziba
- V.O.C. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Killikulam 628252, India
| | - Nagesh Patne
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | | | - Rajasekaran Ravikesavan
- Centre for Plant Breeding & Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Sudha Krishnan Nair
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Jagdish Jaba
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Thurapmohideen Abdul Razak
- V.O.C. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Killikulam 628252, India
| | - Subbiah Srinivasan
- V.O.C. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Killikulam 628252, India
| | - Nivedita Shettigar
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Hyderabad 502324, India
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad 500030, India
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Steinbrenner AD, Saldivar E, Hodges N, Guayazán-Palacios N, Chaparro AF, Schmelz EA. Signatures of plant defense response specificity mediated by herbivore-associated molecular patterns in legumes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1255-1270. [PMID: 35315556 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores activate plant defense responses through a combination of mechanical wounding and elicitation by herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). HAMPs are wound response amplifiers; however, specific defense outputs may also exist that strictly require HAMP-mediated defense signaling. To investigate HAMP-mediated signaling and defense responses, we characterized cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) transcriptome changes following elicitation by inceptin, a peptide HAMP common in Lepidoptera larvae oral secretions. Following inceptin treatment, we observed large-scale reprogramming of the transcriptome consistent with three different response categories: (i) amplification of mechanical wound responses, (ii) temporal extension through accelerated or prolonged responses, and (iii) examples of inceptin-specific elicitation and suppression. At both early and late timepoints, namely 1 and 6 h, large sets of transcripts specifically accumulated following inceptin elicitation. Further early inceptin-regulated transcripts were classified as reversing changes induced by wounding alone. Within key signaling- and defense-related gene families, inceptin-elicited responses included target subsets of wound-induced transcripts. Transcripts displaying the largest inceptin-elicited fold changes included transcripts encoding terpene synthases (TPSs) and peroxidases (POXs) that correspond with induced volatile production and increased POX activity in cowpea. Characterization of inceptin-elicited cowpea defenses via heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that specific cowpea TPSs and POXs were able to confer terpene emission and the reduced growth of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) herbivores, respectively. Collectively, our present findings in cowpea support a model where HAMP elicitation both amplifies concurrent wound responses and specifically contributes to the activation of selective outputs associated with direct and indirect antiherbivore defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington Research Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nile Hodges
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric A Schmelz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kallure GS, Kumari A, Shinde BA, Giri AP. Characterized constituents of insect herbivore oral secretions and their influence on the regulation of plant defenses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113008. [PMID: 34768189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than 350 million years, there have been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects. In several cases, insects cause-specific feeding damage with ensuing herbivore-associated molecular patterns that invoke characteristic defense responses. During feeding on plant tissue, insects release oral secretions (OSs) containing a repertoire of molecules affecting plant defense (effectors). Some of these OS components might elicit a defense response to combat insect attacks (elicitors), while some might curb the plant defenses (suppressors). Few reports suggest that the synthesis and function of OS components might depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms. We review these intricate plant-insect interactions, during which there is a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects along with the associated microorganisms. We further provide a list of commonly identified inducible plant produced defensive molecules released upon insect attack as well as in response to OS treatments of the plants. Thus, we describe how plants specialized and defense-related metabolism is modulated at innumerable phases by OS during plant-insect interactions. A molecular understanding of these complex interactions will provide a means to design eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yousefi-Taemeh M, Lin J, Ifa DR, Parrott W, Kovinich N. Metabolomics Differences of Glycine max QTLs Resistant to Soybean Looper. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100710. [PMID: 34677425 PMCID: PMC8539317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) E and M are major soybean alleles that confer resistance to leaf-chewing insects, and are particularly effective in combination. Flavonoids and/or isoflavonoids are classes of plant secondary metabolites that previous studies agree are the causative agents of resistance of these QTLs. However, all previous studies have compared soybean genotypes that are of dissimilar genetic backgrounds, leaving it questionable what metabolites are a result of the QTL rather than the genetic background. Here, we conducted a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach without liquid chromatography to identify differences in metabolite levels among QTLs E, M, and both (EM) that were introgressed into the background of the susceptible variety Benning. Our results found that E and M mainly confer low-level, global differences in distinct sets of metabolites. The isoflavonoid daidzein was the only metabolite that demonstrated major increases, specifically in insect-treated M and EM. Interestingly, M confers increased daidzein levels in response to insect, whereas E restores M’s depleted daidzein levels in the absence of insect. Since daidzein levels do not parallel levels of resistance, our data suggest a novel mechanism that the QTLs confer resistance to insects by mediating changes in hundreds of metabolites, which would be difficult for the insect to evolve tolerance. Collective global metabolite differences conferred by E and M might explain the increased resistance of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yousefi-Taemeh
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.Y.-T.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Demian R. Ifa
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.Y.-T.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-736-2100
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Joshi K, Baumgardner JL, MacPhail M, Acharya SR, Blotevogel E, Dayan FE, Nachappa P, Nalam VJ. The Source of Rag5-Mediated Resistance to Soybean Aphids Is Located in the Stem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689986. [PMID: 34335657 PMCID: PMC8322969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) continues to threaten soybean production in the United States. A suite of management strategies, such as planting aphid-resistant cultivars, has been successful in controlling soybean aphids. Several Rag genes (resistance against A. glycines) have been identified, and two are currently being deployed in commercial soybean cultivars. However, the mechanisms underlying Rag-mediated resistance are yet to be identified. In this study, we sought to determine the nature of resistance conferred by the Rag5 gene using behavioral, molecular biology, physiological, and biochemical approaches. We confirmed previous findings that plants carrying the Rag5 gene were resistant to soybean aphids in whole plant assays, and this resistance was absent in detached leaf assays. Analysis of aphid feeding behaviors using the electrical penetration graph technique on whole plants and detached leaves did not reveal differences between the Rag5 plants and Williams 82, a susceptible cultivar. In reciprocal grafting experiments, aphid populations were lower in the Rag5/rag5 (Scion/Root stock) chimera, suggesting that Rag5-mediated resistance is derived from the shoots. Further evidence for the role of stems comes from poor aphid performance in detached stem plus leaf assays. Gene expression analysis revealed that biosynthesis of the isoflavone kaempferol is upregulated in both leaves and stems in resistant Rag5 plants. Moreover, supplementing with kaempferol restored resistance in detached stems of plants carrying Rag5. This study demonstrates for the first time that Rag5-mediated resistance against soybean aphids is likely derived from stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Joshua L. Baumgardner
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Madison MacPhail
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Shailesh R. Acharya
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Blotevogel
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vamsi J. Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Veremeichik GN, Grigorchuk VP, Butovets ES, Lukyanchuk LM, Brodovskaya EV, Bulgakov DV, Bulgakov VP. Isoflavonoid biosynthesis in cultivated and wild soybeans grown in the field under adverse climate conditions. Food Chem 2021; 342:128292. [PMID: 33069538 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cultivation of soybean plants is one of the most important crop production sectors in the world. Isoflavones are an important defence against pathogens in soybeans. The aim of the present study was to analyse isoflavone biosynthesis in wild and cultivated soybeans grown in the field conditions in an unfavourable climate. We analysed by LCMS-IT-TOF the composition and content of isoflavonoids, productivity and fungal disease resistance of wild and cultivated. The Hefeng25 and Sfera varieties have the highest isoflavonoid content and fungal tolerance. We have shown a 3-fold increase of total isoflavonoids in Sfera, comparing with wild type, and 4- and 7-fold increases of total isoflavone aglycones in Hefeng25 and Sfera, respectively. Accordingly, the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway was also maximal in these cultivars. Thus, biosynthetic status is an important indicator of soybean productivity and resistance to pathogens in adverse climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Veremeichik
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - V P Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - E S Butovets
- Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology in the Far East named after A.K. Chaika, Ussuriysk, 692539, Russia
| | - L M Lukyanchuk
- Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology in the Far East named after A.K. Chaika, Ussuriysk, 692539, Russia
| | - E V Brodovskaya
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - D V Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - V P Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Nakata R, Yoshinaga N, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y, Mori N. An easy, inexpensive, and sensitive method for the quantification of chitin in insect peritrophic membrane by image processing. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1624-1629. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1611407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Chitin, poly (β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine), is an important biopolymer for insects that is utilized as a major component of peritrophic membrane. The chitin content in peritrophic membrane is of expedient interest from a pest control perspective, although it is hard to quantify chitin. In this study, we establish a facile method for the quantification of chitin in peritrophic membrane by image processing. In this method, chitin was indirectly quantified using chitosan–I3− complex, which exhibited a specific red-purple color. A calibration curve using a chitosan solution showed good linearity in a concentration range of 0.05–0.5 μg/μL. We quantified the amount of chitin in peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae using this method. Throughout the study, only common inexpensive regents and easily attainable apparatuses were employed. This method can be easily applied to the sensitive quantification of the amounts of chitin and chitosan in materials by wide range of researchers.
Abbreviations: LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; ROI: region of interest; RSD: relative standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Nakata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Li Q, Sun Z, Shi Q, Wang R, Xu C, Wang H, Song Y, Zeng R. RNA-Seq Analyses of Midgut and Fat Body Tissues Reveal the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Spodoptera litura Resistance to Tomatine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30723417 PMCID: PMC6349761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce secondary metabolites to provide chemical defense against herbivorous insects, whereas insects can induce the expression of detoxification metabolism-related unigenes in counter defense to plant xenobiotics. Tomatine is an important secondary metabolite in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) that can protect the plant from bacteria and insects. However, the mechanism underlying the adaptation of Spodoptera litura, a major tomato pest, to tomatine in tomato is largely unclear. In this study, we first found that the levels of tomatine in tomatoes subjected to S. litura treatment were significantly increased. Second, we confirmed the inhibitory effect of tomatine on S. litura by adding moderate amounts of commercial tomatine to an artificial diet. Then, we utilized RNA-Seq to compare the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the midgut and fat body tissues of S. litura exposed to an artificial diet supplemented with tomatine. In total, upon exposure to tomatine, 134 and 666 genes were upregulated in the S. litura midgut and fat body, respectively. These DEGs comprise a significant number of detoxification-related genes, including 7 P450 family genes, 8 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes, 6 ABC transport enzyme genes, 9 UDP-glucosyltransferases genes and 3 carboxylesterases genes. Moreover, KEGG analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes were enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450s, ABC transporters and drug metabolism by other enzymes. Furthermore, as numerous GSTs were induced by tomatine in S. litura, we chose one gene, namely GSTS1, to confirm the detoxification function on tomatine. Expression profiling revealed that GSTS1 transcripts were mainly expressed in larvae, and the levels were the highest in the midgut. Finally, when larvae were injected with double-stranded RNA specific to GSTS1, the transcript levels in the midgut and fat body decreased, and the negative effect of the plant xenobiotic tomatine on larval growth was magnified. These results preliminarily clarified the molecular mechanism underlying the resistance of S. litura to tomatine, establishing a foundation for subsequent pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Shi
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Xu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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10
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Veremeichik GN, Grigorchuk VP, Silanteva SA, Shkryl YN, Bulgakov DV, Brodovskaya EV, Bulgakov VP. Increase in isoflavonoid content in Glycine max cells transformed by the constitutively active Ca 2+ independent form of the AtCPK1 gene. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:111-120. [PMID: 30399493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) represent a class within a multigene family that plays an important role in biotic and abiotic plant stress responses and is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our previous study showed that overexpression of the mutant constitutively active Ca2+ independent form of the AtCPK1 gene (AtCPK1-Ca) significantly increased the biosynthesis of anthraquinones and stilbenes in Rubia cordifolia L. and Vitis amurensis Rupr. transgenic cell cultures, respectively. Here, we have established transgenic calli of soybean plants Glycine max (L.) Merr. that express the AtCPK1-Ca gene. Heterologous expression of the AtCPK1-Ca gene provoked a 5.2-fold increase in total isoflavone production up to 208.09 mg/L, along with an increase in isoflavone aglycones production up to 6.60 mg/L, which is 3-fold greater than that of the control culture. The production of prenylated isoflavones significantly increased, reaching 3.78 mg/L, 13-fold higher than in the control culture. The expression levels of 4-coumarate:CoA ligases, isoflavone synthases, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase, isoflavone dimethylallyltransferase, and coumestrol 4-dimethylallyltransferase genes in transgenic cell cultures significantly increased. Thus, heterologous expression of the AtCPK1-Ca gene can be used to bioengineer plant cell cultures that produce isoflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Veremeichik
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
| | - V P Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia; Institute of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - S A Silanteva
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Y N Shkryl
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia
| | - D V Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - E V Brodovskaya
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - V P Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia
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Nakata R, Yoshinaga N, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y, Huffaker A, Schmelz EA, Mori N. A fragmentation study of isoflavones by IT-TOF-MS using biosynthesized isotopes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1309-1315. [PMID: 29699437 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1465810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To aid in the identification and quantification of biologically and agriculturally significant natural products, tandem mass spectrometry can provide accurate structural information with high selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, diagnostic fragmentation patterns of isoflavonoids were examined by liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS). The fragmentation scheme for [M+H-2CO]+ ions derived from isoflavones and [M+H-B-ring-CO]+ ions derived from 5-hydroxyisoflavones, were investigated using different isotopically labeled isoflavones, specifically [1',2',3',4',5',6',2,3,4-13C9] and [2',3',5',6',2-D5] isoflavones. Specific isotopically labeled isoflavones were prepared through the biosynthetic incorporation of pharmacologically applied 13C- and D-labelled L-phenylalanine precursors in soybean plants following the application of insect elicitors. Using this approach, we empirically demonstrate that the [M+H-2CO]+ ion is generated by an intramolecular proton rearrangement during fragmentation. Furthermore, [M+H-B-ring-CO]+ ion is demonstrated to contain a C2H moiety derived from C-ring of 5-hydroxyisoflavones. A mechanistic understanding of characteristic isoflavone fragmentation patterns contributes to the efficacy and confidence in identifying related isoflavones by LC-MSn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Nakata
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okumoto
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- b Section of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of California at San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- b Section of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of California at San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Naoki Mori
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Z-Ligustilide Exerted Hormetic Effect on Growth and Detoxification Enzymes of Spodoptera litura Larvae. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7104513. [PMID: 30057645 PMCID: PMC6051125 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a variety of phytochemicals to defense insect feeding, whereas insects have also evolved diverse detoxification enzymes, which are adaptively induced as a prosurvival mechanism. Herein, Z-ligustilide in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. was found to exhibit a similar trend in the accumulation from December to May as the occurrence of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae. Importantly, S. litura larvae feeding enhanced Z-ligustilide level in the stem and leaf (p < 0.01). Moreover, Z-ligustilide ranging from 1 to 5 mg·g−1 exhibited remarkable larvicidal activity, antifeedant activity, and growth inhibition against S. litura larvae. The LC50 values of larvicidal activity for phthalides in L. chuanxiong were compared as follows: Z-ligustilide > levistilide A > senkyunolide A > 3-butylidenephthalide > senkyunolide I, implicating the critical role of conjugated structure. Notably, there was a biphasic dose response for glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 450, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and Carboxylesterase (CarE) activities and GSTs1, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4S9, and CYP4M14 mRNA expression. Particularly, low dose (0.1 mg·g−1) of Z-ligustilide conferred the resistance of S. litura larvae against chlorpyrifos (p < 0.05). Together, our data suggest that Z-ligustilide may function in a hormetic way in the chemical defense of L. chuanxiong against S. litura larvae.
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Basu S, Varsani S, Louis J. Altering Plant Defenses: Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns and Effector Arsenal of Chewing Herbivores. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:13-21. [PMID: 28840787 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0183-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores, such as caterpillars and beetles, while feeding on the host plant, cause extensive tissue damage and release a wide array of cues to alter plant defenses. Consequently, the cues can have both beneficial and detrimental impacts on the chewing herbivores. Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) are molecules produced by herbivorous insects that aid them to elicit plant defenses leading to impairment of insect growth, while effectors suppress plant defenses and contribute to increased susceptibility to subsequent feeding by chewing herbivores. Besides secretions that originate from glands (e.g., saliva) and fore- and midgut regions (e.g., oral secretions) of chewing herbivores, recent studies have shown that insect frass and herbivore-associated endosymbionts also play a critical role in modulating plant defenses. In this review, we provide an update on a growing body of literature that discusses the chewing insect HAMPs and effectors and the mechanisms by which they modulate host defenses. Novel "omic" approaches and availability of new tools will help researchers to move forward this discipline by identifying and characterizing novel insect HAMPs and effectors and how these herbivore-associated cues are perceived by host plant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Louis
- 1 Department of Entomology; and
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Mittal J, Sharma MM. Enhanced production of berberine in In vitro regenerated cell of Tinospora cordifolia and its analysis through LCMS QToF. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:25. [PMID: 28401460 PMCID: PMC5388650 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinospora cordifolia is a prioritized medicinal plant and having an immense medicinal importance especially in Indian medicinal system. But this plant needs a regeneration protocol for its rapid propagation. An efficient regeneration protocol was developed for T. cordifolia using nodal explants. High frequency of multiple shoot formation was induced when the nodal segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L−1) and 2-iP (0.5 mg L−1). The highest mean number of shoots per nodal explant (7.9 ± 0.45) with highest shoot length (9.3 ± 0.48 cm) and 86% response were achieved on this media and hormonal concentration. The optimum rooting was obtained on ½ strength of MS medium augmented with IBA (0.5 mg L−1) with 8.3 ± 0.46 cm root length and 89% response. Micropropagated plantlets were found to be identical with the mother plant when clonal fidelity of these plantlets were analyzed with inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker. The berberine content was analyzed through LCMS QToF and the highest amount was found in in vitro callus (19.8 µg/gm) followed by stem (9.3 µg/gm) and leaves of field-grown plants (8.4 µg/gm). Further, presence of berberine was confirmed by ESI–MS spectra with protonated molecular ions ([M + H]+) at m/z 336. Furthermore, MS–MS fragmentation pattern confirmed for the presence of berberine in both the samples. Both the spectra (standard and samples) showed common peaks for berberine in the form of protonated molecular ions ([M + H]+) at m/z 320, m/z 304, m/z 292, m/z 278 in MS/MS mode. The study revealed that developed protocol is potent for rapid mass propagation of this plant species with high accumulation of important secondary metabolite berberine.
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Ahmad MZ, Li P, Wang J, Rehman NU, Zhao J. Isoflavone Malonyltransferases GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 Differently Modify Isoflavone Glucosides in Soybean ( Glycine max) under Various Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:735. [PMID: 28559900 PMCID: PMC5433297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonylated isoflavones are the major forms of isoflavonoids in soybean plants, the genes responsible for their biosyntheses are not well understood, nor their physiological functions. Here we report a new benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (BAHD) family isoflavone glucoside malonyltransferase GmIMaT1, and GmIMaT3, which is allelic to the previously characterized GmMT7 and GmIF7MaT. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 enzymes used malonyl-CoA and several isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as substrates. The Km values of GmIMaT1 for glycitin, genistin, and daidzin were 13.11, 23.04, and 36.28 μM, respectively, while these of GmIMaT3 were 12.94, 26.67, and 30.12 μM, respectively. Transgenic hairy roots overexpressing both GmIMaTs had increased levels of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin, and contents of daidzin and glycitin increased only in GmIMaT1-overexpression lines. The increased daidzein and genistein contents were detected only in GmIMaT3-overexpression lines. Knockdown of GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 reduced malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin contents, and affected other isoflavonoids differently. GmIMaT1 is primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum while GmIMaT3 is primarily in the cytosol. By examining their transcript changes corresponding to the altered isoflavone metabolic profiles under various environmental and hormonal stresses, we probed the possible functions of GmIMaTs. Two GmIMaTs displayed distinct tissue expression patterns and respond differently to various factors in modifying isoflavone 7-O-glucosides under various stresses.
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