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Savi PJ, Gonsaga RF, de Matos STS, Braz LT, de Moraes GJ, de Andrade DJ. Performance of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three hop cultivars (Humulus lupulus). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:733-753. [PMID: 34244884 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest species in numerous crops including hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Substantial T. urticae infestation was observed to occur in this recently introduced crop in Brazil. The adoption of less suitable cultivars to the pest species is highly desirable for integrated pest management. We used free-choice trials and two-sex life table analysis to determine the preference and population growth of T. urticae under laboratory conditions using three of hop cultivars currently expanding in Brazil (Mantiqueira, Victoria, and Yakima Gold). We also estimated the density of non-glandular trichomes and lupulin glands found on the abaxial leaf surface of these cultivars and correlated them with performance parameters of T. urticae. Mantiqueira appeared to be the least preferred by adult females for attractiveness and oviposition suggesting existence of antixenosis on this cultivar. Female immature stages developed slower on Yakima Gold and Mantiqueira, but no difference was observed between the latter and Victoria. Fecundity and longevity were significantly lower on Mantiqueira than on Victoria and Yakima Gold. No significant differences were observed among cultivars for intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net rate of reproduction (R0), suggesting the absence of antibiosis. Although, lupilin gland densities were higher on Mantiqueira and Yakima Gold than on Victoria, no significant correlations were observed between these defensive traits and performance parameters of T. urticae. However, 30-day population simulations of T. urticae suggest that Yakima Gold is the least susceptible, Mantiqueira is moderately susceptible, and Victoria is highly susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Jacob Savi
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Renan Furlan Gonsaga
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Sidnéia Terezinha Soares de Matos
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Leila Trevisan Braz
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Postal Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Júnior de Andrade
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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Kortbeek RWJ, Galland MD, Muras A, van der Kloet FM, André B, Heilijgers M, van Hijum SAFT, Haring MA, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM. Natural variation in wild tomato trichomes; selecting metabolites that contribute to insect resistance using a random forest approach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 34215189 PMCID: PMC8252294 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-produced specialised metabolites are a powerful part of a plant's first line of defence against herbivorous insects, bacteria and fungi. Wild ancestors of present-day cultivated tomato produce a plethora of acylsugars in their type-I/IV trichomes and volatiles in their type-VI trichomes that have a potential role in plant resistance against insects. However, metabolic profiles are often complex mixtures making identification of the functionally interesting metabolites challenging. Here, we aimed to identify specialised metabolites from a wide range of wild tomato genotypes that could explain resistance to vector insects whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). We evaluated plant resistance, determined trichome density and obtained metabolite profiles of the glandular trichomes by LC-MS (acylsugars) and GC-MS (volatiles). Using a customised Random Forest learning algorithm, we determined the contribution of specific specialised metabolites to the resistance phenotypes observed. RESULTS The selected wild tomato accessions showed different levels of resistance to both whiteflies and thrips. Accessions resistant to one insect can be susceptible to another. Glandular trichome density is not necessarily a good predictor for plant resistance although the density of type-I/IV trichomes, related to the production of acylsugars, appears to correlate with whitefly resistance. For type VI-trichomes, however, it seems resistance is determined by the specific content of the glands. There is a strong qualitative and quantitative variation in the metabolite profiles between different accessions, even when they are from the same species. Out of 76 acylsugars found, the random forest algorithm linked two acylsugars (S3:15 and S3:21) to whitefly resistance, but none to thrips resistance. Out of 86 volatiles detected, the sesquiterpene α-humulene was linked to whitefly susceptible accessions instead. The algorithm did not link any specific metabolite to resistance against thrips, but monoterpenes α-phellandrene, α-terpinene and β-phellandrene/D-limonene were significantly associated with susceptible tomato accessions. CONCLUSIONS Whiteflies and thrips are distinctly targeted by certain specialised metabolites found in wild tomatoes. The machine learning approach presented helped to identify features with efficacy toward the insect species studied. These acylsugar metabolites can be targets for breeding efforts towards the selection of insect-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc D Galland
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Muras
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans M van der Kloet
- Data Analysis Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart André
- Enza Zaden Research & Development B.V, Haling 1E, 1602 DB, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Heilijgers
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Radboud University Medical Center, Bacterial Genomics Group, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M Bleeker
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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