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Yao H, Gao S, Sun T, Zhou G, Lu C, Gao B, Chen W, Liang Y. Transcriptomic analysis of the defense response in "Cabernet Sauvignon" grape leaf induced by Apolygus lucorum feeding. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e590. [PMID: 38779180 PMCID: PMC11108798 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of the defense response of "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes to feeding by Apolygus lucorum, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of grape leaves under three different treatments: feeding by A. lucorum, puncture injury, and an untreated control. The research findings indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in three aspects: cellular composition, molecular function, and biological process. These genes were found to be involved in 42 metabolic pathways, particularly in plant hormone signaling metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and other metabolic pathways associated with plant-induced insect resistance. Feeding by A. lucorum stimulated and upregulated a significant number of genes related to jasmonic acid and calcium ion pathways, suggesting their crucial role in the defense molecular mechanism of "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes. The consistency between the gene expression and transcriptome sequencing results further supports these findings. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the defense response in "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes by elucidating the expression of relevant genes during feeding by A. lucorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Suhong Gao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Tianhua Sun
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Guona Zhou
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Changkuan Lu
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
| | - Baojia Gao
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Wenshu Chen
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Yiming Liang
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
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Wang P, Liu M, Lv C, Tian Z, Li R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu J. Identifying the Key Role of Plutella xylostella General Odorant Binding Protein 2 in Perceiving a Larval Attractant, ( E, E)-2,6-Farnesol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5690-5698. [PMID: 38447177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
There is currently a lack of effective olfaction-based techniques to control diamondback moth (DBM) larvae. Identifying behaviorally active odorants for DBM larvae and exploring their recognition mechanisms can provide insights into olfaction-based larval control strategies. Through the two-choice assay, (E,E)-2,6-farnesol (farnesol) was identified as a compound exhibiting significant attractant activity toward DBM larvae, achieving an attraction index of 0.48 ± 0.13. PxylGOBP1 and PxylGOBP2, highly expressed in the antennae of DBM larvae, both showed high affinity toward farnesol. RNAi technology was used to knock down PxylGOBP1 and PxylGOBP2, revealing that the attraction of DBM larvae to farnesol nearly vanished following the knockdown of PxylGOBP2, indicating its critical role in recognizing farnesol. Further investigation into the PxylGOBP2-farnesol interaction revealed the importance of residues like Thr9, Trp37, and Phe118 in PxylGOBP2's binding to farnesol. This research is significant for unveiling the olfactory mechanisms of DBM larvae and developing larval behavior regulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Changhong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruichi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Lu Y, Wyckhuys KAG, Wu K. Pest Status, Bio-Ecology, and Area-Wide Management of Mirids in East Asia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:393-413. [PMID: 37758221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-121322-015345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Mirids (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) feed upon a wide variety of cultivated and wild plants and can be economically important crop pests. They have traditionally been perceived as innocuous herbivores in East Asia; however, population levels of various mirid species have dramatically increased over the past decades. High-profile pests such as Apolygus spp., Adelphocoris spp., and Lygus spp. are now widely distributed across the region, and their infestation pressure is associated with climate, agroecological conditions, and farming practices. This review outlines how an in-depth understanding of pest biology, a systems-level characterization of pest ecology, and a comprehensive evaluation of integrated pest management tactics have enabled sustainable management of mirids across crop boundaries and harvest cycles. This work underscores how more holistic, integrative research approaches can accelerate the implementation of area-wide management of generalist pests, effectively prevent pest population build-up and yield impact, and shrink the environmental footprint of agriculture. In addition to highlighting the merits of interdisciplinary systems approaches, we discuss prospects and challenges for the sustainable management of polyphagous mirid pests in landscape matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; ,
| | - Kris A G Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; ,
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
- Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; ,
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Li Q, Yin Z, Tan W, Sun X, Cao H, Wang D. The resistance of the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) to the devastating insect pest Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta) involves the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105597. [PMID: 37945226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta), cosmopolitan true bug, is a major pest of the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). To propose control measures of A. lucorum, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance in two varieties of jujube (wild jujube and winter jujube) with different sensitivities to this pest. We monitored changes of two species of jujube in the transcriptome, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) content, and the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways. The preference of A. lucorum for jujube with exogenous SA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were also examined. The results showed that wild jujube leaves infested by A. lucorum showed stronger resistance and non-selectivity to A. lucorum than winter jujube. By comparing data from the A. lucorum infested plants with the control, A total of 438 and 796 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in winter and wild jujube leaves, respectively. GO analysis revealed that biological process termed "plant-pathogen interactions", "plant hormone transduction" and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". Most of DEGs enriched in JA pathways were upregulated, while most DEGs of SA pathways were downregulated. A. lucorum increased the JA content but decreased the SA content in jujube. Consistently, the JA and SA contents in winter jujube were lower than those in wild jujube leaves. The key genes ZjFAD3, ZjLOX, ZjAOS, ZjAOC3 and ZjAOC4 involved in JA synthesis of jujube leaves were significantly up-regulated after A. lucorum infestation, especially the expression and up-regulation ratio of ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS in wild jujube were significantly higher than those in winter jujube. MeJA-treated jujube showed an obvious repellent effect on A. lucorum. Based on these findings, we conclude that A. lucorum infestation of jujube induced the JA pathway and suppressed the SA pathway. In jujube leaves the ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS played important roles in increasing of JA content in jujube leaves. Thus, JA played an important role in repelling and resisting against A. lucorum in jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wei Tan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Deya Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
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Xu H, Chen S, Wang Y, Pan J, Liu X, Wang C, Wang X, Cui X, Chen X, Li J, Rasmann S. A Faboideae-Specific Floral Scent Betrays Seeds to an Important Granivore Pest. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12668-12677. [PMID: 37590199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed predation by insect herbivores reduces crop production worldwide. Foraging on seeds at pre-dispersal generally means that females need to find the suitable host plant within a relatively short timeframe in order to synchronize larval development with seed production. The mechanistic understanding of host finding by seed pests can be harnessed for more sustainable pest management strategies. We here studied the chemical communication between the bean bug Riptortus pedestris, a major pest of legumes, and several crop species and cultivars in the Fabaceae. Via a comparative chemical analysis, we found that 1-octen-3-ol is the principal constituent of the floral scents of most species tested in the subfamily Faboideae, including soybean and faba bean. With field trapping and laboratory bioassays, including electroantennography, we further revealed that this compound can be perceived, and stimulate attraction responses, by R. pedestris nymphs and adults. The addition of 1-octen-3-ol to pheromone traps might therefore improve trapping efficacy for controlling populations of this important granivore pest on legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuwei Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
| | - Jinzhi Pan
- Centre of Plant Protection, Fuyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, China
| | - Xingzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jinbu Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
- Suzhou Vocational and Technical College, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue-Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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Xia S, Zhang T, Williams L, Yang Y, Lu Y. Buckwheat Flower Volatiles Attract Peristenus spretus and Enhance Its Field-Level Parasitism of Apolygus lucorum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1658. [PMID: 37111881 PMCID: PMC10146717 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds play indispensable roles in the interactions among host plants, herbivores and natural enemies. Previous studies showed that the addition of buckwheat strips in cotton fields could attract Peristenus spretus, the dominant parasitoid of Apolygus lucorum, and enhance its parasitic activity. Through the combined analysis of Y-tube olfactometer, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and electroantennography (EAG), we found that male and female P. spretus responded to compounds present in buckwheat flowers. The five major components of buckwheat flowers, cis-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3HA), 4-methylanisole, 4-oxoisophorone, p-methylphenol and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, all had a significant attraction to P. spretus adults and led to positive electroantennogram responses, especially for 10 mg/mL 4-oxoisophorone, indicating the components played a key role in the selection behavior of P. spretus to buckwheat flowers. Additionally, field trials showed that the five volatiles could significantly increase the parasitism by P. spretus. Our study screened the key active components of buckwheat flower volatiles that have an attractive effect on P. spretus, revealing its behavioral selection mechanism and emphasizing the important role of plant volatiles on host selection and parasitism of parasitic wasps, providing a theoretical basis for the development of attractants for P. spretus and the reduction of pesticides in the field to promote conservation biological control (CBC) of A. lucorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Livy Williams
- USDA-ARS U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA
| | - Yizhong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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Feng H, Gou C, Aimaiti D, Sun P, Wang L, Hao H. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:362-371. [PMID: 35586846 PMCID: PMC9002162 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lygus pratensis, an important agricultural pest, is seriously detrimental to cotton in China. For the research and development of attractants, the present study screened and identified plant volatiles with activity against the pest. Out of the total 20 volatiles identified from seven hosts, 16 volatiles were selected and evaluated. Electrophysiological test results revealed the highest electroantennogram values of heptacosane, heptadecane, decanal, (E)-4-hexen-1-ol, dodecane, β-pinene, and cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate on adult insects. A significant difference in the behavior of female adults (P < 0.01) was noted in the trend behavioral tests when the concentration of heptacosane, nonadecane, heptadecane, decanal, 3-hexen-1-ol, and dodecane was 10−3 (V/V), and that of β-pinene was 10−4 (V/V). The field trapping test confirmed a significant difference in the trapping effect of heptadecane at 10−2 (V/V) and 10−3 (V/V), decanal at 10−1 (V/V) and 10−3 (V/V), β-pinene at 10−2 (V/V), and dodecane at 10−4 (V/V) compared to that of other volatiles (P < 0.05). These findings suggested the strong attractant effect of heptadecane, dodecane, decanal, and β-pinene on adults, indicating their potential application as effective attractants for the ecological control of L. pratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior – Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Tarim University , Alar , Xinjiang Province 843300 , China
| | - Changqing Gou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior – Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Tarim University , Alar , Xinjiang Province 843300 , China
| | - Dilinuer Aimaiti
- Natural Resources Bureau of Qitai County , Changji 831800 , China
| | - Peng Sun
- China Cotton Group , Beijing, 100000 , China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior – Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Tarim University , Alar , Xinjiang Province 843300 , China
| | - Haiting Hao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior – Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Tarim University , Alar , Xinjiang Province 843300 , China
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Li M, Xia S, Zhang T, Williams L, Xiao H, Lu Y. Volatiles from Cotton Plants Infested by Agrotis segetum (Lep.: Noctuidae) Attract the Larval Parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Hym.: Braconidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070863. [PMID: 35406842 PMCID: PMC9002379 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), chemicals produced by plants infested by herbivorous insects, can act as kairomones that recruit natural enemies of the pest herbivore. Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiffermüller) is a common, important pest of seedling cotton in Xinjiang Province, China, and the braconid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) is an important mortality factor of this pest's larvae. In olfactometer tests, which included healthy foliage, infested foliage, or infested roots, M. mediator preferred A. segetum-infested cotton plants to healthy cotton plants. In GC-MS analyses of plant-emitted volatiles, we found that compounds emitted increased 14.9- and 13.3- fold after leaf infestation and root infestation, respectively, compared to healthy control plants. The volatiles were mainly p-xylene, nonanal, tetradecane, decanal, benzaldehyde, β-caryophyllene, and humulene, while linalool was only present in the leaf-infestation treatment. In addition, principal component analysis indicated that all 18 compounds were associated with the infested plants, especially β-caryophyllene, p-xylene, and decanal. Based on the above studies and previous functional evaluations of the volatile compounds, it can be demonstrated that these compounds play a crucial role in modulating the interactions between A. segetum and M. mediator and regulating parasitoid behavior. It may be possible to enhance the biological control of A. segetum by M. mediator through the application of HIPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.X.)
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shike Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Livy Williams
- USDA-ARS U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.X.)
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