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Devitre AR, Fischer DX, Woller KB, Clark BC, Short MP, Whyte DG, Hartwig ZS. A facility for cryogenic ion irradiation and in situ characterization of rare-earth barium copper oxide superconducting tapes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:063907. [PMID: 38921059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Superconducting magnets based on Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxides (REBCO) offer transformative capabilities in the fields of fusion energy, high energy physics, and space exploration. A challenge shared by these applications is the limited lifetime of REBCO due to radiation damage sustained during operation. Here we present a new ion-beam facility that enables simultaneous cryogenic irradiation and in situ characterization of commercial REBCO tapes. The ion source provides spatially uniform fluxes up to 1018 protons/m2s with kinetic energies up to 3.4 MeV, in addition to helium and higher-Z species. Using this facility, we can induce uniform damage profiles in the first 10-20 µm of REBCO tapes with less than 0.25 appm of hydrogen implanted in REBCO after a dose of 1020 protons/m2. The tape can be held between 20 and 300 K with an accuracy of ±0.1 K and is connected to a four-point probe measuring the critical current, Ic, and critical temperature, Tc, before, during, and after irradiation with transport current ranging from 100 nA to 100 A, and a typical voltage noise less than 0.1 μV. These capabilities are presently used to study the effect of irradiation temperature on REBCO performance change during and after proton bombardment, to assess the possibility of Ic and Tc recovery after irradiation through thermal annealing, and to explore the instantaneous and recoverable suppression of Ic and Tc observed during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Devitre
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D X Fischer
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K B Woller
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B C Clark
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M P Short
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D G Whyte
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z S Hartwig
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Bort-Soldevila N, Cunill-Subiranas J, Sanchez A. Complete and robust magnetic field confinement by superconductors in fusion magnets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3653. [PMID: 38351026 PMCID: PMC10864317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion created by magnetically confined plasma is a promising clean and essentially unlimited future energy source. However, there are important problems hindering controlled fusion like the imperfect magnetic confinement and the associated plasma instabilities. We theoretically demonstrate how to create a fully confined magnetic field with the precise three-dimensional shape required by fusion theory, using a bulk superconducting toroid with a toroidal cavity. The vacuum field in the cavity consists of nested flux surfaces. The coils creating the field, embedded in the superconducting bulk, can be chosen with very simple shapes, in contrast with the cumbersome arrangements in current experiments, and can be spared from large magnetic forces between them. Because of the superconductor properties, the system will tend to maintain the optimum field distribution in response to instabilities in the plasma. We numerically demonstrate how a fully-confined magnetic field with the three-dimensional spatial distribution required in two of the most advanced stellarators, Large Helical Device and Wendelstein 7-X, can be exactly generated, using simple round coils as magnetic sources. Current high-temperature superconductors can be employed to construct the bulk superconducting toroid. This can lead to optimized robust magnetic confinement and largely simplified configurations in future fusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Bort-Soldevila
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Cunill-Subiranas
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Piperno L, Vannozzi A, Augieri A, Masi A, Mancini A, Rufoloni A, Celentano G, Braccini V, Cialone M, Iebole M, Manca N, Martinelli A, Meinero M, Putti M, Meledin A. High-performance Fe(Se,Te) films on chemical CeO 2-based buffer layers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:569. [PMID: 36631475 PMCID: PMC9834258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of a Fe-based coated conductor (CC) becomes possible when Fe(Se,Te) is grown as an epitaxial film on a metallic oriented substrate. Thanks to the material's low structural anisotropy, less strict requirements on the template microstructure allow for the design of a simplified CC architecture with respect to the REBCO multi-layered layout. This design, though, still requires a buffer layer to promote the oriented growth of the superconducting film and avoid diffusion from the metallic template. In this work, Fe(Se,Te) films are grown on chemically-deposited, CeO2-based buffer layers via pulsed laser deposition, and excellent properties are obtained when a Fe(Se,Te) seed layer is used. Among all the employed characterization techniques, transmission electron microscopy proved essential to determine the actual effect of the seed layer on the final film properties. Also, systematic investigation of the full current transport properties J(θ, H, T) is carried out: Fe(Se,Te) samples are obtained with sharp superconducting transitions around 16 K and critical current densities exceeding 1 MA cm-2 at 4.2 K in self-field. The in-field and angular behavior of the sample are in line with data from the literature. These results are the demonstration of the feasibility of a Fe-based CC, with all the relative advantages concerning process simplification and cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Piperno
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A. Vannozzi
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A. Augieri
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A. Masi
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A. Mancini
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A. Rufoloni
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - G. Celentano
- grid.5196.b0000 0000 9864 2490ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V. Braccini
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Cialone
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Iebole
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Physics Department, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - N. Manca
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Martinelli
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Meinero
- grid.482259.00000 0004 1774 9464CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 18162 Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Physics Department, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Putti
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Physics Department, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Meledin
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XCentral Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany ,grid.433187.aPresent Address: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Nishimura A, Ono Y, Umezawa O, Kumagai S, Kato Y, Kato T, Yuri T, Komatsu M. Study on New Cryogenic Structural Material for Fusion DEMO Superconducting Magnet. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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High temperature superconductors for fusion applications and new developments for the HTS CroCo conductor design. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mechanical properties after thermomechanical processing of cryogenic high-strength materials for magnet application. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Molodyk A, Samoilenkov S, Markelov A, Degtyarenko P, Lee S, Petrykin V, Gaifullin M, Mankevich A, Vavilov A, Sorbom B, Cheng J, Garberg S, Kesler L, Hartwig Z, Gavrilkin S, Tsvetkov A, Okada T, Awaji S, Abraimov D, Francis A, Bradford G, Larbalestier D, Senatore C, Bonura M, Pantoja AE, Wimbush SC, Strickland NM, Vasiliev A. Development and large volume production of extremely high current density YBa 2Cu 3O 7 superconducting wires for fusion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2084. [PMID: 33483553 PMCID: PMC7822827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion power density produced in a tokamak is proportional to its magnetic field strength to the fourth power. Second-generation high temperature superconductor (2G HTS) wires demonstrate remarkable engineering current density (averaged over the full wire), JE, at very high magnetic fields, driving progress in fusion and other applications. The key challenge for HTS wires has been to offer an acceptable combination of high and consistent superconducting performance in high magnetic fields, high volume supply, and low price. Here we report a very high and reproducible JE in practical HTS wires based on a simple YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) superconductor formulation with Y2O3 nanoparticles, which have been delivered in just nine months to a commercial fusion customer in the largest-volume order the HTS industry has seen to date. We demonstrate a novel YBCO superconductor formulation without the c-axis correlated nano-columnar defects that are widely believed to be prerequisite for high in-field performance. The simplicity of this new formulation allows robust and scalable manufacturing, providing, for the first time, large volumes of consistently high performance wire, and the economies of scale necessary to lower HTS wire prices to a level acceptable for fusion and ultimately for the widespread commercial adoption of HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molodyk
- S-Innovations, Moscow, Russia.
- SuperOx, Moscow, Russia.
| | - S Samoilenkov
- S-Innovations, Moscow, Russia
- SuperOx, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - P Degtyarenko
- SuperOx, Moscow, Russia
- Joint Institute for High Temperature, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Lee
- SuperOx Japan, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - A Vavilov
- S-Innovations, Moscow, Russia
- SuperOx, Moscow, Russia
- SuperOx Japan, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - B Sorbom
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Cheng
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Garberg
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Kesler
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Z Hartwig
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Gavrilkin
- P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Tsvetkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Okada
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - S Awaji
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - D Abraimov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - A Francis
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - G Bradford
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - D Larbalestier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - C Senatore
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Bonura
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A E Pantoja
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S C Wimbush
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - N M Strickland
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A Vasiliev
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Kuang A, Cao N, Creely A, Dennett C, Hecla J, LaBombard B, Tinguely R, Tolman E, Hoffman H, Major M, Ruiz Ruiz J, Brunner D, Grover P, Laughman C, Sorbom B, Whyte D. Conceptual design study for heat exhaust management in the ARC fusion pilot plant. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nygren RE, Dehoff RR, Youchison DL, Katoh Y, Wang YM, Spadaccini CM, Henager CH, Schunk PR, Keicher DM, Roach RA, Smith MF, Buchenauer DA. Advanced manufacturing—A transformative enabling capability for fusion. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mauel ME, Greenwald M, Ryutov D, Zarnstorff M. Preface to the Special Issue: Strategic Opportunities for Fusion Energy. JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-016-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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