Silver Nanoparticle-Enhanced Chemiluminescence Method for Determining Naproxen Based on Europium(III)-Sensitized Ce(IV)-Na2S2O4 Reaction

Optical biosensors - Illuminating the path to personalized drug dosing

Optical biosensors are low-cost, sensitive and portable devices that are poised to revolutionize the medical industry. Healthcare monitoring has already been transformed by such devices, with notable recent applications including heart rate monitoring in smartwatches and COVID-19 lateral flow diagnostic test kits. The commercial success and impact of existing optical sensors has galvanized research in expanding its application in numerous disciplines. Drug detection and monitoring seeks to benefit from the fast-approaching wave of optical biosensors, with diverse applications ranging from illicit drug testing, clinical trials, monitoring in advanced drug delivery systems and personalized drug dosing. The latter has the potential to significantly improve patients' lives by minimizing toxicity and maximizing efficacy. To achieve this, the patient's serum drug levels must be frequently measured. Yet, the current method of obtaining such information, namely therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is not routinely practiced as it is invasive, expensive, time-consuming and skilled labor-intensive. Certainly, optical sensors possess the capabilities to challenge this convention. This review explores the current state of optical biosensors in personalized dosing with special emphasis on TDM, and provides an appraisal on recent strategies. The strengths and challenges of optical biosensors are critically evaluated, before concluding with perspectives on the future direction of these sensors.

Optical sensors based on silver nanoparticles for determination of pharmaceuticals: An overview of advances in the last decade

This review focuses on optical nanosensors based on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and demonstrates their applications in the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in the last decade. Such optical sensors have received high attention in the analytical field owing to their low cost and simplicity since they do not require any complex or expensive instrumentation. This article reviews Ag NP-based optical methods for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds from 2010 to 2020. The reported optical methods are classified into four types: spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, scattering and chemiluminescence. Ag NPs play different roles in the different sensing platforms used by these methods, the details of which are carefully explained in this review. Moreover, the relevant analytical parameters of the developed methods are categorized by role and tabulated. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research in this field with similar nanostructures.

A novel sensor for determination of naproxen based on change in localized surface plasmon peak of functionalized gold nanoparticles

A highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensor for the determination of naproxen (NAP) based on the aggregation of the thiolated β-cyclodextrin (Tβ-CD) functionalized gold nanoparticles (Tβ-CD-Au NPs) in the presence of NAP and Zn²⁺is described. The hydrophobic end of NAP interacts with the immobilized Tβ-CD on the Au NPs and forms the complex of Tβ-CD:NAP while the Zn²⁺ ions form a 1:2 complex of (NAP)₂Zn with the carboxyl groups of NAP resulting in the aggregation of functionalized gold nanoparticles. As a result of aggregation, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of functionalized gold nanoparticles around 520nm decreases and a new red shifted band at 650nm appears which increases gradually as the function of NAP concentration. The calibration graph derived from the intensity ratios of absorbance at 650nm to 520nm was linear in the concentration range of 4-180μgL^-1of NAP. At the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.6 and 2.1μgL^-1, respectively and the relative standard deviation at 20μgL^-1of NAP (n=5) was 2.5%. The selectivity and applicability of the method was verified through analyzes of the synthetic samples containing the major interference compounds reported in literature as well as tablets, wastewater and urine samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery experiments and analysis of pharmaceutical tablets.

Direct chemiluminescence of carbon dots induced by potassium ferricyanide and its analytical application

The chemiluminescence (CL) of water-soluble fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) induced by direct chemical oxidation was investigated. C-dots were prepared by solvothermal method and characterized by fluorescence spectra and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that K3Fe(CN)6 could directly oxidize C-dots to produce a relatively intense CL emission. The mechanism of CL generation was investigated based on the fluorescence and CL emission spectra and the effect of radical scavengers on the CL intensity. The inhibitive effect of some metal ions and biologically important molecules on the CL intensity of the system was examined and the potential of the system for the determination of these species at trace levels was studied. In order to evaluate the capability of method to real sample analysis, it was applied to the determination of Cr(VI) and adrenaline in water and injection samples, respectively.