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Ronde E, van de Lücht VA, Lachkar N, Ubbink DT, Breugem CC. Stakeholders' Views on Information Needed in a Patient Decision Aid for Microtia Reconstruction. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:854-869. [PMID: 36604964 PMCID: PMC10981206 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221146584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess which information about microtia and the possible reconstructive options health care providers (HCPs), patients and parents believe should be included in a patient decision aid (PtDA). DESIGN A mixed-methods study comprised of an online survey of HCPs and focus group discussions with patients and parents. PARTICIPANTS Survey respondents were members of the International Society for Auricular Reconstruction (ISAR). Focus group participants were patients with microtia and their parents, recruited through the microtia outpatient clinic at Amsterdam UMC, and through a Dutch patient organization for cleft and craniofacial conditions. METHODS An online, investigator-made survey was sent to ISAR members in December 2021. Semi-structured focus group discussions were held in February 2022. Quantitative results were summarized, and qualitative results were thematically grouped. RESULTS Thirty-two HCPs responded to the survey (response rate 41%). Most respondents (n = 24) were plastic surgeons, who had a median of 15 years of experience (IQR: 7-23 years). Two focus groups were held with a total of five patients and two parents. HCPs, patients and parents generally agreed on the information needed in a PtDA, emphasizing the importance of realistic expectation management. Patients and parents also considered psychosocial and functional outcomes, patient experiences, as well as patients' involvement in decision-making important. CONCLUSIONS A PtDA for microtia reconstruction should target all patients with microtia, and include information on at least technique-related information, expected esthetic results, possible adverse effects, psychosocial and functional outcomes and patient experiences. Preference eliciting questions should be developed for both pediatric patients and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Ronde
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique A.P. van de Lücht
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N. Lachkar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk T. Ubbink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan C. Breugem
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Wendler D. Pediatric Research without Parental Permission. J Pediatr 2023; 273:113896. [PMID: 38154520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Wendler
- Department of Bioethics, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD.
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3
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Tanaka K, Hayakawa M, Mori M, Maeda N, Nagata M, Horibe K. Medical staff's sense of awareness of informed consent for adolescent cancer patients and the need for decision-making support practiced from the perspective of trauma-informed approach. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:28. [PMID: 37149683 PMCID: PMC10164311 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has not been established how to assess children's and adolescents' decision-making capacity (DMC) and there has been little discussion on the way their decision-making (DM). The purpose of this study was to examine actual situation and factors related to difficulties in explaining their disease to adolescent cancer patients or obtaining informed consent (IC). The cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. Physicians who have been treating adolescent cancer patients for at least five years answered a self-administered questionnaire uniquely developed about clinical difficulties in explaining, IC and factors related patient's refusal of medical treatment (RMT). Descriptive statistics for each item and a polychoric correlation analysis of the problems and factors related to the explanation were conducted. As a result, fifty-six physicians were participated (rate of return: 39%). Explaining the disease and treatment to patients (83.9%), IC to patients (80.4%), and explaining the disease and treatment to parents (78.6%) was particularly problematic. Difficulties to provide support related with patient's refusal of medical treatment and to explain disease and treatment for patient and parents were related to difficulties obtaining IC for the patient. Conclusion: There are clinically difficult to explain for the patient or parents and to obtain IC for the patient. It is necessary to establish a disease acceptance assessment tool for the adolescence generation so that it can be applied in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tanaka
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Consultation liaison Department of Psychosocial Medicine, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya- ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Maoko Hayakawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Ochanomizu University Human Developmental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Mori
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoko Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masako Nagata
- Psychological Support&Research Center for Human Development, NAGOYA UNIVERSITY, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Dorscheidt JHHM. The legal relevance of a minor patient's wish to die: a temporality-related exploration of end-of-life decisions in pediatric care. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 45:2. [PMID: 36648559 PMCID: PMC9845146 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Decisions regarding the end-of-life of minor patients are amongst the most difficult areas of decision-making in pediatric health care. In this field of medicine, such decisions inevitably occur early in human life, which makes one aware of the fact that any life-young or old-cannot escape its temporal nature. Belgium and the Netherlands have adopted domestic regulations, which conditionally permit euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in minors who experience hopeless and unbearable suffering. One of these conditions states that the minor involved must be legally competent and able to express an authentic and lasting wish to die. This contribution is different from other legal texts on end-of-life decisions in modern health care. Foremost, it deals with the role time-bound components play in our views on the permissibility of such decisions with regard to minor patients. While other disciplines provide profound reflections on this issue, from a legal point of view this side has hardly been explored, let alone examined with regard to its relevance for the legal permissibility of end-of-life decisions in pediatrics. Therefore, the manuscript inquires whether there are legal lessons to be learned if we look more closely to temporality-related aspects of these end-of-life decisions, particularly in connection to a minor patient's assumable ability to choose death over an agonizing existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef H H M Dorscheidt
- Groningen Centre for Health Law, Department of Transboundary Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Groningen, PO Box 716, 9700 AS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Kimberly L, Folkers KM, Karrington B, Wernick J, Busa S, Salas-Humara C. Navigating Evolving Ethical Questions in Decision Making for Gender-Affirming Medical Care for Adolescents. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/jce2021324307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Vrouenraets LJJJ, de Vries ALC, de Vries MC, van der Miesen AIR, Hein IM. Assessing Medical Decision-Making Competence in Transgender Youth. Pediatrics 2021; 148:183482. [PMID: 34850191 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-049643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to international transgender care guidelines, an important prerequisite for puberty suppression (PS) is transgender adolescents' competence to give informed consent (IC). In society, there is doubt whether transgender adolescents are capable of this, which in some countries has even led to limited access to this intervention. Therefore, this study examined transgender adolescents' medical decision-making competence (MDC) to give IC for starting PS in a structured, replicable way. Additionally, potential associated variables on MDC, such as age, intelligence, sex, psychological functioning, were investigated. METHODS A cross-sectional semistructured interview study with 74 transgender adolescents (aged 10-18 years; 16 birth-assigned boys, 58 birth-assigned girls) within two Dutch specialized gender-identity clinics was performed. To assess MDC, judgements based on the reference standard (clinical assessment) and the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T), a validated semistructured interview, were used. RESULTS Of the transgender adolescents, 93.2% (reference standard judgements; 69 of 74) and 89.2% (MacCAT-T judgements; 66 of 74) were assessed competent to consent. Intermethod agreement was 87.8% (65 of 74). Interrater agreements of the reference standard and MacCAT-T-based judgements were 89.2% (198 of 222) and 86.5% (192 of 222), respectively. IQ and sex were both significantly related to MacCAT-T total score, whereas age, level of emotional and behavioral challenges, and diagnostic trajectories duration were not. CONCLUSIONS By using the MacCAT-T and clinicians' assessments, 93.2% and 89.2%, respectively, of the transgender adolescents in this study were assessed competent to consent for starting PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke J J J Vrouenraets
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center Curium, Leiden University Medical Center, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Annelou L C de Vries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine C de Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna I R van der Miesen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irma M Hein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Hui ALC, Zayts-Spence O, Chung BHY. Elicitation of children's understanding of information in pediatric genetic counseling encounters: A discourse-oriented perspective. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:534-545. [PMID: 34773657 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Affirmation of children's understanding of information provided in genetic counseling encounters is crucial to obtaining children's informed consent/assent in pediatric genetic counseling encounters. It is also important for the proper management of a genetic condition. Currently, there is a relative scarcity of research on how understanding of complex genetic information by children is elicited in the process of pediatric genetic counseling. In this study, we apply theme-oriented discourse analysis to examine 23 video/audio-recorded genetic counseling encounters in Hong Kong. The encounters involve children aged between 3 and 17 years old who are suspected to have or diagnosed with Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome (SADS). Specifically, we examine a range of communicative strategies that genetic professionals employ to elicit children's understanding of information in this genetic counseling setting. We also examine how children's epistemic status is negotiated between genetic professionals, parents, and children. The study reveals that genetic professionals typically use direct questioning (e.g., "do you understand?" or "do you have any questions?"). Less typical are examples where genetic professionals explore children's epistemic access and invite children to recall information after they deliver it. The study reveals two discourse strategies that genetic professionals and parents employ to justify a child's low epistemic status: (1) construction of "current ignorance" and "future competence" in children and (2) association with a child's character. In the examined counseling encounters, genetic professionals and parents tend to construct a low epistemic status in younger children and allocate the responsibility for understanding relevant information to the parents and the "future" competent children. The study highlights the impact of genetic professionals' and parents' assumptions on children's knowledge and comprehensibility at different ages, and the role that children themselves play in conforming or contesting these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Zayts-Spence
- School of English, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Hon-Yin Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Boceta R, Martínez-Casares O, Albert M. The informed consent in the mature minor: Understanding and decision-making capacity. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 95:413-422. [PMID: 34782293 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The informed consent of the minor is a fundamental requirement of paediatric research. There is a lack of harmonisation as regards the age of the mature minor to consent, and there are no systematic tools available to assess competence in decision-making capacity. The objective of this work is to analyse the ethical and legal situation of consent by minors, as well as studies that use an objective assessment tool in the mature minor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic review of scientific articles in PubMed, Embase and the Grey Literature, published with keywords "informed consent minors", without date restriction until March 2019. Abstracts and a selection of complete articles were reviewed following a protocol including identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. RESULTS Of the 260 records identified, 139 were excluded. After categorising the resulting 121 publications, 13 were finally selected following the eligibility criteria, including 7 articles on international ethical and legal regulations and 6 on understanding and decision- making capacity assessment. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR) semi-structured interview was used in 4 studies, including different age ranges (6-21 years) in healthy and sick children. CONCLUSIONS The semi-structured MacArthur interview adapted to adolescents could be an appropriate tool with robust psychometric measures for assessing competence for the informed consent of minors between 9 and 12 years of age. The regulation of informed consent in paediatric research should consider this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Boceta
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olga Martínez-Casares
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Albert
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wijngaarde RO, Hein I, Daams J, Van Goudoever JB, Ubbink DT. Chronically ill children's participation and health outcomes in shared decision-making: a scoping review. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:2345-2357. [PMID: 33821341 PMCID: PMC8285312 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child (CRC), it is a child's right to participate in all matters concerning its wellbeing. Little is known about chronically and/or critically ill children's participation in pediatric shared decision-making (SDM). We explored medical literature to see if and how these children participate in pediatric SDM. We searched relevant medical databases published between January 2008 and January 2020 for studies targeting children aged 4-18 years old, suffering from a chronic and/or critical disease. We found 9 relevant studies. SDM interventions mostly used were decision aids (n=8), questionnaires for caretakers/parents and children (n=4), and a SDM toolkit (n=2). Perceived involvement in SDM and knowledge increased amongst children, adolescents, and caretakers following these interventions. Decisional conflict measured using the 0-100 point DCS scale (higher scores indicate more decisional conflict) was reduced by 15.9 points in one study (p<0.01) and 17.8 points in another (95%CI: 13.3-22.9). Lower scores were associated with higher satisfaction with the decision aid by children, caretakers, and clinicians.Conclusion: Stakeholders should advocate initiatives to facilitate a child's participation preferences regarding pediatric SDM since decision support tools help chronically ill children to be more involved in SDM as they increase the children's knowledge and satisfaction and reduce decisional conflicts. What is Known: • Decision aids can help improve participation, knowledge, satisfaction, and health outcomes. • Quality and consistency of the information exchange impact quality and outcome of SDM. What is New: • Depending on a child's age, evolving capacities, and communication and participation preferences, more evidence is needed on which tools are suitable for chronically ill children to ensure their preferred participation in pediatric SDM. • Pediatricians adopt healthcare SDM tools and techniques that do not always take into account that a child's right to participate in pediatric SDM including the tendency to use interventions that are not specifically designed for pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Wijngaarde
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Room H8-247, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Hein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and de Bascule, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Daams
- Medical Library, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. B. Van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children’s Hospital, Room H8-247, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. T. Ubbink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Boceta R, Martínez-Casares O, Albert M. [The informed consent in the mature minor: Understanding and decision-making capacity]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 95:S1695-4033(20)30453-7. [PMID: 33272846 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The informed consent of the minor is a fundamental requirement of paediatric research. There is a lack of harmonisation as regards the age of the mature minor to consent, and there are no systematic tools available to assess competence in decision-making capacity. The objective of this work is to analyse the ethical and legal situation of consent by minors, as well as studies that use an objective assessment tool in the mature minor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic review of scientific articles in PubMed, Embase and the Grey Literature, published with keywords "informed consent minors", without date restriction until March 2019. Abstracts and a selection of complete articles were reviewed following a protocol including identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. RESULTS Of the 260 records identified, 139 were excluded. After categorising the resulting 121 publications, 13 were finally selected following the eligibility criteria, including 7 articles on international ethical and legal regulations and 6 on understanding and decision- making capacity assessment. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR) semi-structured interview was used in 4 studies, including different age ranges (6-21 years) in healthy and sick children. CONCLUSIONS The semi-structured MacArthur interview adapted to adolescents could be an appropriate tool with robust psychometric measures for assessing competence for the informed consent of minors between 9 and 12 years of age. The regulation of informed consent in paediatric research should consider this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Boceta
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España.
| | - Olga Martínez-Casares
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | - Marta Albert
- Departamento de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
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11
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Weithorn LA. When Does A Minor's Legal Competence To Make Health Care Decisions Matter? Pediatrics 2020; 146:S25-S32. [PMID: 32737229 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0818g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, I examine the role of minors' competence for medical decision-making in modern American law. The doctrine of parental consent remains the default legal and bioethical framework for health care decisions on behalf of children, complemented by a complex array of exceptions. Some of those exceptions vest decisional authority in the minors themselves. Yet, in American law, judgments of minors' competence do not typically trigger shifts in decision-making authority from adults to minors. Rather, minors' decisional capacity becomes relevant only after legislatures or courts determine that the default of parental discretion does not achieve important policy goals or protect implicated constitutional rights in a particular health care context and that those goals can best be achieved or rights best protected by authorizing capable minors to choose for themselves. It is at that point that psychological and neuroscientific evidence plays an important role in informing the legal inquiry as to whether minors whose health is at issue are legally competent to decide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Weithorn
- University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, California
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12
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Adolescents with congenital heart defects: a patient and parental perspective of genetic information and genetic risk. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:219-226. [PMID: 31983361 PMCID: PMC8444052 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951119002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in 8 of 1000 live-born children, making them common birth defects in the adolescent population. CHDs may have single gene, chromosomal, or multifactorial causes. Despite evidence that patients with CHD want information on heritability and genetics, no studies have investigated the interest or knowledge base in the adolescent population. This information is necessary as patients in adolescence take greater ownership of their health care and discuss reproductive risks with their physicians. The objectives of this survey-based study were to determine adolescents' recall of their own heart condition, to assess patient and parent perception of the genetic contribution to the adolescent's CHD, and to obtain information about the preferred method(s) for education. The results show that adolescent patients had good recall of their type of CHD. Less than half of adolescents and parents believed their CHD had a genetic basis or was heritable; however, adolescents with a positive family history of CHD were more likely to believe that their condition was genetic (p = 0.0005). The majority of patients were interested in receiving additional genetics education and preferred education in-person and in consultation with both parents and a physician. The adolescents who felt most competent to have discussions with their doctors regarding potential causes of their heart defect previously had a school science course which covered topics in genetics. These results provide insight into adolescents' perceptions and understanding about their CHD and genetic risk and may inform the creation and provision of additional genetic education.
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13
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Rotz SJ, Kodish E. Ethical conundrums in pediatric genomics. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:301-306. [PMID: 30504324 PMCID: PMC6245967 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent genomic discoveries have improved our understanding of many hematologic diseases and led to novel therapeutic options for many patients. The rapid decrease in the cost of genomic testing has enabled widespread use of clinical genomic testing. However, these advances are accompanied by concomitant challenging ethical concerns. In pediatrics, issues of informed consent for genomic testing, assent, and permission vary significantly by patient age and comprehension. Broader testing strategies, such as whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing, are more likely to yield incidental findings unrelated to the reason for the initial test, and plans to deal with these results when they occur are increasingly important. The lines of clinical care and research are becoming more blurry in the era of precision medicine in which approaches to individual genetic mutations (as opposed to disease phenotypes) occur with increased frequency. Finally, because justice is a fundamental ethical consideration, access to genomic testing and a rigorous approach to utility are critical to individual patients and the field of hematology. In this review, we use 3 cases of genomic testing in pediatric hematology to illustrate core ethical concerns and explore potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Rotz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eric Kodish
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
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14
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Nave E, Bignamini E. Letter to editor. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:2039-2040. [PMID: 30087022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nave
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bignamini
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy.
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15
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Christian S, Somerville M, Huculak C, Atallah J. Practice Variation among an International Group of Genetic Counselors on when to Offer Predictive Genetic Testing to Children at Risk of an Inherited Arrhythmia or Cardiomyopathy. J Genet Couns 2018; 28:10.1007/s10897-018-0293-x. [PMID: 30132189 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-018-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cascade predictive genetic testing is available for many families as a means to identify individuals at risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The general issue of offering predictive genetic testing to minors has been an area of ethical debate among genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals for many years. An online questionnaire was circulated to four international genetic counseling associations to assess the views of cardiac genetic counselors regarding when to offer predictive genetic testing to children at risk of LQTS, CPVT, HCM, and ARVC. Analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. The study sample comprised 98 respondents. The majority reported that they offer predictive genetic testing before 5 years of age to children at risk of LQTS (83%) and CVPT (75%) and before 10 years of age to children at risk of HCM (66%) or ARVC (70%). Influencing factors included country of practice, clinical setting, and years of experience. The rationale provided for when to offer predictive genetic testing is encompassed by the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and informed consent. In conclusion, significant practice variation exists among cardiac genetic counselors regarding predictive genetic testing for children at risk of an inherited cardiomyopathy. These variations call for more research in the area to assist with the development of evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Department of Medical Genetic, University of Alberta, 826 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - M Somerville
- Department of Medical Genetic, University of Alberta, 826 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - C Huculak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Atallah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Kirpekar MK, Silvay G, Augoustides JG, Castillo JG, Leong R, Sibbald R, Bainbridge D, Bishop CE, Fernando RJ, Morris B. The Adolescent Minor and Urgent Aortic Surgery: Challenges and Solutions With Capacity and Competence in Informed Consent. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 33:1139-1145. [PMID: 30181083 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meera K Kirpekar
- Cardiac Anesthesiology Division, Department of Anesthesiology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY
| | - George Silvay
- Cardiac Anesthesiology Division, Department of Anesthesiology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY
| | - John G Augoustides
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Javier G Castillo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY
| | - Ronald Leong
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Sibbald
- Department of Ethics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Bainbridge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bishop
- Chair of the Clinical Ethics Consultation Committee, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Rohesh J Fernando
- Cardiothoracic Section, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Ben Morris
- Cardiothoracic and Critical Care Section, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
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Ciliberti R, Alfano L, Baldelli I, De Stefano F, Bonsignore A. Self-determination, healthcare treatment and minors in Italian clinical practice: ethical, psychological, juridical and medical-legal profiles. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 89:34-40. [PMID: 29633740 PMCID: PMC6357619 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i1.6368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim: The social role of the minor, as indeed that of the physician, has changed markedly. This transformation has given rise to new patterns and responsibilities in the management of healthcare procedures that involve minors. Discussion: According to international legislation, in the clinical setting, as in other areas of social life, minors have the right to be heard and to have their opinions taken into consideration as an increasingly determining factor, in accordance with their age and degree of maturity and discernment. The authors describe the right to information and the decision-making process when the patient is a minor and underline the role of the parties involved (physicians, parents, under-age patient, judge) in various circumstances. Specifically, the paper analyzes the ethical and legal issues relating to the entitlement to decisions concerning the medical treatment of children and assesses the importance that Italian law attaches to the will of minors in the healthcare choices that affect them. Conclusions: Healthcare workers are called upon to face new challenges in order to ensure that healthcare services are able to safeguard the interests of minors while, at the same time, respecting their will. How to evaluate children’s competence to consent and how to balance the autonomy of parents and minors are crucial questions which the law courts in the various countries are increasingly being asked to address. These issues require close collaboration among various figures (parents, doctors, psychologists, judges) and imply the ethical need to undergo continuous training. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Uptake of Predictive Genetic Testing and Cardiac Evaluation for Children at Risk for an Inherited Arrhythmia or Cardiomyopathy. J Genet Couns 2017; 27:124-130. [PMID: 28699125 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Predictive genetic testing in minors should be considered when clinical intervention is available. Children who carry a pathogenic variant for an inherited arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy require regular cardiac screening and may be prescribed medication and/or be told to modify their physical activity. Medical genetics and pediatric cardiology charts were reviewed to identify factors associated with uptake of genetic testing and cardiac evaluation for children at risk for long QT syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The data collected included genetic diagnosis, clinical symptoms in the carrier parent, number of children under 18 years of age, age of children, family history of sudden cardiac arrest/death, uptake of cardiac evaluation and if evaluated, phenotype for each child. We identified 97 at risk children from 58 families found to carry a pathogenic variant for one of these conditions. Sixty six percent of the families pursued genetic testing and 73% underwent cardiac screening when it was recommended. Declining predictive genetic testing was significantly associated with genetic specialist recommendation (p < 0.001) and having an asymptomatic carrier father (p = 0.006). Cardiac evaluation was significantly associated with uptake of genetic testing (p = 0.007). This study provides a greater understanding of factors associated with uptake of genetic testing and cardiac evaluation in children at risk of an inherited arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy. It also identifies a need to educate families about the importance of cardiac evaluation even in the absence of genetic testing.
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Wade CH, Elliott KR. Preferences for the provision of whole genome sequencing services among young adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174131. [PMID: 28334023 PMCID: PMC5363863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives As whole genome sequencing (WGS) becomes increasingly available, clinicians will be faced with conveying complex information to individuals at different stages in life. The purpose of this study is to characterize the views of young adults toward obtaining WGS, learning different types of genomic information, and having choice about which results are disclosed. Methods A mixed-methods descriptive study was conducted with a diverse group of 18 and 19-years-olds (N = 145). Participants watched an informational video about WGS and then completed an online survey. Results Participants held a positive attitude toward obtaining WGS and learning about a range of health conditions and traits. Increased interest in learning WGS information was significantly associated with anticipated capacity to handle the emotional consequences if a serious risk was found (β = 0.13, P = .04). Young adults wanted the ability to choose what types of genomic risk information would be returned and expressed decreased willingness to undergo WGS if clinicians made these decisions (t(138) = -7.14, P <.01). Qualitative analysis showed that young adults emphasized procedural factors in WGS decision-making and that perceived health benefits of WGS had a substantial role in testing preferences and anticipated usage of WGS results. Conclusions Clinicians are likely to encounter enthusiasm for obtaining WGS results among young adults and may need to develop strategies for ensuring that this preference is adequately informed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Wade
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kailyn R. Elliott
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Hein IM, De Vries MC, Troost PW, Meynen G, Van Goudoever JB, Lindauer RJL. Informed consent instead of assent is appropriate in children from the age of twelve: Policy implications of new findings on children's competence to consent to clinical research. BMC Med Ethics 2015; 16:76. [PMID: 26553304 PMCID: PMC4640170 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For many decades, the debate on children’s competence to give informed consent in medical settings concentrated on ethical and legal aspects, with little empirical underpinnings. Recently, data from empirical research became available to advance the discussion. It was shown that children’s competence to consent to clinical research could be accurately assessed by the modified MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Age limits for children to be deemed competent to decide on research participation have been studied: generally children of 11.2 years and above were decision-making competent, while children of 9.6 years and younger were not. Age was pointed out to be the key determining factor in children’s competence. In this article we reflect on policy implications of these findings, considering legal, ethical, developmental and clinical perspectives. Discussion Although assessment of children’s competence has a normative character, ethics, law and clinical practice can benefit from research data. The findings may help to do justice to the capacities children possess and challenges they may face when deciding about treatment and research options. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of standardized competence assessment in children on a case-by-case basis compared to application of a fixed age limit, and conclude that a selective implementation of case-by-case competence assessment in specific populations is preferable. We recommend the implementation of age limits based on empirical evidence. Furthermore, we elaborate on a suitable model for informed consent involving children and parents that would do justice to developmental aspects of children and the specific characteristics of the parent-child dyad. Summary Previous research outcomes showed that children’s medical decision-making capacities could be operationalized into a standardized assessment instrument. Recommendations for policies include a dual consent procedure, including both child as well as parents, for children from the age of 12 until they reach majority. For children between 10 and 12 years of age, and in case of children older than 12 years in special research populations of mentally compromised patients, we suggest a case-by-case assessment of children’s competence to consent. Since such a dual consent procedure is fundamentally different from a procedure of parental permission and child assent, and would imply a considerable shift regarding some current legislations, practical implications are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma M Hein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Martine C De Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Pieter W Troost
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Faculty of Philosophy, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, Prof. Cobbenhagenlaan 221, 5037 DE, Tilburg, Netherlands.
| | - Johannes B Van Goudoever
- Academic Medical Center, Emma's Children Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Ramón J L Lindauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Hein IM, De Vries MC, Troost PW, Meynen G, Van Goudoever JB, Lindauer RJL. Informed consent instead of assent is appropriate in children from the age of twelve: Policy implications of new findings on children's competence to consent to clinical research. BMC Med Ethics 2015. [PMID: 26553304 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-0150067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many decades, the debate on children's competence to give informed consent in medical settings concentrated on ethical and legal aspects, with little empirical underpinnings. Recently, data from empirical research became available to advance the discussion. It was shown that children's competence to consent to clinical research could be accurately assessed by the modified MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Age limits for children to be deemed competent to decide on research participation have been studied: generally children of 11.2 years and above were decision-making competent, while children of 9.6 years and younger were not. Age was pointed out to be the key determining factor in children's competence. In this article we reflect on policy implications of these findings, considering legal, ethical, developmental and clinical perspectives. DISCUSSION Although assessment of children's competence has a normative character, ethics, law and clinical practice can benefit from research data. The findings may help to do justice to the capacities children possess and challenges they may face when deciding about treatment and research options. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of standardized competence assessment in children on a case-by-case basis compared to application of a fixed age limit, and conclude that a selective implementation of case-by-case competence assessment in specific populations is preferable. We recommend the implementation of age limits based on empirical evidence. Furthermore, we elaborate on a suitable model for informed consent involving children and parents that would do justice to developmental aspects of children and the specific characteristics of the parent-child dyad. Previous research outcomes showed that children's medical decision-making capacities could be operationalized into a standardized assessment instrument. Recommendations for policies include a dual consent procedure, including both child as well as parents, for children from the age of 12 until they reach majority. For children between 10 and 12 years of age, and in case of children older than 12 years in special research populations of mentally compromised patients, we suggest a case-by-case assessment of children's competence to consent. Since such a dual consent procedure is fundamentally different from a procedure of parental permission and child assent, and would imply a considerable shift regarding some current legislations, practical implications are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma M Hein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Martine C De Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Pieter W Troost
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Faculty of Philosophy, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, Prof. Cobbenhagenlaan 221, 5037 DE, Tilburg, Netherlands.
| | - Johannes B Van Goudoever
- Academic Medical Center, Emma's Children Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Ramón J L Lindauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Can adolescents make predictive genetic testing decisions? Am J Med Genet A 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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