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Jadidi M, Ahmadrad F, Sarkeshikian SS, Seyed Moradpoor M. Validation of Gambling Related Cognitions Scale-Iranian Version (GRCS-IR). ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:275-280. [PMID: 38322485 PMCID: PMC10843356 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Background The change in gambling forms, a wide variety of advertising methods, the access to gambling, as well as the increase in participation in online gambling have made it important to know and investigate gambling, particularly as pathological gambling leads to psychological and physical damage. Methods The present study investigated the factor structure of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS) proposed by Raylu and Oei in addiction. The study sample included 574 participants (40.2% male, 59.8% female) between 18 and 56 years of age. The instruments used in the present study included the GRCS, the South Oaks Gambling Screen Questionnaire (SOGS), the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS), and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Findings A 5-factor GRCS model provided the best fit to the data, and gambling-related cognitions were a strong predictor of disordered gambling among adults. All subscales presented good internal consistency and scalability. The findings showed that the total score of the GRCS-IR was significantly different among men and women. Conclusion The findings of this study confirmed that the Iranian version of the GRCS-IR is an effective multidimensional instrument that accurately measures cognitive distortions related to gambling. Consequently, it can be utilized as a valuable tool for assessing GRC (Gambling Related Cognitions) to understand the severity of pathological gambling and has the potential capacity to measure treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Jadidi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Moderating Influence of Predictive Control on the Near-Miss Effect-Gambling Intention Association in Nigerian Polytechnic Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Amazue LO, Awo LO, Agbo AA, Ekwe CN, Ojiaku MC. Association of Near-Miss with Two Erroneous Gambling Cognitions and Betting Intention: Evidence from Nigerian Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:837-852. [PMID: 33386515 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidences show increase of positive attitudes of Nigerian adolescents towards gambling in the past decade. Nigerian adolescents have been shown to spend significant part of their academic time and resources on Soccer bets. This behaviour could act as a predisposing factor for poor academic performances and problem gambling at adulthood. The present study drew from the cognitive distortion model to examine the mediational role of near-miss in the erroneous cognition-betting intention association through a survey study design. Male adolescents (N = 237; Mean age = 17.37 years; SD = 4.13) of public schools in Nigeria who engage in Soccer betting took part in the study. They completed self-report measures of erroneous cognition, near-miss and betting intention. Results revealed that interpretative bias was not associated with near-miss while it was positively associated with betting intention. Illusion of control was positively associated with near-miss and betting intention. Near-miss was positively associated with betting intention and mediated the associations between interpretative bias and betting intention (negative mediation) and illusion of control, and betting intention (positive mediation). The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry O Awo
- Social Sciences and Humanities Unit, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria.
| | - Aaron A Agbo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Catherine N Ekwe
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Mildred C Ojiaku
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Grubbs JB, Chapman H, Shepherd KA. Post-traumatic stress and gambling related cognitions: Analyses in inpatient and online samples. Addict Behav 2019; 89:128-135. [PMID: 30292070 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with gambling disorder (GD) report much higher rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS/D) than the general population, and individuals with both PTSS/D and GD often report much greater distress and impairment in daily life in comparison to individuals with GD alone (Grubbs, Chapman, Milner, Gutierrez, & Bradley, 2018). Despite these associations, little is known about the specific ways in which PTSS/D and GD might influence each other. To address this gap in research, the present work sought to examine how PTSD might be related to the expression and experience of gambling related cognitions. Specifically, it was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD (i.e., subclinical levels of post-traumatic stress) would demonstrate greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed data from two samples, an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorder (n = 332) and an online sample of largely recreational gambling U.S. adults (n = 589). Results consistently revealed that, in both samples, individuals with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD were likely to report greater gambling related cognitions. These findings persisted, even when gambling symptom severity and trait neuroticism were held constant. Collectively, these results suggest that PTSD is uniquely associated with greater cognitive distortions and erroneous beliefs about gambling behaviors. These findings bear distinct implications for current understandings of how PTSS/D and GD are related, as well as for treatment of individuals with dealing with this comorbidity.
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Donati MA, Chiesi F, Iozzi A, Manfredi A, Fagni F, Primi C. Gambling-Related Distortions and Problem Gambling in Adolescents: A Model to Explain Mechanisms and Develop Interventions. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2243. [PMID: 29354081 PMCID: PMC5760557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of gambling preventive initiatives have been realized with adolescents, many of them have been developed in absence of a clear and explicitly described theoretical model. The present work was aimed to analyze the adequacy of a model to explain gambling behavior referring to gambling-related cognitive distortions (Study 1), and to verify the effectiveness of a preventive intervention developed on the basis of this model (Study 2). Following dual-process theories on cognitive functioning, in Study 1 we tested a model in which mindware gap, i.e., susceptibility to the gambler's fallacy, and contaminated mindware, i.e., superstitious thinking, were the antecedents of gambling-related cognitive distortions that, in turn, affect gambling frequency and problem gambling. Participants were 306 male adolescents (Mage = 17.2 years). A path analysis indicated that cognitive distortions have a mediating role in the relationship that links probabilistic reasoning fallacy and superstitious thinking with problem gambling. Following these findings, in Study 2 we developed a school-based intervention aimed to reduce gambling-related cognitive distortions acting on the above cited mindware problems. A pre- and post-test design - with a 6 months follow-up - was performed with 34 male adolescents (Mage = 16.8), randomly assigned to two groups (Training and No Training), and their baseline equivalence was verified. A Mixed 2 × 2 ANOVA attested a significant Time X Group interaction, indicating a significant reduction of the cognitive distortions from pre-test to post-test only in the Training group. The follow-up attested to the stability of the training effects and the reduction of gambling frequency over time. These findings suggest that prevention strategies should address mindware problems, which can be considered as predictors of gambling-related cognitive distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Chiesi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Adriana Iozzi
- UFC SerD Zona 1 Firenze, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Fagni
- UFC SerD Pistoia-Valdinievole, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Primi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Del Prete F, Steward T, Navas JF, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Oei TPS, Perales JC. The role of affect-driven impulsivity in gambling cognitions: A convenience-sample study with a Spanish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:51-63. [PMID: 28118729 PMCID: PMC5572993 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Abnormal cognitions are among the most salient domain-specific features of gambling disorder. The aims of this study were: (a) to examine and validate a Spanish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS; Raylu & Oei, 2004) and (b) to examine associations between cognitive distortion levels, impulsivity, and gambling behavior. Methods This study first recruited a convenience sample of 500 adults who had gambled during the previous year. Participants were assessed using the Spanish version of GRCS (GRCS-S) questionnaire, the UPPS-P impulsivity questionnaire, measures of gambling behavior, and potentially relevant confounders. Robust confirmatory factor analysis methods on half the sample were used to select the best models from a hypothesis-driven set. The best solutions were validated on the other half, and the resulting factors were later correlated with impulsivity dimensions (in the whole n = 500 factor analysis sample) and clinically relevant gambling indices (in a separate convenience sample of 137 disordered and non-disordered gamblers; validity sample). Results This study supports the original five-factor model, suggests an alternative four-factor solution, and confirms the psychometric soundness of the GRCS-S. Importantly, cognitive distortions consistently correlated with affect- or motivation-driven aspects of impulsivity (urgency and sensation seeking), but not with cognitive impulsivity (lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance). Discussion and conclusions Our findings suggest that the GRCS-S is a valid and reliable instrument to identify gambling cognitions in Spanish samples. Our results expand upon previous research signaling specific associations between gambling-related distortions and affect-driven impulsivity in line with models of motivated reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Prete
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center,
University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
- Centre for Economic and International Studies,
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”,
Rome, Italy
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge
University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona,
Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología, Obesidad y Nutrición
(CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Juan F. Navas
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center,
University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology,
University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge
University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona,
Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología, Obesidad y Nutrición
(CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid,
Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge
University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona,
Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología, Obesidad y Nutrición
(CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid,
Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Tian P. S. Oei
- School of Psychology, University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Psychology, James Cook
University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - José C. Perales
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center,
University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology,
University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
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Navas JF, Billieux J, Perandrés-Gómez A, López-Torrecillas F, Cándido A, Perales JC. Impulsivity traits and gambling cognitions associated with gambling preferences and clinical status. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2016.1275739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Navas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychology Department, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute for Health and Behavior, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Perandrés-Gómez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca López-Torrecillas
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Cándido
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José C. Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Caler K, Garcia JRV, Nower L. Assessing Problem Gambling: a Review of Classic and Specialized Measures. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Smith D, Woodman R, Drummond A, Battersby M. Exploring the measurement structure of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS) in treatment-seekers: A Bayesian structural equation modelling approach. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:90-6. [PMID: 26921058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of a problem gambler's underlying gambling related cognitions plays an important role in treatment planning. The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS) is therefore frequently used in clinical settings for screening and evaluation of treatment outcomes. However, GRCS validation studies have generated conflicting results regarding its latent structure using traditional confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). This may partly be due to the rigid constraints imposed on cross-factor loadings with traditional CFA. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether a Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM) approach to examination of the GRCS factor structure would better replicate substantive theory and also inform model re-specifications. Participants were 454 treatment-seekers at first presentation to a gambling treatment centre between January 2012 and December 2014. Model fit indices were well below acceptable standards for CFA. In contrast, the BSEM model which included small informative priors for the residual covariance matrix in addition to cross-loadings produced excellent model fit for the original hypothesised factor structure. The results also informed re-specification of the CFA model which provided more reasonable model fit. These conclusions have implications that should be useful to both clinicians and researchers evaluating measurement models relating to gambling related cognitions in treatment-seekers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Richard Woodman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron Drummond
- Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Malcolm Battersby
- Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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