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Sheer VC. The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:310-325. [PMID: 34256674 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This synthesis review examined 189 qualified studies on norms and smoking in terms of conceptual frameworks, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, independent variables and covariates, and findings related to norms. Results show that 7.9% were experimental, and the remaining were cross-sectional. By far, the reasoned action approach (RAA) was the most-cited theory, but RAA was not used to guide experimental designs. The social norms approach, norm focus theory, social cognitive theory guided the intervention experiments. Harmful norms were more frequently examined than healthful norms. Pro-smoking norms positively predicted smoking intentions and behaviors, whereas antismoking norms positively predicted antismoking intentions and behaviors. The over-application of RAA in cross-sectional antismoking research has yielded repetitive findings. Norm-based experiments can adopt other theoretical perspectives to offer insights into antismoking interventions. The RAA constructs are still applicable and can be integrated into intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C Sheer
- Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University
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Phillips KT, Okamoto SK, Johnson DL, Rosario MH, Manglallan KS, Pokhrel P. Correlates of tobacco use among Asian and Pacific Islander youth and young adults in the U.S.: A systematic review of the literature. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:440-455. [PMID: 34636585 PMCID: PMC8516062 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rates of tobacco product use, including the use of combustible and electronic cigarettes, remain high in youth and young adults within the U.S. Though a substantial body of work has examined risk factors associated with initiation and ongoing use of tobacco products, research on tobacco use and associated correlates among Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) has been more limited despite high rates in select API subgroups. This systematic review outlines recent research (2010-2020) on the correlates of tobacco use in APIs aged 9-29. To better understand determinants of tobacco use and identify gaps in the literature, we framed correlates based on the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) multidimensional research framework. Database and author-focused searches were conducted, followed by article abstract and full-text reviews, much of which were guided by a discrete set of inclusionary and exclusionary criteria related to tobacco use and youth/young adults. A total of 24 articles were included in this review. The majority of articles focused on individual-level correlates, with a high number of studies demonstrating association between behavioral and sociocultural factors and tobacco product use behavior. Interpersonal factors also made up a substantial portion of the literature, commonly focusing on peer, family, and social norms. Gaps related to the NIMHD model are addressed. Future research should examine biological and community/societal factors associated with API smoking to better understand unique correlates in this population and to inform tobacco prevention and intervention approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott K. Okamoto
- School of Social Work, Hawai’i Pacific University,Cancer Prevention in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai’i Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Cancer Prevention in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai’i Cancer Center
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Majmundar A, Cerrada C, Fang W, Huh J. In Lieu of Smoking: Are Smokers More Likely to Enact Certain Types of Implementation Intention Plans During a JIT Smoking Cessation? Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:556-564. [PMID: 32378047 PMCID: PMC8259899 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify actionable and effective implementation intention (II) plans, we examined whether (a) IIs suggesting food or nicotine-based substitution strategies to help quit smoking cigarettes would be more likely to be enacted in real time, (b) IIs reminding participants to cognitively motivate themselves or engage in solitary activity would be more likely to be enacted than those suggesting seeking social support, and (c) II plan enactment based on the above strategies would be associated with reporting momentary lapse avoidance. METHOD A sample of 57 Asian American young adult (18-25 years) smokers participated in a 4-week, mobile-based smoking cessation intervention, implemented in a Just-In-Time framework. User-specified IIs were categorized into nature of activity (cognitively motivate themselves, engage in solitary activity, seek social support) and type of substitution strategy (food, nicotine, no substitution). Outcome variable was momentary enactment of the given II. Generalized mixed linear models were used for analyses. RESULTS IIs reminding participants to cognitively motivate themselves and/or engage in solitary activities were more likely to be enacted than IIs recommending seeking social support. IIs recommending nicotine-based substitution were more likely to be enacted than IIs that did not specify any substitution. IIs suggesting food-based substitution, however, were less likely to be enacted than those not suggesting a specific substitution. II plan enactment based on the above strategies was significantly associated with avoiding momentary lapses compared to when momentary lapses occurred. CONCLUSION Specifying II recommendations found to be helpful with avoiding lapses in a smoking cessation context, can increase chances of II enactment, and improve overall health intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Majmundar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Christian Cerrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - William Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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Gunter R, Szeto E, Jeong SH, Suh S, Waters AJ. Cigarette Smoking in South Korea: A Narrative Review. Korean J Fam Med 2019; 41:3-13. [PMID: 31189304 PMCID: PMC6987030 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.18.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking has declined in Western countries over the past few decades, a comparable decline among males has not been observed in Asian countries, especially in South Korea, where approximately 40%–50% of men and 4%–8% of women have been identified as smokers, and there is a pressing need to understand the background of cigarette smoking in these populations. The present study is a narrative review of the research literature on cigarette smoking in South Korea. First, we describe the social, economic, and cultural factors that impact cigarette smoking in South Korea. The paper also reviews the available peer-reviewed literature comprising observational studies and interventional studies, including randomized controlled trials. The extant literature on smoking in Korean Americans is also reviewed. Cigarette smoking in South Korea has been relatively understudied, and this review identifies priority areas for future research, including the use of mobile interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Gunter
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwin Szeto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Se-Hoon Jeong
- School of Media & Communication, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nguyen N, McQuoid J, Ramo D, Holmes LM, Ling PM, Thrul J. Real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual young adults: An ecological momentary assessment study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:51-58. [PMID: 30212756 PMCID: PMC6374028 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minority young adults have higher smoking rates than the general young adult population, but reasons for this disparity are poorly understood. The current study aimed to: 1) identify real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual smokers and 2) examine between-group differences in these predictors. METHODS We conducted an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California in 2016-2017. Data from 84 young adult smokers (44% identified as sexual minority, including 29 bisexual and 8 gay/lesbian) with 6498 EMA assessments were analyzed. Both internal and external predictors and interaction terms between each predictor and sexual group were examined using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS Common correlates of smoking were found for both groups (e.g., craving, absence of smoking bans, presence of other smokers, outside location, and seeing triggers). Unique factors for sexual minority smokers were being at a bar (aOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.06-2.90) and the number of other smokers present (aOR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.04-1.20), while the presence of a smoking family member reduced the odds of smoking in this group (aOR = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.02-0.85). In interaction models, the number of other smokers exerted a greater influence on sexual minority participants compared to their heterosexual counterparts (aOR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.01-1.20), while craving (aOR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.75-0.93) and presence of a smoking family member (aOR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.01-0.82) had weaker influences. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights unique situational factors associated with smoking among sexual minority young adults and differences in these factors by sexual identity. Future interventions targeting sexual minorities should address bar attendance and specific triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA.
| | - Julia McQuoid
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA.
| | - Danielle Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Louisa M. Holmes
- Department of Geography, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Pkwy E 102 B, Vestal, NY, 13850, USA
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Cerrada CJ, Dzubur E, Blackman KCA, Mays V, Shoptaw S, Huh J. Development of a Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Korean American Emerging Adults. Int J Behav Med 2017; 24:665-672. [PMID: 28070868 PMCID: PMC5519441 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is a preventable risk factor that contributes to unnecessary lung cancer burden among Korean Americans and there is limited research on effective smoking cessation strategies for this population. Smartphone-based smoking cessation apps that leverage just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) hold promise for smokers attempting to quit. However, little is known about how to develop and tailor a smoking cessation JITAI for Korean American emerging adult (KAEA) smokers. METHOD This paper documents the development process of MyQuit USC according to design guidelines for JITAI. Our development process builds on findings from a prior ecological momentary assessment study by using qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group were conducted to inform which intervention options to offer and the decision rules that dictate their delivery. RESULTS Qualitative findings highlighted that (1) smoking episodes are highly context-driven and that (2) KAEA smokers believe they need personalized cessation strategies tailored to different contexts. Thus, MyQuit USC operates via decision rules that guide the delivery of personalized implementation intentions, which are contingent on dynamic factors, to be delivered "just in time" at user-scheduled, high-risk smoking situations. CONCLUSION Through an iterative design process, informed by quantitative and qualitative formative research, we developed a smoking cessation JITAI tailored specifically for KAEA smokers. Further testing is under way to optimize future versions of the app with the most effective intervention strategies and decision rules. MyQuit USC has the potential to provide cessation support in real-world settings, when KAEAs need them the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jules Cerrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Kacie C A Blackman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Vickie Mays
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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Cerrada CJ, Ra CK, Shin HS, Dzubur E, Huh J. Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Identify Common Smoking Situations Among Korean American Emerging Adults. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:892-902. [PMID: 27476588 PMCID: PMC5030172 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides detailed contextual information about smoking habits among young Korean American smokers with the goal of characterizing situations where they are most at risk for smoking. Relevant situational factors included location, social context, concurrent activities, time of day, affective states, and food and beverage consumption. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) over 7 days, participants (N = 78) were instructed to respond to smoking prompts (n = 2614) and non-smoking prompts (n = 2136) randomly scheduled throughout the day. At each prompt, participants completed a short survey about immediate contextual factors. We used multilevel models to evaluate the association between contextual factors and smoking and further explored the distribution of smoking locations and concurrent activities across each social context and reason for smoking. Compared to non-smoking events, smoking events were associated with being outside, the presence of Korean friends, socializing, consuming alcohol, and experiencing more stress relative to one's average stress level (all ps < .01). Further analyses involving only smoking events showed that when participants smoked alone, they were most commonly at home (50 %) and most often studying/working (28 %). When smoking with Korean friends, participants were most often outside (38 %) and socializing (54 %). When smoking to reduce craving, participants were most often at home (39 %) and studying/working (25 %). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide detailed descriptions of real-time smoking contexts among young Korean American smokers. Information with this level of granularity is needed to develop effective just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jules Cerrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Chaelin Karen Ra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Hee-Sung Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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