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Tan Y, Ying A, Xie J, Xie G, Gong S. Luminescent carbene-copper(i)-amide polymers for efficient host-free solution-processed OLEDs. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11382-11390. [PMID: 39055019 PMCID: PMC11268500 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Luminescent metallopolymers have attracted broad interest in the fields of healthcare and organic electronics. However, polymeric emitters based on earth-abundant metal complexes are scarce. Here, two series of Cu(i) polymers, PMAC-x and PCAAC-x (x = 1-3) have been developed using two kinds of Cu(i)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes as side-chain emitter units to combine with a nonconjugated polystyrene backbone. These Cu(i) polymers emit via distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence or dominant phosphorescence, inherited from the grafted Cu(i)-based CMA units. Particularly, the PMAC-x polymers exhibit high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 0.78, short emission lifetimes of down to 0.66 μs, and fast radiative rates of up to 106 s-1 in neat films. Thanks to the good encapsulation effect of the polystyrene backbone, these Cu(i) polymers not only demonstrate favorable moisture stability but also show significant aggregation-induced emission. The resultant host-free solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) achieve outstanding electroluminescence performance with a record external quantum efficiency of 13.8% at a practical luminance of ∼100 nits, representing state-of-the-art device efficiency for metallopolymer-based OLEDs. This work not only presents the first example of CMA polymers but also provides the future direction of polymeric emitters from earth-abundant metal complexes for the OLED application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jianlong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Guohua Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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Cudré Y, Franco de Carvalho F, Burgess GR, Male L, Pope SJA, Tavernelli I, Baranoff E. Tris-heteroleptic Iridium Complexes Based on Cyclometalated Ligands with Different Cores. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11565-11576. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanouk Cudré
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, U.K
| | | | - Gregory R. Burgess
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, U.K
| | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, U.K
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K
| | - Ivano Tavernelli
- Zurich Research Laboratory, IBM Research GmbH, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Baranoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, U.K
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3
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Modiri S, Mohseni M, Mohajerani E, Kowsari E. Synthesis of an Organic–Inorganic Alq3-Based Hybrid Material by Sol–Gel Method. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-014-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Recent Progresses of Iridium Complex-Containing Macromolecules for Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-014-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Keshtov ML, Marochkin DV, Kuklin SA, Mal’tsev EI, Lypenko DA, Koridze AA, Khokhlov AR. New π-conjugated electroluminescent polymers containing organoiridium quinolinolate complexes in the backbone and light diodes formed on their basis. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090414020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ying L, Ho CL, Wu H, Cao Y, Wong WY. White polymer light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting: materials, devices, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2459-2473. [PMID: 24634347 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White polymer light-emitting devices (WPLEDs) have become a field of immense interest in both scientific and industrial communities. They have unique advantages such as low cost, light weight, ease of device fabrication, and large area manufacturing. Applications of WPLEDs for solid-state lighting are of special interest because about 20% of the generated electricity on the earth is consumed by lighting. To date, incandescent light bulbs (with a typical power efficiency of 12-17 lm W(-1) ) and fluorescent lamps (about 40-70 lm W(-1) ) are the most widely used lighting sources. However, incandescent light bulbs convert 90% of their consumed power into heat while fluorescent lamps contain a small but significant amount of toxic mercury in the tube, which complicates an environmentally friendly disposal. Remarkably, the device performances of WPLEDs have recently been demonstrated to be as efficient as those of fluorescent lamps. Here, we summarize the recent advances in WPLEDs with special attention paid to the design of novel luminescent dopants and device structures. Such advancements minimize the gap (for both efficiency and stability) from other lighting sources such as fluorescent lamps, light-emitting diodes based on inorganic semiconductors, and vacuum-deposited small-molecular devices, thus rendering WPLEDs equally competitive as these counterparts currently in use for illumination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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Sakamoto J, Rehahn M, Wegner G, Schlüter AD. Suzuki Polycondensation: Polyarylenes à la Carte. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 30:653-87. [PMID: 21706656 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review draws a rather comprehensive picture of how Suzuki polycondensation was discovered in 1989 and how it was subsequently developed into the most powerful polymerization method for polyarylenes during the last 20 years. It combines insights into synthetic issues with classes of polymers prepared and touches upon aspects of this method's technological importance. Because a significant part of the developmental work was carried out in industry, the present review makes reference to an unusually large number of patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Sakamoto
- Department of Materials, HCI J541, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abd-el-aziz* AS, Strohm EA. Recent Developments in Metal-Containing Complexes with Azo Chromophore Functionalities. MOLECULAR DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOFUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 2012:317-350. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735759-00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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9
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Xie LH, Yin CR, Lai WY, Fan QL, Huang W. Polyfluorene-based semiconductors combined with various periodic table elements for organic electronics. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Gong S, Yang C, Qin J. Efficient phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes by suppressing triplet energy back transfer. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4797-807. [PMID: 22648453 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PhPLEDs) are promising devices in flat panel displays and solid state lighting sources since they can combine the advantages of the high efficiency of electrophosphorescence and low-cost, large-scale manufacture by using a solution process. However, their efficiencies are generally much lower than those of small-molecule-based devices fabricated by using a thermal deposition approach. One of the major reasons for their low efficiency is that energy is lost by back transfer to a polymer host. This tutorial review gives a brief introduction to the fundamentals of PhPLEDs, and then highlights recent progress in the main approaches to suppress triplet energy back transfer from the phosphor to the polymer host towards realizing highly efficient PhPLEDs. The suppressing mechanisms are discussed, and the achievement of high device efficiencies are demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between molecular structure, the extent of suppressing triplet energy back transfer, and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Ainscough EW, Allcock HR, Brodie AM, Gordon KC, Hindenlang MD, Horvath R, Otter CA. Spectroscopic Studies of Phosphazene Polymers Containing Photoluminescent Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Ainscough
- Chemistry‐Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐6‐3505602
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew M. Brodie
- Chemistry‐Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐6‐3505602
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐3‐4797906
| | - Mark D. Hindenlang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Raphael Horvath
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐3‐4797906
| | - Carl A. Otter
- Chemistry‐Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐6‐3505602
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Jiang JX, Wang C, Laybourn A, Hasell T, Clowes R, Khimyak YZ, Xiao J, Higgins SJ, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Metal-Organic Conjugated Microporous Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:1072-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Jiang JX, Wang C, Laybourn A, Hasell T, Clowes R, Khimyak YZ, Xiao J, Higgins SJ, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Metal-Organic Conjugated Microporous Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou G, He Y, Yao B, Dang J, Wong WY, Xie Z, Zhao X, Wang L. Electrophosphorescent Heterobimetallic Oligometallaynes and Their Applications in Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:2405-14. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Leoni P, Marchetti L, Bonuccelli V, Mohapatra S, Albinati A, Rizzato S. Proton-Transfer Reactions on Hexanuclear Platinum Clusters: Reversible Heterolytic Cleavage of H2 and CH Activation Affording a Linear, Cluster-Containing Polymer. Chemistry 2010; 16:9468-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Shipman PO, Boden BN, McNeil WS. Synthetic methodologies and properties of organometallic and coordination macromolecules. Prog Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Ulbricht C, Becer CR, Winter A, Schubert US. RAFT Polymerization Meets Coordination Chemistry: Synthesis of a Polymer-Based Iridium(III) Emitter. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:827-33. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Shiotsuka M, Nishiko N, Keyaki K, Nozaki K. Construction of a photoactive supramolecular system based on a platinum(ii) bis-acetylide building block incorporated into a ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complex. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1831-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b914794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Ulbricht C, Becer CR, Winter A, Veldman D, Schubert US. Copolymers Containing Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Obtained by Free and Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bronstein HA, Finlayson CE, Kirov KR, Friend RH, Williams CK. Investigation into the Phosphorescence of a Series of Regioisomeric Iridium(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K., and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Chris E. Finlayson
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K., and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Kiril R. Kirov
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K., and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K., and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K., and Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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Gagnon K, Mohammed Aly S, Brisach-Wittmeyer A, Bellows D, Bérubé JF, Caron L, Abd-El-Aziz AS, Fortin D, Harvey PD. Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers of cis- and trans-Platinum(II)-para- and ortho-bis(ethynylbenzene)quinone Diimine. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om7010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gagnon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Shawkat Mohammed Aly
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Anne Brisach-Wittmeyer
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Diana Bellows
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Jean-François Bérubé
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Laurence Caron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Pierre D. Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada J1K 2R1, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
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