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Sáez-Alegre M, Ríos-Vicil C, Piper K, Najera E, Jean WC. Feasibility of exoscopic keyhole surgery: case series. Neurosurg Focus Video 2024; 10:V3. [PMID: 38283820 PMCID: PMC10821641 DOI: 10.3171/2023.10.focvid23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Keyhole approaches, performed with the endoscope, microscope, or exoscope, aim to minimize tissue traumatization while maximizing surgical view. The exoscope can provide better ergonomics than the microscope without restricting the space inside of the keyhole, as when using the endoscope. However, a frequently quoted reason for intraoperative exoscope-to-microscope conversion is the absence of sufficient light. In this video, the authors present 4 patients who underwent posterior fossa keyhole surgery without intraoperative conversion. The surgical objective was achieved in all patients without associated morbidity. After adequate adaptation, the exoscope allows sufficient light in the surgical field to perform safe keyhole surgery. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2023.10.FOCVID23116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sáez-Alegre
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lehigh Valley Fleming Neuroscience Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christian Ríos-Vicil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lehigh Valley Fleming Neuroscience Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and
| | - Keaton Piper
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lehigh Valley Fleming Neuroscience Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Edinson Najera
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lehigh Valley Fleming Neuroscience Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter C. Jean
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lehigh Valley Fleming Neuroscience Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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2
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Tadrous PJ. Use of a refractive index-coupled diffuser to both generate and measure high-numerical aperture illumination for light microscopy. J Microsc 2023; 292:135-147. [PMID: 37846934 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
While numerical aperture of transillumination at or above 1.25 can be achieved with a substage oiled Abbe condenser, such immersion-capable condensers can be expensive limiting their use in resource poor settings. Also the measurement of numerical aperture generated by illuminators has received relatively little attention in the literature compared to methods for measuring the numerical aperture of acceptance by objectives. In this article, I show how an inexpensive paper diffuser with refractive-index coupling to the sample slide can generate illumination of a numerical aperture of over 1.4 at a small fraction of the cost of oiled dioptric condensers of comparable numerical aperture. In addition, I present two ways in which a diffuser may also be used to measure the numerical aperture generated by an illuminator using either a calibrated index-coupled paper diffuser to implement an interpolative variation of the Horsfall method or a diffuser as a detector screen coupled to a self-built microscope slide-based illumination system apertometer.
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3
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Lankford HV, Hovis JK. Color Vision in the Mountains. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:610-617. [PMID: 37775373 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This Lessons from History article uses science, aviation, medicine, and mountaineering sources to describe some of the effects of hypoxia, illumination, and other environmental conditions on the eye, the central nervous system, and light and color perception. The historical perspective is augmented by an analysis of an informal observation of the altered perception of red color on a deck of playing cards while climbing Mera Peak in the Himalaya. The appearance of a grayer red color on the cards was initially attributed to the effects of hypoxia alone. Instead, analysis of cards in combination with the low incidence of protan color vision defects at altitude indicated that glare and contrast effects in the extremely bright lighting environment combined with hypoxia likely caused the perception of a grayer red. The incident provides an educational opportunity for review, analysis, and commentary about some of the complex elements that impact color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery K Hovis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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King SL, Szubski EC, Tyrrell RA. Road Users Fail to Appreciate the Special Optical Properties of Retroreflective Materials. Hum Factors 2023:187208231210644. [PMID: 37939651 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231210644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether typical road users appreciate the special optical properties of retroreflective materials. BACKGROUND Retroreflective surfaces reflect light back towards the source of the illumination. All drivers benefit from retroreflective materials, as they are required on road signs, on large trailers, in lane delineation, and other traffic control devices. Retroreflective markings can also greatly enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians at night, but pedestrians typically underuse retroreflective markings. One possible reason is that pedestrians may not appreciate the special optical properties of retroreflective materials. METHOD Two experiments tested whether observers could correctly predict that retroreflective materials appear remarkably bright when illuminated by a source that is aligned with the observers' eyes. Observers used a magnitude estimation procedure to predict how bright retroreflective and non-retroreflective stimuli would appear during a demonstration designed to highlight retroreflectivity. They then judged the brightness again during the demonstration. RESULTS In general, observers underestimated how bright retroreflective stimuli would be and overestimated how bright diffuse reflective and fluorescent stimuli would be. The underestimates for retroreflective stimuli were particularly striking when the observers had not closely examined the stimuli in advance. CONCLUSION The fact that road users do not appreciate retroreflectivity may help explain why pedestrians underuse retroreflective markings at night. APPLICATION Educational interventions could prove useful in this domain.
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Shenoy A, Nayak G, Tantri A, Shetty KK, Shendkar MR. Annual Transmittance Behavior of Light-Transmitting Concrete with Optical Fiber Bundles. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7037. [PMID: 37959634 PMCID: PMC10647272 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the transmittance behavior of structural light-transmitting concrete under natural sunlight. The experimentation involves the use of a novel test setup and a detailed analysis considering the variation and dependence on time of day, month of the year and seasonal variations. The test set consisted of 28 variations of fiber configurations, with two different diameters, spacing and bundling techniques used to increase the area of fibers while maintaining spacing to aid the placing of concrete without compromising on transmittance. The study provides a real-time observational understanding of the behavior of light-transmitting concrete, a result usually obtained by modelling and simulation. The statistical analysis helps in understanding the impact of various variables as well as their interrelationships, which can help in design optimization. Based on the behavior as well as the stipulations of standards, the applicability of the material to various structural applications has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Shenoy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Gopinatha Nayak
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Adithya Tantri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Kiran Kumar Shetty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Mangeshkumar R. Shendkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
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Bülthoff I, Breidt M, Bülthoff HH, Kersten D. General lighting can overcome accidental viewing. Iperception 2023; 14:20416695231215604. [PMID: 38222319 PMCID: PMC10784866 DOI: 10.1177/20416695231215604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
When seeing an object in a scene, the presumption of seeing that object from a general viewpoint (as opposed to an accidental viewpoint) is a useful heuristic to decide which of many interpretations of this object is correct. Similar heuristic assumptions on illumination quality might also be used for scene interpretation. Here we tested that assumption and asked if illumination information helps determine object properties when seen from an accidental viewpoint. Test objects were placed on a flat surface and illumination was varied while keeping the objects' images constant. Observers judged the shape or rigidity of static or moving simple objects presented in accidental view. They also chose which of two seemingly very similar faces was familiar. We found: (1) Objects might appear flat without shadow information but were perceived to be volumetric objects or non-planar in the presence of cast shadows. (2) Apparently non-rigid objects became rigid with shadow information. (3) Shading and shadows helped to infer which of two face was the familiar one. Previous results had shown that cast shadows help determine spatial layout of objects. Our study shows that other properties of objects like rigidity or 3D-shape can be disambiguated by shadow information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Breidt
- Max Planck Institute for Biological
Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Kersten
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, USA
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Peterson LM, Clifford CWG, Palmer CJ. Detection of Mooney faces is robust to image asymmetries produced by illumination. J Vis 2023; 23:9. [PMID: 37883106 PMCID: PMC10615147 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Face detection relies on the visual features that are shared across different faces. An important component of the basic spatial configuration of a face is symmetry around the vertical midline. Although human faces are structurally symmetrical, they can be asymmetrical in an image due to the direction of lighting or the position of the face. In the experiments presented here, we examined how face detection from simple contrast patterns that occur across the face is affected by the image asymmetries associated with variations in the horizontal lighting direction. We presented observers with two-tone images of faces (Mooney faces) that isolated the unique pattern of contrast in the shading and shadows on a face, illuminated from a wide range of horizontal directions. In two experiments, we found that face detection is surprisingly robust to these lighting changes, with sensitivity in discriminating between face and non-face patterns reduced only at the most extreme lighting directions. This tolerance to changes in the horizontal lighting direction depended partly on the orientation of the face, vertical lighting direction, and contrast polarity. Our results provide insight into how contrast cues produced by shading and shadows occurring across the facial surface are utilized by the visual system to detect human faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin J Palmer
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Azam R, Karmakar S, Mondal A, Bhardwaj GK. The Effect of Illumination on Positive Fusional Vergence. Br Ir Orthopt J 2023; 19:78-84. [PMID: 37780187 PMCID: PMC10541229 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Positive fusional vergence (PFV) is vital in maintaining fusion in critical and continuous near tasks such as reading or performing digital screen tasks. This study investigated how PFV changed under various lighting conditions. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 34 participants aged between 21 and 25 years, with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 0.0 logMAR and insignificant refractive error. Three different illuminations-low illumination (50 lux), medium lighting (100 lux), and high illumination (150 lux)-were used to examine the ocular parameters PFV (blur, break, and recovery points), contrast sensitivity and pupil diameter. Results Pupil diameter changed significantly in different room illuminations (p = 0.00). There was no significant difference in contrast sensitivity across the three levels of room illumination (p = 0.368). Mean PFV (SD) (blur) was 14.5 (2.5) in 50 lux, 10.2 (2.2) in 100 lux, and 8.2 (2.1) in 150 lux. Under 50, 100 and 150 lux, respectively, the mean PFV (SD) (break) values were 16.7 (2.4), 13.4 (1.8), and 10.8 (2.2), and the mean PFV (SD) (recovery) values were 13.3 (2.1), 10.7 (2.1), and 7.5 (2.7). With increased illumination levels, PFV blur, break, and recovery values were significantly lower (p < 0.001). Conclusions PFV values were significantly higher in lower illumination. Clinicians should be aware that room illumination affected the PFV values measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisul Azam
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sourav Karmakar
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Animesh Mondal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Sørensen FF, Mai C, Olsen OM, Liniger J, Pedersen S. Commercial Optical and Acoustic Sensor Performances under Varying Turbidity, Illumination, and Target Distances. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6575. [PMID: 37514869 PMCID: PMC10384515 DOI: 10.3390/s23146575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic and optical sensing modalities represent two of the primary sensing methods within underwater environments, and both have been researched extensively in previous works. Acoustic sensing is the premier method due to its high transmissivity in water and its relative immunity to environmental factors such as water clarity. Optical sensing is, however, valuable for many operational and inspection tasks and is readily understood by human operators. In this work, we quantify and compare the operational characteristics and environmental effects of turbidity and illumination on two commercial-off-the-shelf sensors and an additional augmented optical method, including: a high-frequency, forward-looking inspection sonar, a stereo camera with built-in stereo depth estimation, and color imaging, where a laser has been added for distance triangulation. The sensors have been compared in a controlled underwater environment with known target objects to ascertain quantitative operation performance, and it is shown that optical stereo depth estimation and laser triangulation operate satisfactorily at low and medium turbidites up to a distance of approximately one meter, with an error below 2 cm and 12 cm, respectively; acoustic measurements are almost completely unaffected up to two meters under high turbidity, with an error below 5 cm. Moreover, the stereo vision algorithm is slightly more robust than laser-line triangulation across turbidity and lighting conditions. Future work will concern the improvement of the stereo reconstruction and laser triangulation by algorithm enhancement and the fusion of the two sensing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Mai
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Ole Marius Olsen
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Liniger
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Simon Pedersen
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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10
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Quispe-Ccasa HA, Briceño-Mendoza YM, Cayo-Colca IS. Guinea Pig Sperm Morphology and Fertility under Different Photoperiod. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2249. [PMID: 37508028 PMCID: PMC10376535 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm morphology can predict the reproductive male fertilizing potential. This study aimed to determine the morphological and morphometric spermatozoa characteristics from guinea pigs subjected to different photoperiodic stimulation. Thirty F1 guinea pigs were randomly assigned to three photoperiodic treatments: FT1 (photoperiod with 10 Light/14 Dark LED light), FT2 (photoperiod with 10L/14D sunlight), and FT0 (room without direct light source). At 107 ± 9.8 days of age, sperm concentration and motility were higher in the FT0 and FT1 groups (p < 0.05); furthermore, there were no differences in nucleus length and ellipticity between the FT0 and FT1 groups, but the sperm of the FT1 group was higher in perimeter and nuclear area, while that of the FT0 group was higher in roughness, regularity, midpiece length, and tail (p < 0.01). Expanding acrosome (Type 2) was more frequent in the FT2 group, but there was variation in head measurements between all morphological categories. Pregnancy rate, calving age, and mating age were higher in the FT0 group; meanwhile, the FT1 group initiated successful matings earlier (p < 0.01). The FT0 group had a higher fertility rate, and the age of mating and first calving were earlier in the FT1 group than the FT0 group, but no pregnancies were reported for the FT2 group. Photoperiodic stimulation can increase the morphometric dimensions of guinea pig spermatozoa, favoring the reproductive characteristics, but sunlight could reduce their size due to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurley Abel Quispe-Ccasa
- Graduate School, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Yander M Briceño-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología (FIZAB), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Ilse Silvia Cayo-Colca
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología (FIZAB), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Amazonas, Peru
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Sadeghi E, Mohan S, Iannetta D, Chhablani J. Recent developments in imaging and surgical vision technologies currently available for improving vitreoretinal surgery: a narrative review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023. [PMID: 37394991 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2231841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent technologies and new devices continue to be developed in vitreoretinal surgeries, and they provide more details, enhance safety, improve surgeons' comfort, and better visual and anatomical outcomes. Some devices have been used for better visualization during surgery, and some help the operation performance. They are divided into the following titles: Intraoperative OCT (including hand-held, probe-integrated, and microscope-integrated OCT), three-dimensional visualization system, virtual reality system, endoscopic vitrectomy (fiber optics and non-fiber optics), wide-angle viewing systems (contact and non-contact lenses), endo-illumination, light filters, chromovitrectomy, the retinal prosthesis (including epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal devices), robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgery, newer Vitreoretinal instruments, gene and cell therapy. AREAS COVERED In this narrative review, we focused on PubMed articles between 2010-2023 with these keywords: 'Optical Coherence Tomography,' 'Three-Dimensional,' 'Virtual System,' 'intraoperative,' 'endoscopic,' 'vitrectomy,' 'lens,' 'illumination,' 'filters,' 'chromovitrectomy,' 'prosthesis,' 'robotic surgery,' 'instrument,' 'gene,' 'cell.' EXPERT OPINION The main aim of this review is to update the reader on the latest progression in intraoperative imaging and surgical vision technologies and to provide an understanding of how each has helped improve operation and surgical outcomes. The surgeons should know recent updates to do their best and achieve the most excellent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadeghi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Danilo Iannetta
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tadda SA, Li C, Ding J, Li J, Wang J, Huang H, Fan Q, Chen L, He P, Ahiakpa JK, Karikari B, Chen X, Qiu D. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the effect of red and blue LEDs on the quality of sweet potato leaves. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1181680. [PMID: 37324670 PMCID: PMC10266350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) affect the quality of sweet potato leaves and their nutritional profile. Vines cultivated under blue LEDs had higher soluble protein contents, total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and total antioxidant activity. Conversely, chlorophyll, soluble sugar, protein, and vitamin C contents were higher in leaves grown under red LEDs. Red and blue light increased the accumulation of 77 and 18 metabolites, respectively. Alpha-linoleic and linolenic acid metabolism were the most significantly enriched pathways based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. A total of 615 genes were differentially expressed between sweet potato leaves exposed to red and blue LEDs. Among these, 510 differentially expressed genes were upregulated in leaves grown under blue light compared with those grown under red light, while the remaining 105 genes were expressed at higher levels in the latter than in the former. Among the KEGG enrichment pathways, blue light significantly induced anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis structural genes. This study provides a scientific reference basis for using light to alter metabolites to improve the quality of edible sweet potato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehu A. Tadda
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina, Nigeria
- Agriculture Research Group, Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chengyue Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jintao Ding
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian’an Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaxing Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Fan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lifang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei He
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - John K. Ahiakpa
- Agriculture Research Group, Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Karikari
- Agriculture Research Group, Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Xuanyang Chen
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture, and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Eilertsen HC, Strømholt J, Bergum JS, Eriksen GK, Ingebrigtsen R. Mass Cultivation of Microalgae: II. A Large Species Pulsing Blue Light Concept. BioTech (Basel) 2023; 12:biotech12020040. [PMID: 37218757 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
If mass cultivation of photoautotrophic microalgae is to gain momentum and find its place in the new "green future", exceptional optimizations to reduce production costs must be implemented. Issues related to illumination should therefore constitute the main focus, since it is the availability of photons in time and space that drives synthesis of biomass. Further, artificial illumination (e.g., LEDs) is needed to transport enough photons into dense algae cultures contained in large photobioreactors. In the present research project, we employed short-term O2 production and 7-day batch cultivation experiments to evaluate the potential to reduce illumination light energy by applying blue flashing light to cultures of large and small diatoms. Our results show that large diatom cells allow more light penetration for growth compared to smaller cells. PAR (400-700 nm) scans yielded twice as much biovolume-specific absorbance for small biovolume (avg. 7070 μm3) than for large biovolume (avg. 18,703 μm3) cells. The dry weight (DW) to biovolume ratio was 17% lower for large than small cells, resulting in a DW specific absorbance that was 1.75 times higher for small cells compared to large cells. Blue 100 Hz square flashing light yielded the same biovolume production as blue linear light in both the O2 production and batch experiments at the same maximum light intensities. We therefore suggest that, in the future, more focus should be placed on researching optical issues in photobioreactors, and that cell size and flashing blue light should be central in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Chr Eilertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Finnfjord AS, N-9305 Finnsnes, Norway
| | | | | | - Gunilla Kristina Eriksen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Richard Ingebrigtsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Sjögren J, Fransson PA, Patel M, Blom CL, Johansson R, Magnusson M, Tjernström F. Reduced Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex During Fast Head Rotation in Complete Darkness. Percept Mot Skills 2023:315125231172815. [PMID: 37119199 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231172815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The human vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) leads to maintenance of the acuity of an image on the retina and contributes to the perception of orientation during high acceleration head movements. Our objective was to determine whether vision affects the horizontal VOR by assessing and comparing the performance at the boundaries of contribution of: (a) unrestricted visual information and (b) no visual information. Understanding how the VOR performs under both lighted and unlighted conditions is of paramount importance to avoiding falls, perhaps particularly among the elderly. We tested 23 participants (M age = 35.3 years, standard error of mean (SEM) = 2.0 years). The participants were tested with the video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), EyeSeeCam from Interacoustics™, which assesses whether VOR is of the expected angular velocity compared to head movement angular velocity. The vHIT tests were performed under two conditions: (a) in a well-lit room and (b) in complete darkness. The VOR was analyzed by evaluating the gain (quotient between eye and head angular velocity) at 40, 60 and 80 ms time stamps after the start of head movement. Additionally, we calculated the approximate linear gain between 0-100 ms through regression. The gain decreased significantly faster across time stamps in complete darkness (p < .001), by 10% in darkness compared with a 2% decrease in light. In complete darkness, the VOR gain gradually declined, reaching a marked reduction at 80 ms by 10% (p < .001), at which the head velocities were 150°/second or faster. The approximate linear gain value was not significantly different in complete darkness and in light. These findings suggest that information from the visual system can modulate the high velocity VOR. Subsequently, fast head turns might cause postural imbalance and momentary disorientation in poor light in people with reduced sensory discrimination or motor control, like the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Fransson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Mitesh Patel
- The School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Burnley, UK
| | - Christoffer Lundén Blom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Rolf Johansson
- Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Sweden
- School of Aviation, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Måns Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tjernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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15
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McIntosh S, Yu M, Estabrook M, Bittner AK. New insights into visually impaired patients' preferred reading illumination and home-based reading speed with new task-lighting. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023. [PMID: 36806302 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When optimal lighting is applied to hard-copy materials for visually impaired individuals, laboratory-based reading performance can improve significantly. However, it is not known whether their lighting preferences are related to ocular factors or if laboratory-based reading improvements will translate to home-based environments. METHODS Preferences for brightness (lux) and colour temperature (degrees Kelvin; K) with the LuxIQ/2 for 'most comfort' while reading at near were evaluated in-clinic for 71 adults with ocular disease affecting the outer (n = 37; 52%), inner or all retinal layers (n = 34; 48%). Twenty participants received either an OttLite Cobra lamp or a generic gooseneck lamp with a bulb resembling LuxIQ/2 parameters for their preferred reading light, and then completed home-based telephone evaluations using the sustained silent reading test. RESULTS Participants with outer retinal disease preferred significantly brighter light intensity by an average of 838 lux versus those with inner retinal disease (95% CI: 331, 1344; p = 0.002). No participants opted for a coloured tint for reading based on the LuxIQ/2 measurements since they preferred white light only; most preferred the OttLite Cobra lamp. At home, reading speed improved significantly by an average of 37 words per minute with the new lamp (95% CI: 12, 62; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Patients with outer retinal disease prefered brighter light intensity for reading. Clinic-based lighting preferences yielded improvements in reading speed when using a new task light at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McIntosh
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Megan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Max Estabrook
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ava K Bittner
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Hinkel-Lipsker JW, Stoehr NM, Lachica IJ, Rogers SM. Gait Adaptations to Physical Fatigue During the Negotiation of Variable and Unexpected Obstacles. Hum Factors 2022; 64:1317-1330. [PMID: 33851893 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211007588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate how physical fatigue impacts one's ability to negotiate unexpected and randomly located obstacles during locomotion. BACKGROUND Physically demanding occupations place workers at risk of trips and falls-a major health and financial burden. How worker physical fatigue and fitness impacts their ability to navigate through unpredictable environments is not thoroughly explored in current literature. In this exploratory study, we further examine these relationships. METHODS Twenty-one young, physically fit participants completed a series of obstacle negotiation trials in the dark, where an obstacle would suddenly be illuminated as they reached it. Participants then engaged in a fatigue protocol, before repeating a series of the same negotiation trials. RESULTS When fatigued, participants exhibited a significant decrease in leading toe and trailing toe clearance, as well as a significant increase in leading heel clearance. Moreover, participants stepped closer to the obstacle with their both feet on the step prior to negotiation. Participants also walked at a faster velocity. Regression analyses revealed that participants' VO2max and height were significant predictors of foot placement metrics. CONCLUSION Results indicate that physical fatigue negatively impacts crossing mechanics of young, healthy individuals, and that a higher level of VO2 capacity may reduce the occurrences of altered crossing behavior that coincide with physical fatigue. APPLICATION These results highlight the effect of fatigue on worker safety during performance of job-related duties and are of interest to professionals seeking to reduce the incidence of slips, trips, and falls in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaiah J Lachica
- 14671 California State University, Northridge, USA
- 5116 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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17
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Siriparu P, Panyatip P, Pota T, Ratha J, Yongram C, Srisongkram T, Sungthong B, Puthongking P. Effect of Germination and Illumination on Melatonin and Its Metabolites, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Mung Bean Sprouts. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11212990. [PMID: 36365443 PMCID: PMC9654080 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) sprouts are increasingly consumed and have become part of a healthy diet. The sprouts are composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and biochemical compounds. During germination, the phytochemical compounds are significantly elevated, especially under stress conditions such as salinity, drought, extreme temperature, and illumination. The present study examined the effects of light and germination time on the bioactive compounds in mung bean sprout extracts. Mung bean seeds were sprouted under different light exposure conditions, and the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of sprout extracts were determined compared to seeds. The results show that tryptophan sharply decreased during germination. On the contrary, melatonin, polyphenols, and total phenolic content (TPC) were elevated with increased germination time, correlated with increased antioxidant activity. Sprouts germinated in the dark presented higher levels of melatonin and TPC compared with those germinated under 12 h light exposure (3.6- and 1.5-fold, respectively). In conclusion, germination can enhance valuable phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts. Mung bean sprouts may be a good alternative functional food for promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimolwan Siriparu
- Master of Sciences Program in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panyada Panyatip
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Thanawat Pota
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Juthamat Ratha
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Yongram
- Division of Cannabis Health Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suansunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand
| | - Tarapong Srisongkram
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bunleu Sungthong
- Integrative Pharmaceuticals and Innovation of Pharmaceutical Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Martínez-Zamora L, Castillejo N, Artés-Hernández F. Ultrasounds and a Postharvest Photoperiod to Enhance the Synthesis of Sulforaphane and Antioxidants in Rocket Sprouts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 36009208 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasounds (US) and LED illumination are being studied to optimize yield and quality. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a pre-sowing US treatment combined with a postharvest photoperiod including LEDs on rocket sprouts’ quality and phytochemicals during shelf life. A US treatment (35 kHz; 30 min) applied to seeds and a postharvest photoperiod of 14 h fluorescent light (FL) + 10 h White (W), Blue (B), Red (R) LEDs or Darkness (D) were assayed. Antioxidants as phenolics and sulfur compounds (glucosinolates and isothiocyanates) were periodically monitored over 14 days at 5 °C. The US treatment increased the sulforaphane content by ~4-fold compared to CTRL seeds and sprouts. The phenolic acids and the flavonoid biosynthesis were enhanced by ~25%, ~30%, and ~55% under photoperiods with W, B, and R, respectively, compared to darkness. The total glucosinolate content was increased by >25% (W) and >45% (B and R) compared to darkness, which also reported increases of ~2.7-fold (W), ~3.6-fold (B), and ~8-fold (R) of the sulforaphane content as a main isothiocyanate. Postharvest lighting is an interesting tool to stimulate the secondary metabolism, while a US treatment was able to increase the sulforaphane content in seeds and sprouts, although no synergistic effect was reported.
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Ebert AW. Sprouts and Microgreens-Novel Food Sources for Healthy Diets. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11040571. [PMID: 35214902 PMCID: PMC8877763 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the growing interest of society in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This review briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites (polyphenols, glucosinolates), and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Apart from the main crops used for microscale vegetable production, landraces, wild food plants, and crops' wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavors and tastes, thus providing the scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development within the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This review also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. These factors include the growth environment, growing substrates, imposed environmental stresses, seed priming and biostimulants, biofortification, and the effect of light in controlled environments. This review also touches on microgreen market trends. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input; without pesticides, they can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Ebert
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan 74151, Taiwan
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20
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Chen J, Hu LY, Lu PW, Jiang YM, Zhang ZB, Zeng QG, Jian MF, Zhu D. [Effects of electron acceptor and light on the abundance of microbial function gene related to soil CH 4 emission]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2022; 33:517-526. [PMID: 35229526 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202202.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of different electron acceptors on soil methane emission and responses of soil microorganisms to different light conditions, a strict anaerobic 20-day incubation experiment was conducted with eight treatments: darkness + Fe3+ (DF); darkness + NO3- (DN); darkness +SO42- (DS); darkness + distilled water (DCK); light + Fe3+ (LF); light + NO3- (LN); light +SO42- (LS); light + distilled water (LCK). The changes of methane concentration in the anaerobic incubation flask and the variation of the abundance of bacteria, archaea, fungi and six soil functional genes were analyzed. Results showed that soil methane emission under NO3-, SO42- addition and control (CK) was significantly lower under light conditions than dark, except the Fe3+ treatment. DN, DCK and LF treatments had the highest abundance of bacteria, fungi and archaea genes, respectively. The gene abundance of methanogenic mcrA, sulfate-reducing bacteria Dsr, and carbon-fixing CbbL were significantly up-regulated in the LF, while that of methanotrophs pmoA, iron-reducing bacteria Geo, and denitrifying bacteria nosZ were significantly up-regulated in the LN, DCK and LCK, respectively. Results of Pearson correlation and RDA analysis showed that CH4 emission was significantly positively correlated with CO2 concentration, pH, ammonium-nitrogen, and total N contents, and negatively correlated with N2O concentration, Eh, nitrate, and total C contents. Under dark condition, methane emission was positively correlated with archaea and pmoA genes abundance, and negatively correlated with other genes abundance. Under light condition, methane emission was negatively correlated with the abundance of soil microbe and functional genes. In general, methane emission under light condition was significantly lower than that under dark condition (except for the Fe3+ treatment). These results showed that it was helpful to reduce methane emission under light condition, but the increase or decrease of methane emission was closely related to the type of electron acceptors and the functional responses of soil micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lin-Yu Hu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Peng-Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yu-Mei Jiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qing-Gui Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Min-Fei Jian
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Plant Resources, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
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21
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Luo X, Ru T, Chen Q, Hsiao FC, Hung CS, Yang CM, Zhou G. Temporal Dynamics of Subjective and Objective Alertness During Exposure to Bright Light in the Afternoon for 5 h. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771605. [PMID: 34950050 PMCID: PMC8691749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can induce an alertness response in humans. The effects of exposure to bright light vs. dim light on the levels of alertness during the day, especially in the afternoon, as reported in the literature, are inconsistent. This study employed a multiple measurement strategy to explore the temporal variations in the effects of exposure to bright light vs. regular office light (1,200 lx vs. 200 lx at eye level, 6,500 K) on the alertness of participants for 5 h in the afternoon. In this study, 20 healthy adults (11 female; mean age 23.25 ± 2.3 years) underwent the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), the auditory psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) test for two levels of light intervention. The results yielded a relatively lower relative delta power and a relatively higher beta power for the 1,200 lx condition in comparison with the 200 lx condition. However, the light conditions elicited no statistically significant differences in the KSS scores and performance with respect to the PVT. The results suggested that exposure to bright light for 5 h in the afternoon could enhance physiological arousal while exerting insignificant effects on subjective feelings and performance abilities relating to the alertness of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Counseling and Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Jeong E, Jeong IH. Individual Differences in Colour Perception: The Role of Low-Saturated and Complementary Colours in Ambiguous Images. Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211055767. [PMID: 34888028 PMCID: PMC8649478 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211055767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in colour perception, as evidenced by the popular debate
of “The Dress” picture, have garnered additional interest with the
popularisation of additional, similar photographs. We investigated which
colorimetric characteristics were responsible for individual differences in
colour perception. All objects of the controversial photographs are composed of
two representative colours, which are low in saturation and are either
complementary to each other or reminiscent of complementary colours. Due to
these colorimetric characteristics, we suggest that one of the two complementary
pixel clusters should be estimated as the illuminant hue depending on assumed
brightness. Thus, people perceive the object's colours as being biased toward
complementarily different colour directions and perceive different pixel
clusters as chromatic and achromatic. Even though the distance between colours
that people perceive differently is small in colour space, people perceive the
object's colour as differently categorized colours in these ambiguous
photographs, thereby causing debate. We suggest that people perceive the
object's colours using different “modes of colour appearance” between
surface-colour and self-luminous modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunYoung Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Miraero 21 Medical Center, Gwangju Republic of Korea
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García-González J, Lacek J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Exogenous carbon source supplementation counteracts root and hypocotyl growth limitations under increased cotyledon shading, with glucose and sucrose differentially modulating growth curves. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1969818. [PMID: 34429034 PMCID: PMC8526039 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1969818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is continuously modulated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli. By no means the only, but well described, signaling molecules produced in plants and distributed through the plant body to orchestrate efficient growth are photosynthates. Light is a potent exogenous stimulus that determines, first, the rate of photosynthesis, but also the rate of plant growth. Root meristem activity is reduced with direct illumination but enhanced with increased sugar levels. With reduced cotyledon illumination, the seedling increases hypocotyl elongation until adequate light exposure is again provided. If endogenous carbon sources are limited, this leads to a temporary inhibition of root growth. Experimental growth conditions include exogenous supplementation of sucrose or glucose in addition to culturing seedlings under light exposure in Petri dishes. We compared total root length and hypocotyl elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type Col-0 in response to illumination status and carbon source in the growth medium. Overall, sucrose supplementation promoted hypocotyl and root length to a greater extent than glucose supplementation. Glucose promoted root length compared to non-supplemented seedlings especially when cotyledon illumination was greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (Mosys), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Paulik R, Kozlovszky M, Molnár B. Regression Based Iterative Illumination Compensation Method for Multi-Focal Whole Slide Imaging System. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7085. [PMID: 34770394 DOI: 10.3390/s21217085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Image quality, resolution and scanning time are critical in digital pathology. In order to create a high-resolution digital image, the scanner systems execute stitching algorithms to the digitized images. Due to the heterogeneity of the tissue sample, complex optical path, non-acceptable sample quality or rapid stage movement, the intensities on pictures can be uneven. The evincible and visible intensity distortions can have negative effect on diagnosis and quantitative analysis. Utilizing the common areas of the neighboring field-of-views, we can estimate compensations to eliminate the inhomogeneities. We implemented and validated five different approaches for compensating output images created with an area scanner system. The proposed methods are based on traditional methods such as adaptive histogram matching, regression-based corrections and state-of-the art methods like the background and shading correction (BaSiC) method. The proposed compensation methods are suitable for both brightfield and fluorescent images, and robust enough against dust, bubbles, and optical aberrations. The proposed methods are able to correct not only the fixed-pattern artefacts but the stochastic uneven illumination along the neighboring or above field-of-views utilizing iterative approaches and multi-focal compensations.
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Abstract
Incarceration can disrupt healthy sleep, and insomnia is associated with psychiatric symptoms and poor general medical health among incarcerated people. In recent years, considerable litigation has arisen over sleep deprivation in U.S. jails and prisons. This column examines litigation over conditions of incarceration, such as noise, inadequate bedding, constant illumination, medication restrictions, and early wake-up times, that may affect sleep duration and quality. The potential adverse effects of inadequate sleep on incarcerated individuals, as well as associated litigation, suggest the need for policies that reduce unnecessary sleep deprivation and promote healthy sleep in correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Morris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., is editor of this column
| | - Jessica R Holliday
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., is editor of this column
| | - Renée L Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., is editor of this column
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Rozema JJ, Boulet C, Cohen Y, Stell WK, Iribarren L, van Rens GHMB, Iribarren R. Reappraisal of the historical myopia epidemic in native Arctic communities. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:1332-1345. [PMID: 34533229 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was developed to explain the extraordinary rise in myopia prevalence beginning after 1950 in Indigenous Arctic communities considering recent findings about the risk factors for school myopia development. Myopia prevalence changed drastically from a historical low of less than 3% to more than 50% in new generations of young adults following the Second World War. At that time, this increase was attributed to concurrent alterations in the environment and way of life which occurred in an aggressive programme of de-culturalization and re-acculturation through residential school programmes that introduced mental, emotional and physical stressors. However, the predominant idea that myopia was genetic in nature won the discussion of the day, and research in the area of environmental changes was dismissed. There may have also been an association between myopia progression and the introduction of extreme mental, emotional and physical stressors at the time. RECENT FINDINGS Since 1978, animal models of myopia have demonstrated that myopiagenesis has a strong environmental component. Furthermore, multiple studies in human populations have shown since 2005 how myopia could be produced by a combination of limited exposure to the outdoors and heavy emphasis on academic subjects associated with intense reading habits. This new knowledge was applied in the present study to unravel the causes of the historical myopia epidemics in Inuit communities. SUMMARY After reviewing the available published data on myopia prevalence in circumpolar Inuit populations in the 20th century, the most likely causes for the Inuit myopia epidemic were the combination of increased near work (from almost none to daily reading) and the move from a mostly outdoor to a much more indoor way of life, exacerbated by fewer hours of sunshine during waking hours, the lower illuminance in the Arctic and the extreme psychophysical stress due to the conditions in the Residential Schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Charles Boulet
- Diamond Valley Vision Care, Black Diamond, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuval Cohen
- Ziv Medical Centre, Safed, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - William K Stell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luciano Iribarren
- Science Teaching Group, Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems, The National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ger H M B van Rens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ladouceur AM, Brown CM. Fluorescence Microscopy Light Source Review. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e243. [PMID: 34516049 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Traditional arc-based light sources and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are described, and the pros and cons of these sources with respect to fluorescence microscopy are discussed. For multi-color applications, arc-based light sources offer white light ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR), while LEDs come in a range of colors spanning the same wavelengths. The power of traditional arc-based sources is controlled with neutral density (ND) filters, reducing power across the entire range of wavelengths, while LED-based sources can be controlled directly by modulating current passing through the electronics. Similarly, arc-based sources use physical shutters to control sample exposure to light in a range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds (ms), while LEDs can be turned ON/OFF electronically in <1 ms. The complexity of comparing and measuring light power on the sample, due to normalization of available light source spectra and complex power measurements, is discussed. The superiority of LEDs for stability of light power output is covered. Direct coupling of light sources to the microscope is more cost effective and leads to higher available light power. Various options for setting up multi-color imaging, including high-speed imaging with multiple LEDs and a triple cube, are described. A brief introduction to lasers, with suggested further reading, is included in this article. Finally, the smaller environmental footprint of LEDs relative to arc-based light sources is highlighted. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ladouceur
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claire M Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Leermakers I, Rubi K, Yang M, Kerdi B, Goiran M, Escoffier W, Rana AS, Smink AEM, Brinkman A, Hilgenkamp H, Maan JC, Zeitler U. Quantum oscillations in an optically-illuminated two-dimensional electron system at the LaAlO 3/SrTiO 3interface. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:465002. [PMID: 34433152 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the illumination effect on the magnetotransport properties of a two-dimensional electron system at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3interface. The illumination significantly reduces the zero-field sheet resistance, eliminates the Kondo effect at low-temperature, and switches the negative magnetoresistance into the positive one. A large increase in the density of high-mobility carriers after illumination leads to quantum oscillations in the magnetoresistance originating from the Landau quantization. The carrier density (∼2 × 1012 cm-2) and effective mass (∼1.7me) estimated from the oscillations suggest that the high-mobility electrons occupy thedxz/yzsubbands of Ti:t2gorbital extending deep within the conducting sheet of SrTiO3. Our results demonstrate that the illumination which induces additional carriers at the interface can pave the way to control the Kondo-like scattering and study the quantum transport in the complex oxide heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leermakers
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Rubi
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Yang
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses (LNCMI-EMFL), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 143 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - B Kerdi
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses (LNCMI-EMFL), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 143 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M Goiran
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses (LNCMI-EMFL), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 143 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - W Escoffier
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses (LNCMI-EMFL), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 143 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - A S Rana
- MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A E M Smink
- MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Brinkman
- MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H Hilgenkamp
- MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J C Maan
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - U Zeitler
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wang H, Zheng J. [Study on Irradiation Uniformity of Array Blue LED in Jaundice Treatment Box]. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2021; 45:376-379. [PMID: 34363360 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7104.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The uniformity of blue LED array in jaundice treatment box is improved. The mathematical model of illumination uniformity algorithm for inner and outer LED arrays layout is established. Taking the actual size of blue light board in jaundice treatment box as an example, the optimal illumination uniformity with best LED arrays layout are obtained through programming iteration and simulation verification. The uniformity of blue light LED improved 42.9 % comparing with tradition LED arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhu Wang
- Medical Engineering Office, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006
| | - Jian Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Testing, Hangzhou, 310018
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Jun JH, Oh KC, Park KH, Jung N, Li J, Moon HS. Improvement of Osseointegration by Ultraviolet and/or Simvastatin Treatment on Titanium Implants with or without Bone Graft Materials. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14133707. [PMID: 34279277 PMCID: PMC8269879 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated and compared ultraviolet (UV) treatment and simvastatin (SIM) immersion effects on the osseointegration of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium dental implants at two different time points in rabbit tibias, with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The surface alteration on simvastatin treatment titanium discs was analyzed using an infrared spectrometer. Implants were categorized into four groups according to the surface treatment type. Twelve rabbits received two implants per tibia. A tibial defect model was created using a trephine bur, with implants in contact with the bone surface and bovine bone graft materials for gap filling. The rabbits were sacrificed after 2 or 4 weeks. UV treatment or SIM immersion increased the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) on nongrafted sides, and both increased the BIC and bone area (BA) on grafted sides. The application of both treatments did not result in higher BIC or BA than a single treatment. At two different time points, BIC in the nongrafted sides did not differ significantly among the UV and/or SIM treated groups, whereas BA differed significantly. UV or SIM treatment of SLA titanium implants accelerates osseointegration in tibias with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The combination of both treatments did not show synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Aeromedical Squadron, Republic of Korea Air Force 8th Fighter Wing, Wonju 26304, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Oh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Kyu-Hyung Park
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Narae Jung
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3155; Fax: +82-2-312-3598
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Senthong P, Wittayasilp S. Working Conditions and Health Risk Assessment in Hair Salons. Environ Health Insights 2021; 15:11786302211026772. [PMID: 34248357 PMCID: PMC8239987 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211026772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the chemical and physical work conditions in hair salons and to analyze health risk of exposure to VOCs for the hairdressers of hair salons. Methods: This study was carried out at 4 selected hair salons close to universities in Surat Thani province, Thailand. VOCs were collected by area sampling using charcoal tubes (9 samples per salon). The air samples were analyzed using GC/FID. The noise levels, illumination, and temperature were measured by using sound level meter, lux meter, and WBGT, respectively. Results: Toluene, cyclohexanone, xylene, and hexane were the most frequently found across the hair salons. All of the VOCs concentration was highest in the mixing area. All of hair salons had cancer risk exceeding 1 × 10-6 and HI > 1.0, indicating that indoor air pollution may affect hairdresser's health. The average VOCs concentrations after installation of local exhaust ventilation and open the door for 30 minutes before closing the hair salon, was significantly lower than before and after installation of the local exhaust ventilation. The WBGT indoors varied within 22 to 28°C, sound pressure levels within 71 to 76 dBA, and illumination within 70 to 400 lux. The noise levels and temperature in the hair salons were satisfactory on the scale of the Ministry of Labor (Thailand). Conclusions:Installing and using proper ventilation in hair salon are recommended to eliminate health effects. Hairdresser worked in poor lighting that should be improved to appropriate levels (>1000 lux).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Senthong
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani, Thailand
| | - Sivasit Wittayasilp
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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32
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Fiani B, Jarrah R, Griepp DW, Adukuzhiyil J. The Role of 3D Exoscope Systems in Neurosurgery: An Optical Innovation. Cureus 2021; 13:e15878. [PMID: 34327102 PMCID: PMC8302823 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the three-dimensional (3D) exoscope is a marvel of technological innovation in modern surgical practice. While its predecessor, the operating microscope (OM), has long been the gold-standard surgical visualization modality, its particular limitations in terms of accessibility and ergonomic demand have led to the development of a more sophisticated, 3D model. Specifically, the 3D exoscope allows for an enhanced image quality of the surgical field, while also being more ergonomically favorable. Moreover, this device's ability to handle delicate microsensitve procedures, along with its alleviation of surgeon fatigue, indicates great potential for neurosurgical application. For this narrative review, the authors queried PubMed database using the keyword "exoscope" to identify relevant studies involving the specialty of neurosurgery that were published in English language full text. The search yielded full-text English language-related articles regarding neurosurgical exoscope, its applications and limitations. The 3D exoscope uniquely allows for enhanced surgeon comfort and superior imaging of the patient's real-time anatomy. However, the OM was described to having a slight image favorability with fusion and decompression surgery. Cost analysis is highlighted for its potential disparity. 3D exoscopes will potentially be incorporated with intelligent carriers and robotic surgical systems. Ultimately, with further studies highlighting its use, the 3D exoscope is expected to continue to imprint its status as one of the most efficient technological visualization tools in the future of neurosurgical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
| | - Ryan Jarrah
- Neurosurgery, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Michigan - Flint, Flint, USA
| | - Daniel W Griepp
- Neurosurgery, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Jessica Adukuzhiyil
- Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, USA
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33
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Baskir EA, Hazen RE, Powell DM. Documenting nocturnal activity of dragon-headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) under artificial light. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:342-345. [PMID: 33830531 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Across the genera of katydids from the family Tettigoniidae, both diurnal and nocturnal species have been identified. The Saint Louis Zoo Bayer Insectarium filmed dragon-headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) overnight using red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to examine the activity of this presumed nocturnal species to provide quantitative information about these insects that are otherwise immobile when keepers are present. Evidence from the literature suggests that LED bulbs emitting long-wavelength red and infrared lights are less likely to cause changes to the subjects' behavioral budgets and movements through the habitat. Three katydids were filmed for 5 nights, and time-interval scan sampling was used to record their positions and whether they were active every 15 min for two 2-h periods starting at midnight and noon. A modified Shannon's diversity index determined that katydids were recorded in more areas when under only red LEDs at night as compared to artificial daytime working lights. Similarly, repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that insects were significantly more active under nighttime red LEDs when compared to daytime working lights. While we cannot be sure if behaviors recorded under red LEDs are the same as those that would be performed under total darkness in situ, the use of red LED illumination ex situ to facilitate overnight filming did not suppress nocturnal movement or activity for our subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Baskir
- Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renée E Hazen
- Bayer Insectarium, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Powell
- Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Harmatys W, Gąska A, Gąska P, Gruza M, Sładek JA. Assessment of Background Illumination Influence on Accuracy of Measurements Performed on Optical Coordinate Measuring Machine Equipped with Video Probe. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2509. [PMID: 33916771 DOI: 10.3390/s21072509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently the Coordinate Measuring Technique is facing new challenges both in terms of used methodology and a speed of measurement. More and more often modern optical systems or multisensor systems replace classic solutions. Measurement performed using the optical system is more vulnerable to incorrect points acquisition due to such factors as an inadequate focus or parameters of applied illumination. This article examines the effect of an increasing illumination on the measurement result. A glass reference plate with marked circles and a hole plate standard were used for the measurements performed on a multi-sensor machine Zeiss O' Inspect 442. The experiment consisted of measurements of standard objects with different values of the backlight at the maximum magnification. Such approach allows to assess the influence of controlled parameter on errors of diameter and form measurements as well as an uncertainty of measurements by determination of ellipses of point repeatability. The analysis of the obtained results shows that increasing backlight mainly affects the result of the diameter measurement.
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Wei D, Deng P, Tian X, He S, Li W, Wu Z. Accelerating the oxidation of pork fat by illumination and fat oil for the production of Baijiu beverage. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:918-926. [PMID: 32737878 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aged pork fat, deeply oxidized pork fat soaked in basic liquor for more than half a year, is an important material in producing Chi-aroma Baijiu (CAB). With the expansion of production scale of CAB, innovative strategies for efficient production of aged pork fat are in great demand. The purpose of this study is to accelerate the lipid oxidation of pork fat and improve the productivity of aged pork fat. RESULTS Results showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were the main reactant; generation reactions of lipid peroxides and free fatty acids (FFAs) were two limiting steps during the preparation of aged pork fat. Processing under illumination could alleviate the first limiting step by increasing the peroxide value and p-anisidine value of pork fat to 16.22- and 28.48-fold higher than control samples and simultaneously the PUFAs were increased to 190.60 ± 0.19 g kg-1 . Soaking in basic liquor with deeply oxidized fat oil could alleviate the second limiting step by transferring FFAs from fat oil into pork fat. With more oxidized PUFAs, the acid value of the pork fat was 7.91-fold higher than that of the control. CONCLUSION Illumination and deeply oxidized fat oil could alleviate the two rate-limiting steps of lipid oxidation and improve the productivity of aged pork fat significantly. The results are highly applicable in the CAB industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyue Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Penghua Deng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Songgui He
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Li
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Papež N, Dallaev R, Kaspar P, Sobola D, Škarvada P, Ţălu Ş, Ramazanov S, Nebojsa A. Characterization of GaAs Solar Cells under Supercontinuum Long-Time Illumination. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14020461. [PMID: 33477904 PMCID: PMC7833441 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work is dedicated to the description of the degradation of GaAs solar cells under continuous laser irradiation. Constant and strong exposure of the solar cell was performed over two months. Time-dependent electrical characteristics are presented. The structure of the solar cells was studied at the first and last stages of degradation test. The data from Raman spectroscopy, reflectometry, and secondary ion mass spectrometry confirm displacement of titanium and aluminum atoms. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a slight redistribution of oxygen bonds in the anti-corrosion coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Papež
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; (N.P.); (R.D.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (P.Š.)
| | - Rashid Dallaev
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; (N.P.); (R.D.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (P.Š.)
| | - Pavel Kaspar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; (N.P.); (R.D.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (P.Š.)
| | - Dinara Sobola
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; (N.P.); (R.D.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (P.Š.)
- CEITEC BUT – Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Ecology, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, St. M. Gadjieva 43-a, 367015 Dagestan Republic, Russia;
| | - Pavel Škarvada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; (N.P.); (R.D.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (P.Š.)
- CEITEC BUT – Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Constantin Daicoviciu Street, no. 15, Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj County, Romania
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +40-264-401-200; Fax: +40-264-592-055
| | - Shikhgasan Ramazanov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Ecology, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, St. M. Gadjieva 43-a, 367015 Dagestan Republic, Russia;
| | - Alois Nebojsa
- CEITEC BUT – Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Solid State Physics and Surfaces, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
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Osibona O, Solomon BD, Fecht D. Lighting in the Home and Health: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:E609. [PMID: 33445763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor housing is an important determinant of poor health. One key aspect of housing quality is lighting. Light is important for visual performance and safety, and also plays a vital role in regulating human physiological functions. This review aims to synthesise existing evidence on the relationship between lighting in the home and health and recommends areas for future research. Three databases were searched for relevant literature using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Extracted data were qualitatively synthesised according to type of lighting (natural light, artificial light and light at night) and stratified by broad health domains (physical, mental and sleep health). Of the 4043 records retrieved, 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. There was considerable heterogeneity in light exposure metrics used and specific health outcome assessed by the studies. Lighting in the home can negatively affect health but the current evidence base is limited to a small number of studies in different domains of light and health. Further research surrounding specific health outcomes is required to better inform housing quality assessments and lighting practises in the home.
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Pineau Noël V, Masoumi S, Parham E, Genest G, Bégin L, Vigneault MA, Côté DC. Tools and tutorial on practical ray tracing for microscopy. Neurophotonics 2021; 8:010801. [PMID: 36278783 PMCID: PMC7818000 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Significance: An advanced understanding of optical design is necessary to create optimal systems but this is rarely taught as part of general curriculum. Compounded by the fact that professional optical design software tools have a prohibitive learning curve, this means that neither knowledge nor tools are easily accessible. Aim: In this tutorial, we introduce a raytracing module for Python, originally developed for teaching optics with ray matrices, to simplify the design and optimization of optical systems. Approach: This module is developed for ray matrix calculations in Python. Many important concepts of optical design that are often poorly understood such as apertures, aperture stops, and field stops are illustrated. Results: The module is explained with examples in real systems with collection efficiency, vignetting, and intensity profiles. Also, the optical invariant, an important benchmark property for optical systems, is used to characterize an optical system. Conclusions: This raytracing Python module will help improve the reader's understanding of optics and also help them design optimal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Pineau Noël
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Shadi Masoumi
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Elahe Parham
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Genest
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Ludovick Bégin
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Vigneault
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Côté
- Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Centre D’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Québec, Canada
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Ma L, Fei B. Comprehensive review of surgical microscopes: technology development and medical applications. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-200292VRR. [PMID: 33398948 PMCID: PMC7780882 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and clear visualization of the surgical field and have been increasingly used in operating rooms. State-of-the-art surgical microscopes are integrated with various imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescence imaging, and augmented reality (AR) for image-guided surgery. AIM This comprehensive review is based on the literature of over 500 papers that cover the technology development and applications of surgical microscopy over the past century. The aim of this review is threefold: (i) providing a comprehensive technical overview of surgical microscopes, (ii) providing critical references for microscope selection and system development, and (iii) providing an overview of various medical applications. APPROACH More than 500 references were collected and reviewed. A timeline of important milestones during the evolution of surgical microscope is provided in this study. An in-depth technical overview of the optical system, mechanical system, illumination, visualization, and integration with advanced imaging modalities is provided. Various medical applications of surgical microscopes in neurosurgery and spine surgery, ophthalmic surgery, ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgery, endodontics, and plastic and reconstructive surgery are described. RESULTS Surgical microscopy has been significantly advanced in the technical aspects of high-end optics, bright and shadow-free illumination, stable and flexible mechanical design, and versatile visualization. New imaging modalities, such as hyperspectral imaging, OCT, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic microscopy, and laser speckle contrast imaging, are being integrated with surgical microscopes. Advanced visualization and AR are being added to surgical microscopes as new features that are changing clinical practices in the operating room. CONCLUSIONS The combination of new imaging technologies and surgical microscopy will enable surgeons to perform challenging procedures and improve surgical outcomes. With advanced visualization and improved ergonomics, the surgical microscope has become a powerful tool in neurosurgery, spinal, ENT, ophthalmic, plastic and reconstructive surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Bioengineering, Richardson, Texas, United States
| | - Baowei Fei
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Bioengineering, Richardson, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Galmonte A, Murgia M, Sors F, Prpic V, Agostini T. Further Empirical Evidence on Patrick Hughes' Reverspectives: A Pilot Study. Vision (Basel) 2020; 5:vision5010002. [PMID: 33375245 PMCID: PMC7838893 DOI: 10.3390/vision5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverspectives are paintings created by the English artist Patrick Hughes. They are 3D structures, for example, pyramids or prisms, which elicit an illusory depth perception that corresponds to the reverse of the physical depth layout. Rogers and Gyani state that “the perspective information provided by a simple grid of vertical and horizontal lines on a slanting surface can be just as powerful as the information provided by a rich, naturalistic scene”. The present experiment was aimed to further investigate this perspective reversal. Three independent variables were manipulated: (1) texture components (i.e., vertical, horizontal, and oblique lines components), (2) texture spatial arrangement (i.e., Hughes-type “perspective” grid vs. equidistant “no perspective” grid), and (3) illumination direction (i.e., homogeneous illumination, light from above, and light from below). The dependent variable was the “critical distance”, namely, the distance between an approaching observer and the stimulus at which the illusory depth perception of concavity/convexity switched to the actual perception of convexity/concavity. The results showed that a stronger illusion is elicited by: (a) a Hughes-type texture spatial arrangement; (b) a complete grid texture composition, having both vertical and horizontal, and oblique components; and (c) illumination from below, as opposed to the condition in which light is coming from above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Galmonte
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Fabrizio Sors
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Valter Prpic
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Psychological Science, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.M.); (T.A.)
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Kameyama K, Ohbayashi T, Uehara K, Koga A, Hata Y. The Influence of Illumination Color on the Subjective Visual Recognition of Biological Specimens. Yonago Acta Med 2020; 63:266-271. [PMID: 33253346 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Visual examination by the naked eye is integral to medical diagnosis and surgery. The illumination in conditioned color is widely used for visual inspection in the industry but has not been introduced to the biomedical context. The color that can enhance the visual recognition of individual tissues is still unknown. Therefore, we carried out a visual recognition experiment on biological specimens to determine the subjective preference for illumination color based on questionnaires. Methods Twenty healthy subjects were asked to compare the visual recognizability of several rat tissues between the illuminations in test colors and white. The rats were anesthetized, and the femoral vein and abdominal cavity were exposed. Seven tissues were selected for a visual recognition test. Illumination was generated using a multi-color LED light. The subjects observed the tissues under the illuminations of white and one of the test colors alternately and reported which illumination is suitable for visual recognition using a questionnaire. Results The analysis of the questionnaires showed that the blue test color was more effective than white illumination in the visual recognition of fine structures such as the branching of blood vessels and nerves, and red illumination disturbed the visual recognizability of the same tissues. On the other hand, the red but not the blue illumination improved the visual recognizability of the vein beneath the intact skin. As to the recognition of individual tissues in the abdominal cavity, the white illumination gave a better visual recognizability compared to every other test color. Conclusion This study shows that the illumination color influences the visual recognition of biological specimens and the adequate color for the visual recognition of specific tissue parts is distinct among biological specimens. Using the lighting system to make fine adjustments to the illumination color may be useful in medical diagnosis and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuro Kameyama
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohbayashi
- Animal Research Facility, Advanced Medicine & Translational Research Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazutake Uehara
- Advanced Medicine, Innovation and Clinical Research Center, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Atsuro Koga
- Research Strategy Division, Advanced Medicine & Translational Research Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hata
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Perraud JB, Chopard A, Guillet JP, Gellie P, Vuillot A, Mounaix P. A Versatile Illumination System for Real-Time Terahertz Imaging. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3993. [PMID: 32709138 PMCID: PMC7412008 DOI: 10.3390/s20143993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz technologies are attracting strong interest from high-end industrial fields, and particularly for non-destructive-testing purposes. Currently lacking compactness, integrability as well as adaptability for those implementations, the development and commercialisation of more efficient sources and detectors progressively ensure the transition toward applicative implementations, especially for real-time full-field imaging. In this work, a flexible illumination system, based on fast beam steering has been developed and characterized. Its primary goal is to suppress interferences induced by the coherence length of certain terahertz sources, spoiling terahertz images. The second goal is to ensure an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio on the detector side by the full use and optimized distribution of the available power. This system provides a homogeneous and adjustable illumination through a simplified setup to guarantee optimum real-time imaging capabilities, tailored to the sample under inspection. Working toward industrial implementations, different illumination process are conveniently assessed as a result of the versatility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Perraud
- IMS—Bordeaux University, UMR CNRS 5218, Bât A31, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France; (J.-B.P.); (A.C.); (J.-P.G.)
| | - Adrien Chopard
- IMS—Bordeaux University, UMR CNRS 5218, Bât A31, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France; (J.-B.P.); (A.C.); (J.-P.G.)
- Lytid—8 rue la Fontaine, 92120 Montrouge, France; (P.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Jean-Paul Guillet
- IMS—Bordeaux University, UMR CNRS 5218, Bât A31, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France; (J.-B.P.); (A.C.); (J.-P.G.)
| | - Pierre Gellie
- Lytid—8 rue la Fontaine, 92120 Montrouge, France; (P.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Antoine Vuillot
- Lytid—8 rue la Fontaine, 92120 Montrouge, France; (P.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Patrick Mounaix
- IMS—Bordeaux University, UMR CNRS 5218, Bât A31, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France; (J.-B.P.); (A.C.); (J.-P.G.)
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Abstract
Promethium (Pm), element #61, got its name from the Greek Titan Prometheus, who stole fire from Zeus and passed it to people. The only element in the lanthanide series of the periodic table with no stable isotopes, Pm has found an impressive number of applications since its announcement in 1947 after World War II. Despite promethium having 38 known isotopes, 147Pm is by far the most utilized and useful one. Promethium is used in long-life atomic batteries for satellites or space probes, satellite-to-submarine laser communication systems, “cosmic clocks” for the measurement of cosmic rays lifetime, monitoring of the changes in water content of citrus leaves caused by wetting and drying cycles in the soil, radiotherapy, and even for prevention of dandruff, to name but a few applications. During the Moon expeditions, Pm was used to illuminate instruments in the Apollo landing modules; currently it is used during preparations for long-term interplanetary missions (e.g., Mars) to simulate space conditions on Earth. This mini review offers a comprehensive illustration of promethium's history, synthesis techniques, properties, and its major applications in science, technology, and everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Elkina
- School #197, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Chemistry Education Research and Practice Laboratory, SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kurushkin
- Chemistry Education Research and Practice Laboratory, SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Nariai Y, Horiguchi M, Mizuguchi T, Sakurai R, Tanikawa A. Comparison of microscopic illumination between a three-dimensional heads-up system and eyepiece in cataract surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:1817-1821. [PMID: 32506951 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120929962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to reduce illumination levels is generally accepted as one of the main benefits of a three-dimensional heads-up system (3D system: Ngenuity®; Alcon, CA, USA). Some studies have focused on illumination reduction in vitreoretinal procedures; however, information regarding illumination reduction in cataract surgery has not been published. PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the illumination of the operational field with a 3D system and a standard microscope eyepiece during cataract surgery. SUBJECT AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 91 eyes of 84 consecutive patients who were undergoing cataract surgery at our hospital. We used the 3D system and the eyepiece on alternative days. We determined the minimum light intensity required for safe surgery using the foot switch of the microscope (OMS800; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Illuminance on the ocular surface and the minimum illuminance required for the operation were calculated from the minimum light intensity. RESULTS The 3D system was used in 45 eyes (3D group), and the eyepiece was used in 46 eyes (eyepiece group). The values of minimum illuminance in the 3D group were significantly lower than those in the eyepiece group (3D: 5500 ± 2000 lux, eyepiece: 11,900 ± 1800 lux; p < 0.001*). In addition, the illuminance of the operational field was reduced by 60.4% on average using the 3D system. CONCLUSION With real-time digital processing and automated brightness control, the 3D system reduced ocular surface illumination by 50% or more. Hence, the 3D system may contribute to reducing the risk of retinal phototoxicity and patient photophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Nariai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakurai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tanikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Wang W, Vosters L, den Brinker AC. Continuous-Spectrum Infrared Illuminator for Camera-PPG in Darkness. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3044. [PMID: 32471224 DOI: 10.3390/s20113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many camera-based remote photoplethysmography (PPG) applications require sensing in near infrared (NIR). The performance of PPG systems benefits from multi-wavelength processing. The illumination source in such system is explored in this paper. We demonstrate that multiple narrow-band LEDs have inferior color homogeneity compared to broadband light sources. Therefore, we consider the broadband option based on phosphor material excited by LEDs. A first prototype was realized and its details are discussed. It was tested within a remote-PPG monitoring scenario in darkness and the full system demonstrates robust pulse-rate measurement. Given its accuracy in pulse rate extraction, the proposed illumination principle is considered a valuable asset for large-scale NIR-PPG applications as it enables multi-wavelength processing, lightweight set-ups with relatively low-power infrared light sources.
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Abstract
The present research was designed to examine how patterns of illumination influence the perceptual categorization of metal, shiny black, and shiny white materials. The stimuli depicted three possible objects that were illuminated by five possible high-dynamic-range imaging light maps, which varied in their overall distributions of illuminant directions and intensities. The surfaces included a low roughness chrome material, a shiny black material, and a shiny white material with both diffuse and specular components. Observers rated each stimulus by adjusting four sliders to indicate their confidence that the depicted material was metal, shiny black, shiny white, or something else, and these adjustments were constrained so that the sum of all four settings was always 100%. The results revealed that the metal and shiny black categories are easily confused. For example, metal materials with low intensity light maps or a narrow range of illuminant directions are often judged as shiny black, whereas shiny black materials with high intensity light maps or a wide range of illuminant directions are often judged as metal. To discover the visual information on which these judgements are based, we measured several possible image statistics, and we found two that were highly correlated with the observers' confidence ratings in appropriate contexts. We also performed a spherical harmonic analysis on the different light maps to quantitatively predict how they would bias observers' judgments of metal and shiny black surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Farley Norman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - James T. Todd
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Flip Phillips
- Department of Motion Picture Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sedelnikova OV, Gurova OA, Makarova AA, Fedorenko AD, Nikolenko AD, Plyusnin PE, Arenal R, Bulusheva LG, Okotrub AV. Light-Induced Sulfur Transport inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10050818. [PMID: 32344811 PMCID: PMC7281721 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Filling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and extraction of the encapsulated species from their cavities are perspective treatments for tuning the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials. Here, we have investigated sulfur-modified SWCNTs synthesized by the ampoule method. The morphology and chemical states of carbon and sulfur were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. Successful encapsulation of sulfur inside SWCNTs cavities was demonstrated. The peculiarities of interactions of SWCNTs with encapsulated and external sulfur species were analyzed in details. In particular, the donor-acceptor interaction between encapsulated sulfur and host SWCNT is experimentally demonstrated. The sulfur-filled SWCNTs were continuously irradiated in situ with polychromatic photon beam of high intensity. Comparison of X-ray spectra of the samples before and after the treatment revealed sulfur transport from the interior to the surface of SWCNTs bundles, in particular extraction of sulfur from the SWCNT cavity. These results show that the moderate heating of filled nanotubes could be used to de-encapsulate the guest species tuning the local composition, and hence, the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Sedelnikova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.S.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Olga A. Gurova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | - Anna A. Makarova
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anastasiya D. Fedorenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | | | - Pavel E. Plyusnin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Research & Development Agency of Aragon ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragon, CSIC-U. de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lyubov G. Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.S.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Alexander V. Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Volovlikova O, Gavrilov S, Lazarenko P. Influence of Illumination on Porous Silicon Formed by Photo-Assisted Etching of p-Type Si with a Different Doping Level. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11020199. [PMID: 32075147 PMCID: PMC7074670 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The influence of illumination intensity and p-type silicon doping level on the dissolution rate of Si and total current by photo-assisted etching was studied. The impact of etching duration, illumination intensity, and wafer doping level on the etching process was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis–NIR). The silicon dissolution rate was found to be directly proportional to the illumination intensity and inversely proportional to the wafer resistivity. High light intensity during etching treatment led to increased total current on the Si surface. It was shown that porous silicon of different thicknesses, pore diameters, and porosities can be effectively fabricated by photo-assisted etching on a Si surface without external bias or metals.
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Ibarra-Arenado MJ, Tjahjadi T, Pérez-Oria J. Shadow Detection in Still Road Images Using Chrominance Properties of Shadows and Spectral Power Distribution of the Illumination. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20041012. [PMID: 32069938 PMCID: PMC7070959 DOI: 10.3390/s20041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A well-known challenge in vision-based driver assistance systems is cast shadows on the road, which makes fundamental tasks such as road and lane detections difficult. In as much as shadow detection relies on shadow features, in this paper, we propose a set of new chrominance properties of shadows based on the skylight and sunlight contributions to the road surface chromaticity. Six constraints on shadow and non-shadowed regions are derived from these properties. The chrominance properties and the associated constraints are used as shadow features in an effective shadow detection method intended to be integrated on an onboard road detection system where the identification of cast shadows on the road is a determinant stage. Onboard systems deal with still outdoor images; thus, the approach focuses on distinguishing shadow boundaries from material changes by considering two illumination sources: sky and sun. A non-shadowed road region is illuminated by both skylight and sunlight, whereas a shadowed one is illuminated by skylight only; thus, their chromaticity varies. The shadow edge detection strategy consists of the identification of image edges separating shadowed and non-shadowed road regions. The classification is achieved by verifying whether the pixel chrominance values of regions on both sides of the image edges satisfy the six constraints. Experiments on real traffic scenes demonstrated the effectiveness of our shadow detection system in detecting shadow edges on the road and material-change edges, outperforming previous shadow detection methods based on physical features, and showing the high potential of the new chrominance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel José Ibarra-Arenado
- Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-942-201-360; Fax: +34-942-201-385
| | - Tardi Tjahjadi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Juan Pérez-Oria
- Department of Electronic Technology and Automatic Systems, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain;
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Kanari K, Kaneko H. Effect of Spatial Structure Defined by Binocular Disparity with Uniform Luminance on Lightness. Perception 2019; 49:3-20. [PMID: 31821778 DOI: 10.1177/0301006619892754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether lightness is determined based on the experience of the relationship between a scene’s illumination and its spatial structure in actual environments. For this purpose, we measured some characteristics of scene structure and the illuminance in actual scenes and found some correlations between them. In the psychophysical experiments, a random-dot stereogram consisting of dots with uniform distribution was used to eliminate the effects of local luminance and texture contrasts. Participants matched the lightness of a presented target patch in the stimulus space to that of a comparison patch by adjusting the latter’s luminance. Results showed that the matched luminance tended to increase when the target patch was interpreted as receiving weak illumination in some conditions. These results suggest that the visual system can probably infer a scene’s illumination from a spatial structure without luminance distribution information under an illumination–spatial structure relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kanari
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kaneko
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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