Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications: A Review

Green synthesized ZnO and ZnO-based composites for wound healing applications

In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained much attention in biomedical applications because of their distinctive physicochemical features such as low toxicity and biocompatible properties. Traditional methods to produce ZnO NPs sometimes include harmful substances and considerable energy consumption, causing environmental issues and potential health risks. Nowadays, the concern of ZnO production has moved toward environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis methods, using natural extracts or plant-based precursors. This review discusses the green synthesis of ZnO NPs utilizing various plant extracts for wound healing applications. Moreover, ZnO NPs have antibacterial characteristics, which can prevent infection, a substantial obstacle in wound healing. Their ability to maintain inflammation, proliferation, oxidative stress, and promote angiogenesis proves their critical role in wound closure. In addition, ZnO NPs can also be easily and ideally incorporated with wound dressings and scaffolds such as hydrogel, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and other materials, due to their exceptional mechanical properties. The latest publication of green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their applications for wound healing has been discussed. Therefore, this review provides a current update of knowledge on the sustainable and biocompatible ZnO NPs for specific applications, i.e., wound healing applications. In addition, the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using plant extracts also provides a particular approach in terms of material preparation, which is different from previous review articles.

Green synthesis of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles with Thespesia populnea extract and investigation of their antioxidant potential against mouse mastitis model

Introduction

Bovine mastitis in dairy cattle is often complicated by antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Metal-based nanoparticles, especially plant-mediated nanoparticles have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for treating S. aureus-associated mastitis through the intramammary route. In this study, we synthesized, characterized, and assessed the antioxidant activity of Thespesia populnea nano silver particles (TPNS) and Thespesia populnea nano zinc oxide particles (TPNZ) derived from Thespesia populnea leaf extract (TPE). Silver nitrate and zinc acetate were reduced using TPE to synthesize TPNS and TPNZ, which were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Zeta Potential analysis. The antioxidant activity of green-synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in mastitis-induced mice.

Methods

Forty-eight female Swiss albino mice, 10-15 days of lactation, were divided into six groups (number of mice in each group-8). Group I served as the control, while mastitis was induced in groups II, III, IV, V and VI. Group III received T. populnea methanolic leaf extract (TPE); groups IV and V were treated with TPNS and TPNZ respectively; and group VI received Ceftriaxone.

Results

UV-Visible Spectroscopy confirmed the successful reduction of the metal ions to nanoparticles. SEM and DLS analysis revealed agglomerated morphologies with minimal variations in particle size. TPNS had a higher zeta potential than TPNZ, indicating a greater stability in the suspension. Mastitis-induced group showed significantly increased thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) levels (p < 0.01) and significantly decreased Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione- S- transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities (p < 0.01) compared to group I. Improvements were observed in groups IV, VI, V, and III.

Conclusion

The TPNS-treated group (IV) showed the highest restoration of antioxidant activity, followed by the ceftriaxone (VI), TPNZ (V), and TPE-treated groups (III). These findings suggest that phytogenic nanoparticles exhibit higher antioxidant activity than TPE extract alone.

Synthesis of an antimicrobial chitosan film impregnated with ZnO nanoparticles phytosynthesized with Ruta graveolens plant extract

In this study, biopolymer of chitosan-based films were synthesized, which were impregnated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) at concentrations of 0, 1, 5 and 10 % w:v to obtain a film with microbicide properties and non-toxic for humans. The ZnO NPs were phytosynthesized with ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens, by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Tauc equation were estimated their Band gap energy = 3.37 eV at wavelength of 302 nm. The films characterization by FTIR spectroscopy, swelling test, TGA and DSC indicated that the linking of ZnO NPs with the biopolymer was successfully developed. Finally, to evaluate the potential application of the biopolymer in biomedicine, the microbicidal activity against pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans was evaluated. The analyses revealed that the microorganisms are susceptible to the doses of ZnO NPs present in the biopolymer. Resulting the biopolymers with 5 % w:v of ZnO NPs being the most efficient for inhibition zones of 33, 31 and 27 mm that were obtained for each microorganism respectively.

Systematic Simulations of Structural Stability, Phonon Dispersions, and Thermal Expansion in Zinc-Blende ZnO

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently gained considerable attention due to its exceptional properties, including higher electron mobility, good thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage, and a relatively large exciton-binding energy. These characteristics helped engineers to develop low dimensional heterostructures (LDHs)-based advanced flexible/transparent nanoelectronics, which were then integrated into thermal management systems. Coefficients of thermal expansion αT, phonon dispersions ωj(q→), and Grüneisen parameters γjq→ can play important roles in evaluating the suitability of materials in such devices. By adopting a realistic rigid-ion model in the quasi-harmonic approximation, this work aims to report the results of a methodical study to comprehend the structural, lattice dynamical, and thermodynamic behavior of zinc-blende (zb) ZnO. Systematic calculations of ωj(q→), γjq→, and αT have indicated negative thermal expansion (NTE) at low T. Soft transverse acoustic shear mode gammas γTA at critical points offered major contributions to NTE. Our results of ωj(q→) at ambient pressure compare reasonably well with Raman scattering spectroscopy measurements and first-principles calculations. By adjusting the layers of materials with positive and negative thermal expansion, it is possible to create LDHs with near-zero αT. Such a nanostructure might experience a minimal dimensional change with T fluctuations, making it ideal for devices where precise dimensional stability is crucial.

Synergistic effects of Uncaria gambir and zinc oxide in polyvinyl alcohol films for enhanced UV and blue light shielding, antimicrobial properties, and hydrophobicity: improving application performance in sustainable packaging and protective eyewear

This study investigates the development and characterization of a novel composite material consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) integrated with Uncaria gambir (UG) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as fillers. The synergistic effects of UG and ZnO were investigated, focusing on their ability to enhance the film's properties. UV-vis spectrophotometry demonstrated that the composite film effectively blocked all UV (UV-A and UV-B) and blue light wavelengths. The mechanical properties were significantly enhanced, with tensile strength improving by 56% and elasticity by 38% compared to pure PVA. Additionally, water contact angle measurements showed an increase from 34.4° for pure PVA to 84.4° for the PVA/UG/ZnO composites, indicating a substantial improvement in hydrophobicity, which suggests the potential for extended application in environments where moisture resistance is crucial. These findings illustrate the potential of utilizing natural extracts and metal oxides in polymer composites for applications that require durable and effective protection against photodegradation and environmental factors. This study establishes a foundation for further exploration into biocompatible and environmentally sustainable materials with enhanced protective properties.

Cytotoxic Effects of ZnO and Ag Nanoparticles Synthesized in Microalgae Extracts on PC12 Cells

The green synthesis of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), as well as Ag/Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs), using polar and apolar extracts of Chlorella vulgaris, offers a sustainable method for producing nanomaterials with tunable properties. The impact of the synthesis environment and the nanomaterials' characteristics on cytotoxicity was evaluated by examining reactive species production and their effects on mitochondrial bioenergetic functions. Cytotoxicity assays on PC12 cells, a cell line originated from a rat pheochromocytoma, an adrenal medulla tumor, demonstrated that Ag/Ag2O NPs synthesized with apolar (Ag/Ag2O NPs A) and polar (Ag/Ag2O NPs P) extracts exhibited significant cytotoxic effects, primarily driven by Ag+ ion release and the disruption of mitochondrial function. However, it is more likely the organic content, rather than size, influenced anticancer activity, as commercial Ag NPs, despite smaller crystallite sizes, exhibit less effective activity. ZnO NPs P showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, correlated with higher cytotoxicity, while ZnO NPs A produced lower ROS levels, resulting in diminished cytotoxic effects. A comparative analysis revealed significant differences in LD50 values and toxicity profiles. Differentiated PC12 cells showed higher resistance to ZnO, while AgNPs and Ag/Ag2O-based materials had similar effects on both cell types. This study emphasizes the crucial role of the synthesis environment and bioactive compounds from C. vulgaris in modulating nanoparticle surface chemistry, ROS generation, and cytotoxicity. The results provide valuable insights for designing safer and more effective nanomaterials for biomedical applications, especially for targeting tumor-like cells, by exploring the relationships between nanoparticle size, polarity, capping agents, and nanocomposite structures.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications - A Review

Over the last decade, biomedical nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable biological properties and diverse applications in biomedicine. Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly notable for their wide range of medicinal uses, including antibacterial, anticancer, biosensing, cell imaging, and drug/gene delivery. Among these, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs stand out for their versatility and effectiveness. Recently, ZnO NPs have become a primary material in various sectors, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, antimicrobials, construction, textile, and automotive industries. ZnO NPs can generate reactive oxygen species and induce cellular apoptosis, thus underpinning their potent anticancer and antibacterial properties. To meet the growing demand, numerous synthetic approaches have been developed to produce ZnO NPs. However, traditional manufacturing processes often involve significant economic and environmental costs, prompting a search for more sustainable alternatives. Intriguingly, biological synthesis methods utilizing plants, plant extracts, or microorganisms have emerged as ideal for producing ZnO NPs. These green production techniques offer numerous medicinal, economic, environmental, and health benefits. This review highlights the latest advancements in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their biomedical applications, showcasing their potential to revolutionize the field with eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.

Biliary stents for active materials and surface modification: Recent advances and future perspectives

Demand for biliary stents has expanded with the increasing incidence of biliary disease. The implantation of plastic or self-expandable metal stents can be an effective treatment for biliary strictures. However, these stents are nondegradable and prone to restenosis. Surgical removal or replacement of the nondegradable stents is necessary in cases of disease resolution or restenosis. To overcome these shortcomings, improvements were made to the materials and surfaces used for the stents. First, this paper reviews the advantages and limitations of nondegradable stents. Second, emphasis is placed on biodegradable polymer and biodegradable metal stents, along with functional coatings. This also encompasses tissue engineering & 3D-printed stents were highlighted. Finally, the future perspectives of biliary stents, including pro-epithelialization coatings, multifunctional coated stents, biodegradable shape memory stents, and 4D bioprinting, were discussed.

In silico molecular docking and ADMET prediction of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: characterization, and in vitro antimicrobial and photocatalytic activity

Biogenic synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is a rapidly growing research area in the field of nanotechnology owing to their immense potential in multifaceted biomedical and environmental applications. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were biosynthesized from the Citrullus lanatus rind extract to elucidate their potential antimicrobial and dye degradation activity. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the NPs were examined using various analytical techniques. UV-vis spectra showed a λ max at 370 nm and the optical band gap was determined to be 3.2 eV for the ZnO nanocomposite. The FTIR spectrum denoted the functional groups responsible for the reduction of zinc acetate precursor to ZnO NPs. XRD demonstrated that the mean crystalline size of the nanocomposites was 20.36 nm while DLS, ζ-potential, FE-SEM, and EDX analysis of synthesized NPs confirmed their hydrodynamic size distribution, stability, morphological features, and elemental compositions, respectively. Biogenic ZnO NPs unveiled potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, showing 13 to 22 mm ZOI. This bactericidal activity of ZnO NPs was further elucidated using molecular docking analysis. The results showed a favorable lowest binding energy between ZnO NPs and microbial proteins (AusA for S. aureus, and CAT III for E. coli), which led to a possible mechanistic approach for ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the remarkable photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs was revealed by the degradation of 99.02% of methylene blue (MB) dye within 120 min. Therefore, the above findings suggest that green synthesized ZnO NPs can be exploited as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic substances and a unique promising candidate for therapeutic applications and environmental remediation.

miRNA-driven sensitization of breast cancer cells to Doxorubicin treatment following exposure to low dose of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles

The impact of Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) (i.e., Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)) on human health has been investigated at high and unrealistic exposure levels, overlooking the potential indirect harm of subtoxic and long exposures. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of subtoxic concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) on breast cancer cells' response to Doxorubicin. Zinc oxide nanoparticles caused a concentration-dependent reduction of cell viability in multiple breast cancer cell lines. A subtoxic concentration of 1.56 µg/mL (i.e., no observed adverse effect level) was used in subsequent mechanistic studies. Molecularly, miRNA profiling revealed significant downregulation of 13 oncogenic miRNAs (OncomiRs) in cells exposed to the sub-toxic dose of ZnO NPs followed by doxorubicin treatment. Our comprehensive bioinformatic analysis has identified 617 target genes enriched in ten pathways, mainly regulating gene expression and transcription, cell cycle, and apoptotic cell death. Several tumor suppressor genes emerged as validated direct targets of the 13 OncomiRs, including TFDP2, YWHAG, SMAD2, SMAD4, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, BCL2L11, and TGIF2. This study insinuates the importance of miRNAs in regulating the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Our findings further indicate that being exposed to environmental ENMs, even at levels below toxicity, might still modulate cancer cells' response to chemotherapy, which highlights the need to reestablish endpoints of ENM exposure and toxicity in cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutics.

Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review

The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle's synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions.

Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.

10-Hydroxy Decanoic Acid and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Retrieve Nrf2/HO-1 and Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 Signaling in Lead-Induced Testicular Toxicity

There has been a significant increase in human exposure to heavy metals (HMs) over the course of the previous century, primarily due to the extensive industrial processes. Male infertility is a prominent complication associated with lead exposure, wherein lead has the potential to accumulate within the testes, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDA) is a component found in the secretions of worker bees and possesses the capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and prevent inflammation. Due to their advantageous properties, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) possess a wide range of applications in the field of biomedicine. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs on testicular toxicity in rats induced by lead acetate (PbAc). PbAc was administered orally for a period of 3 months. Following that, 10-HDA and/or ZnO-NPs were administrated for 1 month. PbAc deformed seminal analysis, decreased seminal fructose and sex hormonal levels, and resulted in the development of histopathological complications. Additionally, PbAc increased MDA and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, confirmed by the declined antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, an increase in testicular inflammatory markers and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed subsequent to the administration of PbAc. The administration of 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs demonstrated significant efficacy in the restoration of semen quality, pituitary/gonadal hormones, antioxidants, and  testicular histoarchitecture. Moreover, 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs decreased testicular inflammatory markers and apoptotic proteins (caspase-3 and Bax expression levels). In conclusion, combining 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs demonstrated synergistic potential in treating PbAc-induced testicular toxicity, thereby presenting a promising approach in nanomedicine and natural drugs.

Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Cellular and behavioural effects

Due to their extensive use, the release of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) into the environment is increasing and may lead to unintended risk to both human health and ecosystems. Access of ZnO NP to the brain has been demonstrated, so their potential toxicity on the nervous system is a matter of particular concern. Although evaluation of ZnO NP toxicity has been reported in several previous studies, the specific effects on the nervous system are not completely understood and, particularly, effects on genetic material and on organism behaviour are poorly addressed. We evaluated the potential toxic effects of ZnO NP in vitro and in vivo, and the role of zinc ions (Zn2+) in these effects. In vitro, the ability of ZnO NP to be internalized by A172 glial cells was verified, and the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ZnO NP or the released Zn2+ ions were addressed by means of vital dye exclusion and comet assay, respectively. In vivo, behavioural alterations were evaluated in zebrafish embryos using a total locomotion assay. ZnO NP induced decreases in viability of A172 cells after 24 h of exposure and genetic damage after 3 and 24 h. The involvement of the Zn2+ ions released from the NP in genotoxicity was confirmed. ZnO NP exposure also resulted in decreased locomotor activity of zebrafish embryos, with a clear role of released Zn2+ ions in this effect. These findings support the toxic potential of ZnO NP showing, for the first time, genetic effects on glial cells and proving the intervention of Zn2+ ions.

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization

Nanotechnology has gained popularity in recent years due to its wide-ranging applications within the scientific community. The three main methods for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical, chemical, and biological. However, the adverse effects associated with physical and chemical methods have led to a growing interest in biological methods. Interestingly, green synthesis using plants has gained prominence in developing new treatments for bacterial infections. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) produced using environmentally friendly methods are more biocompatible and have potential applications as antibacterial agents in the biomedical field. As a result, this review discusses the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, factors influencing optimal synthesis, characterization techniques, and the antibacterial activity of some plant-mediated ZnO NPs. It also provides a comprehensive and analytical exploration of ZnO NP biosynthesis, the role of phytochemical compounds as reducing and stabilizing agents, the mechanism of action of their antibacterial properties and further highlights the challenges and prospects in this innovative research area.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rhus coriaria extract and their anticancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells

The growing interest in using plant extracts for the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) stems from their facile, eco-friendly, and biologically safe approach instead of chemical routes. For the first time, ZnO NPs were successfully biosynthesized using Rhus coriaria fruit aqueous extract as a reducing and capping agent. Characterization revealed that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs possessed a maximum absorbance of approximately 359 nm and closely resembled the hexagonal ZnO wurtzite crystalline structure, with an average crystalline size of 16.69 nm. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the presence of spherical and hexagonal morphologies, with an average grain size of 20.51 ± 3.90 nm. Moreover, the elemental composition of the synthesized ZnO NPs was assessed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and the presence of phytocompounds on their surface was subsequently verified through FT-IR analysis. The ζ-potential of ZnO NPs was recorded at - 19.9 ± 0.1663 mV. Regarding anti-cancer properties, ZnO NPs were found to possess potent anti-tumor effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Their efficacy was dose-dependent, with IC50 values ranging from 35.04-44.86 μg/mL for MCF-7 and 55.54-63.71 µg/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanistic studies in MDA-MB-231 cells revealed apoptosis induction, validated by DAPI staining, confocal microscopy, and Annexin V/PI staining, showing apoptosis by 12.59% and 81.57% at ½ IC50 and IC50 values, respectively. Additionally, ZnO NPs were observed to provoke S-phase arrest and inhibit colony-forming and metastatic potential by modulating apoptosis and metastasis-related genes. This study unravels new insights into how ZnO NPs provoke cancer cell death and inhibit metastasis, revealing new prospects in cancer nanotechnology.

Epigallocatechin gallate alleviated the in vivo toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to mouse intestine

To evaluate the oral toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs), it is necessary to consider the interactions between NPs and nutrient molecules. Recently, we reported that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a healthy component in green tea, alleviated the toxicity of ZnO NPs to 3D Caco-2 spheroids in vitro. The present study investigated the combined effects of EGCG and ZnO NPs to mice in vivo. Mice were administrated with 35 or 105 mg/kg bodyweight ZnO NPs with or without the presence of 80 mg/kg bodyweight EGCG via gastric route, once a day, for 21 days, and the influences of EGCG on the toxicity of ZnO NPs to intestine were investigated. We found that EGCG altered the colloidal properties of ZnO NPs both in water and artificial intestine juice. As expected, ZnO NPs induced toxicological effects, such as decreased bodyweight, higher Chiu's scores, and ultrastructural changes in intestine, whereas EGCG alleviated these effects. Combined exposure to EGCG and ZnO NPs also changed trace element levels in mouse intestine. For example, the levels of Ti, Co, and Ni were only significantly elevated after co-exposure to EGCG and ZnO NPs, and Fe levels were only significantly decreased by ZnO NPs. Western blot analysis suggested that tight junction (TJ) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins were elevated by ZnO NPs, but EGCG inhibited this trend. Combined, these data suggested that gastric exposure to ZnO NPs induced intestinal damage, trace element imbalance, and TJ/ER protein expression in mouse intestine, whereas EGCG alleviated these effects of ZnO NPs.

Lipidomics Analysis Unravels Aberrant Lipid Species and Pathways Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Kidney Cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in versatile applications, from high technology to household products. While numerous studies have examined the toxic gene profile of ZnO NPs across various tissues, the specific lipid species associated with adverse effects and potential biomarkers remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based lipidomics analysis to uncover potential lipid biomarkers in human kidney cells following treatment with ZnO NPs. Furthermore, we employed lipid pathway enrichment analysis (LIPEA) to elucidate altered lipid-related signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that ZnO NPs induce cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells and modulate lipid species; we identified 64 lipids with a fold change (FC) > 2 and p < 0.01 with corrected p < 0.05 in HK2 cells post-treatment with ZnO NPs. Notably, the altered lipids between control HK2 cells and those treated with ZnO NPs were associated with the sphingolipid, autophagy, and glycerophospholipid pathways. This study unveils novel potential lipid biomarkers of ZnO NP nanotoxicity, representing the first lipidomic profiling of ZnO NPs in human renal epithelial cells.

ZnO based 0-3D diverse nano-architectures, films and coatings for biomedical applications

Thin-film nano-architecting is a promising approach that controls the properties of nanoscale surfaces to increase their interdisciplinary applications in a variety of fields. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based various nano-architectures (0-3D) such as quantum dots, nanorods/nanotubes, nanothin films, tetrapods, nanoflowers, hollow structures, etc. have been extensively researched by the scientific community in the past decade. Owing to its unique surface charge transport properties, optoelectronic properties and reported biomedical applications, ZnO has been considered as one of the most important futuristic bio-nanomaterials. This review is focused on the design/synthesis and engineering of 0-3D nano-architecture ZnO-based thin films and coatings with tunable characteristics for multifunctional biomedical applications. Although ZnO has been extensively researched, ZnO thin films composed of 0-3D nanoarchitectures with promising thin film device bio-nanotechnology applications have rarely been reviewed. The current review focuses on important details about the technologies used to make ZnO-based thin films, as well as the customization of properties related to bioactivities, characterization, and device fabrication for modern biomedical uses that are relevant. It features biosensing, tissue engineering/wound healing, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activity, as well as biomedical diagnosis and therapy with an emphasis on a better understanding of the mechanisms of action. Eventually, key issues, experimental parameters and factors, open challenges, etc. in thin film device fabrications and applications, and future prospects will be discussed, followed by a summary and conclusion.

Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ocimum Tenuiflorum and Ocimum Gratissimum Herbal Formulation Against Oral Pathogens

Background This study deals with the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) synthesized through green methods employing extracts from Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum and assessed for their antimicrobial properties against a range of oral pathogens. Methods Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized using extracts from Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum through a green synthesis approach. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar-well diffusion assay to evaluate the consistency of inhibition zones against oral pathogens. Variations in sensitivity were assessed through the time-kill curve assay, quantifying the response of oral pathogens to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) exposure over time. Results The agar-well diffusion assay revealed uniform 9-mm zones of inhibition against all oral pathogens, signifying consistent antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). In the time-kill curve assay, Candida albicans exhibited the highest sensitivity, followed by Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus species displayed lower sensitivity, suggesting potential selectivity. Discussion The observed variation in sensitivity implies the potential selectivity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against specific oral pathogens, which may have significant implications for oral health applications. These findings underscore the versatility of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as promising antimicrobial agents, particularly for oral health applications. Conclusion This study provides promising results for the antimicrobial potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) synthesized using Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum. The consistent antimicrobial activity and variations in sensitivity among oral pathogens highlight their promising utility in oral health care.

Comparative Anti-inflammatory Activity of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum Herbal Formulations

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) that were synthesized utilizing African tulsi and black tulsi herbal formulations. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the utilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation and egg albumin denaturation tests. In addition, a membrane stabilization experiment was performed to evaluate their efficacy as anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods This study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India. AgNPs and ZnONPs were synthesized using Ocimum tenuiflorum (African tulsi) and Ocimum gratissimum (black tulsi) extracts. The BSA denaturation assay involved mixing serum albumin with different nanoparticle concentrations (10-50 µg/mL) and measuring absorbance at 660 nm. The egg albumin denaturation assay followed a similar procedure. The membrane stabilization assay utilized red blood cells and spectrophotometric measurements at 540 nm. Results In the BSA denaturation assay, AgNPs and ZnONPs showed concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation. While these nanoparticles exhibited anti-inflammatory potential, diclofenac sodium consistently displayed slightly stronger inhibition. In the egg albumin denaturation assay, AgNPs and ZnONPs inhibited protein denaturation at various concentrations. Their anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. In the membrane stabilization assay, both nanoparticle types demonstrated concentration-dependent membrane stabilization effects. Diclofenac sodium exhibited slightly stronger membrane stabilization. Conclusions AgNPs and ZnONPs synthesized using Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (African tulsi and black tulsi) possess anti-inflammatory potential, as demonstrated by their inhibition of protein denaturation and membrane stabilization. While these nanoparticles show promise as anti-inflammatory agents, further research is needed to explore their clinical applications and safety profiles.

Bioinspired fabrication of zinc hydroxide-based nanostructure from lignocellulosic biomass Litchi chinensis leaves and its efficacy evaluation on antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity

Zinc-based nanostructures are known for their numerous potential biomedical applications. In this context, the biosynthesis of nanostructures using plant extracts has become a more sustainable and promising alternative to effectively replace conventional chemical methods while avoiding their toxic impact. In this study, following a low-temperature calcination process, a green synthesis of Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure has been performed using an aqueous extract derived from the leaves of Litchi chinensis, which is employed as a lignocellulose waste biomass known to possess a variety of phytocompounds. The biogenic preparation of Zn-hydroxide based nanostructures is enabled by bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract, which act as reducing and capping agents. In order to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, the produced Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure has been subjected to several characterization techniques. Further, the multifunctional properties of the prepared Zn-hydroxide-based nanostructure have been evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. The prepared nanostructure showed antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and demonstrated its anti-biofilm activity as evaluated through the Congo red method. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the prepared nanostructure has been found to be dose-dependent, wherein 91.52 % scavenging activity could be recorded at 200 μg/ml, with an IC50 value of 45.22 μg/ml, indicating the prepared nanostructure has a high radical scavenging activity. Besides, the in vitro cytotoxicity investigation against HepG2 cell lines explored that the as-prepared nanostructure exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect and 73.21 % cell inhibition could be noticed at 25.6 μg/ml with an IC50 of 2.58 μg/ml. On the contrary, it was found to be significantly lower in the case of HEK-293 cell lines, wherein ~47.64 % inhibition could be noticed at the same concentration. These findings might be further extended to develop unique biologically derived nanostructures that can be extensively evaluated for various biomedical purposes.

Nano cerium oxide and cerium/zinc nanocomposites characterization and therapeutic role in combating obesity via controlling oxidative stress and insulin resistance in rat model

BACKGROUND

CeO2NPs and ZnONPs can curb the increase of cholesterol and triglycerides observed in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was suggested that CeO2 NPs could potentially have an insulin-sensitizing effect, specifically on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It was reported that ZnONPs combat the increase of insulin resistance observed in obese rats and could be beneficial value in NAFLD. In our previous work, ZnO-NPs manifested valuable anti-obesity effects via lowering body weight gain, oxidative stress, BMI, lipids, and insulin resistance.

METHODS

In the present study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (A-1) and cerium/zinc nanocomposites (A-2 and A-3) were synthesized by solgel to investigate their role on oxidative stress, adipocyte hormones, and insulin resistance in an obese rat model. X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, SEM, and XPS were carried out to confirm the crystal structure, the particle size, the morphology of the nanoparticles and the oxidation states.

RESULTS

The Rietveld refinement has also been executed on A-1 (chi2 = 1.00; average Bragg = 2.92%; R-factor = 2.45%) and on A-2 (Rw = 9.87%, Rex= 9.68%, χ2 = 1.04, GoF = 1.02). The XPS spectra indicated the presence of Ce in + 4 and + 3 oxidation states and Zn as ZnO and ZnO.OH. Cerium oxide and ZnO crystal sizes lie in the range 40.53-45.01 and 40.53-45.01 nm, respectively. The results indicated that treating obese rats with any of the tested nano compounds (5 mg or 10 mg/Kg) lowered plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, insulin resistance, glucose, and BMI significantly relative to obese group values. On the other hand, HDL increased significantly in obese rats after treatment with either A-2 or A-3 compared to obese rats. The current investigation showed antioxidant activities for A-1, A-2, and A3 as evidenced by the significant increase in GSH level and a significant decrease in MDA.

CONCLUSION

It was found that A-1, A-2, and A-3 have an efficient therapeutic role in treating of obesity-related hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The results of A-2 and A-3 were more pronounced than those of A-1. The use of Zn/Ce nanocomposite (that have positive characteristics) in combating obesity and its complications could be become a new trend in therapeutic application for a management of obesity.

Biosynthesis of Artemisia abyssinica Leaf Extract-Mediated Bimetallic ZnO-CuO Nanoparticles: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Molecular Docking Studies

Currently, plant extract-mediated synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) have played a substantial role in biological applications. Hence, this study focused on the eco-benign one-pot synthesis of bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (ZC NPs) using the leaf extract of Artemisia abyssinica (LEAA) and evaluations of their anticancer, antioxidant, and molecular binding efficacy. The optical absorption peak at 380 nm from UV-visible (UV-vis) analysis revealed the formation of ZC NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the fabrication of mixed-phase crystals with hexagonal and monoclinic structures of ZC NPs with an average crystallite size of 14 nm. Moreover, the biosynthesis of ZC NPs with a spherical morphology and an average particle size of 13.09 nm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) spectroscopy confirmed the involvement of functional groups from LEAA during the synthesis of ZC NPs. ZC NPs have exhibited the ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) with an absorbance of 1.826 ± 0.00 at 200 μg/mL and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical scavenging activity of 95.71 ± 0.02% at 200 μg/mL with an IC50 value of 3.28 μg/mL. Moreover, ZC NPs had shown a promising in vitro anticancer activity of 89.20 ± 0.038 at 500 μg/mL with an IC50 value of 33.12 μg/mL against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Likewise, ZC NPs have shown strong binding affinity (-8.50 kcal/mol) against estrogen receptor α (ERα) in molecular docking simulations. These findings suggested that the biosynthesized ZC NPs could be used as promising antioxidant and anticancer drug candidates, particularly for breast cancer ailments. However, the in vivo cytotoxicity test will be recommended to ensure further use of ZC NPs.

Therapeutic Potential of Green-Engineered ZnO Nanoparticles on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster (Oregon R+): Unveiling Ameliorated Biochemical, Cellular, and Behavioral Parameters

Nanotechnology holds significant ameliorative potential against neurodegenerative diseases, as it can protect the therapeutic substance and allow for its sustained release. In this study, the reducing and capping agents of Urtica dioica (UD), Matricaria chamomilla (MC), and Murraya koenigii (MK) extracts were used to synthesize bio-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and against rotenone-induced toxicities in D. melanogaster for the first time. Their optical and structural properties were analyzed via FT-IR, DLS, XRD, EDS, SEM, UV-Vis, and zeta potential. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the fabricated ZnO-NPs were evaluated employing cell-free models (DPPH and ABTS) and the well diffusion method, respectively. Rotenone (500 µM) was administered to Drosophila third instar larvae and freshly emerged flies for 24-120 h, either alone or in combination with plant extracts (UD, MC, an MK) and their biogenic ZnO-NPs. A comparative study on the protective effects of synthesized NPs was undertaken against rotenone-induced neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and behavioral alterations using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, dye exclusion test, and locomotor parameters. The findings revealed that among the plant-derived ZnO-NPs, MK-ZnO NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, followed by UD-ZnO NPs and MC-ZnO NPs. In this regard, ethno-nano medicinal therapeutic uses mimic similar effects in D. melanogaster by suppressing oxidative stress by restoring biochemical parameters (AchE and proteotoxicity activity) and lower cellular toxicity. These findings suggest that green-engineered ZnO-NPs have the potential to significantly enhance outcomes, with the promise of effective therapies for neurodegeneration, and could be used as a great alternative for clinical development.

Synergistic Anticandidal Effectiveness of Greenly Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Antifungal Agents against Nosocomial Candidal Pathogens

The high prevalence of fungal resistance to antifungal drugs necessitates finding new antifungal combinations to boost the antifungal bioactivity of these agents. Hence, the aim of the present investigation was to greenly synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Salvia officinalis and investigate their antifungal activity and synergistic efficiency with common antifungal agents. The biofabricated ZnO-NPs were characterized to detect their physicochemical properties. A disk diffusion assay was employed to investigate the antifungal effectiveness of the greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs and evaluate their synergistic patterns with common antifungal agents. The Candida tropicalis strain was detected to be the most susceptible strain to ZnO-NPs at both tested concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/disk, demonstrating relative suppressive zones of 19.68 ± 0.32 and 23.17 ± 0.45 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO-NPs against the C. tropicalis strain was 40 µg/mL, whereas the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was found to be 80 µg/mL. The highest synergistic efficiency of the biogenic ZnO-NPs with terbinafine antifungal agent was detected against the C. glabrata strain, whereas the highest synergistic efficiency was detected with fluconazole against the C. albicans strain, demonstrating relative increases in fold of inhibition area (IFA) values of 6.82 and 1.63, respectively. Moreover, potential synergistic efficiency was detected with the nystatin antifungal agent against the C. tropicalis strain with a relative IFA value of 1.06. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis affirmed the morphological deformations of candidal cells treated with the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs as the formation of abnormal infoldings of the cell wall and membranes and also the formation of pores in the cell wall and membranes, which might lead to the leakage of intracellular constituents. In conclusion, the potential synergistic efficiency of the biogenic ZnO-NPs with terbinafine, nystatin, and fluconazole against the tested candidal strains highlights the potential application of these combinations in formulating novel antifungal agents of high antimicrobial efficiency. The biogenic ZnO nanoparticles and antifungal drugs exhibit powerful synergistic efficiency, which highlights their prospective use in the formulation of efficient antimicrobial medications, including mouthwash, ointments, lotions, and creams for effective candidiasis treatment.