1
|
Sattari Z, Kjaerup RB, Rasmussen MK, Yue Y, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB, Purup S. Bovine mammary epithelial cells can grow and express milk protein synthesis genes at reduced fetal bovine serum concentration. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:473-482. [PMID: 38173144 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Milk proteins produced by lactating cells isolated from bovine mammary tissue can offer a sustainable solution to the high protein demand of a global growing population. Serum is commonly added to culture systems to provide compounds necessary for optimal growth and function of the cells. However, in a cellular agricultural context, its usage is desired to be decreased. This study aims at examining the minimum level of fetal bovine serum (FBS) required for the growth and functionality of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The cells were isolated from dairy cows in early and mid-lactation and cultured in reduced concentrations of FBS (10%, 5%, 1.25%, and 0%). Real-time cell analysis showed a significant effect of lactation stage on growth rate and 5% FBS resulted in similar growth rate as 10% while 0% resulted in the lowest. The effect of reducing FBS on cell functionality was examined by studying the expressions of selected marker genes involved in milk protein and fat synthesis, following differentiation. The gene expressions were not affected by the level of FBS. A reduction of FBS in the culture system of MEC, at least down to 5%, does not assert any negative effect on the growth and expression levels of studied genes. As the first attempt in developing an in-vitro model for milk component production using MEC, our results demonstrate the potential of MEC to endure FBS-reduced conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sattari
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | | | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dekker PM, Boeren S, Saccenti E, Hettinga KA. Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7569. [PMID: 38555284 PMCID: PMC10981717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides found in human milk have bioactive potential to benefit the newborn and support healthy development. Research has been carried out on the health benefits of proteins and peptides, but many questions still need to be answered about the nature of these components, how they are formed, and how they end up in the milk. This study explored and elucidated the complexity of the human milk proteome and peptidome. Proteins and peptides were analyzed with non-targeted nanoLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS in a selection of 297 milk samples from the CHILD Cohort Study. Protein and peptide abundances were determined, and a network was inferred using Gaussian graphical modeling (GGM), allowing an investigation of direct associations. This study showed that signatures of (1) specific mechanisms of transport of different groups of proteins, (2) proteolytic degradation by proteases and aminopeptidases, and (3) coagulation and complement activation are present in human milk. These results show the value of an integrated approach in evaluating large-scale omics data sets and provide valuable information for studies that aim to associate protein or peptide profiles from biofluids such as milk with specific physiological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezaei R, Wu G. Branched-chain amino acids regulate intracellular protein turnover in porcine mammary epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1491-1504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
4
|
Jaswal S, Anand V, Ali SA, Jena MK, Kumar S, Kaushik JK, Mohanty AK. TMT based deep proteome analysis of buffalo mammary epithelial cells and identification of novel protein signatures during lactogenic differentiation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21621. [PMID: 33977573 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002476rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lactating mammary gland harbours numerous matured alveoli with their lumen surrounded by differentiated mammary epithelial cells (MECs), which are exclusively involved in milk synthesis and secretion. Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is the second major milk-producing animal, and its physiology is different from cattle. The complete protein machinery involved in MECs differentiation is still not defined in ruminants, in particular, buffalo. Therefore, we have studied the differential expression of regulated proteins in the in vitro grown buffalo MECs (BuMECs) at different time points (on 3, 6, 12, and 15 days) of their differentiation in the presence of lactogenic hormones. TMT-based MS analysis identified 4,934 proteins; of them, 681 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The principal component analysis suggested a highly heterogeneous expression of DEPs at the four-time points of hormone treatment, with most of them (307) attained the highest expression on 12 days. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the association of DEPs with 24 KEGG pathways. We observed few new proteins, namely ABCA13, IVL, VPS37, CZIB, RFX7, Rab5, TTLL12, SMEK1, GDI2, and TMEM131 in BuMECs. The function of one of the highly upregulated proteins, namely involucrin in the differentiation of BuMECs was confirmed based on biochemical inhibition assay. The results further conclude that the proteins with higher abundance can be considered as the potential biomarkers for differentiation, and they may have a significant association with the lactation process in buffalo too. The proteome dataset obtained can be used to understand the species-specific variations among other lactating animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jaswal
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Vijay Anand
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary College and Research Institute (TANUVAS), Orathanadu, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Manoj K Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Jai K Kaushik
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Altamirano GA, Gomez AL, Schierano-Marotti G, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Rodriguez HA, Kass L. Bisphenol A and benzophenone-3 exposure alters milk protein expression and its transcriptional regulation during functional differentiation of the mammary gland in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110185. [PMID: 32946892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) have been shown to have estrogenic activities that could alter mammary gland development. Our aim was to analyze whether BPA or BP3 direct exposure affects the functional differentiation of the mammary gland using an in vitro model. Mammary organoids were obtained and isolated from 8 week-old virgin female C57BL/6 mice and were differentiated on Matrigel with medium containing lactogenic hormones and exposed to: a) vehicle (0.01% ethanol); b) 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BPA; or c) 1 × 10-12 M, 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BP3 for 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PR) were assessed. In addition, mRNA levels of PR-B isoform, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) and Stat5a, and protein expression of pStat5a/b were evaluated at 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of milk proteins and their DNA methylation status were also analyzed. Although mRNA level of PRLR and GR was similar between treatments, mRNA expression of ESR1, total PR, PR-B and Stat5a was increased in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. Total PR expression was also increased with 1 × 10-6 M BPA. Nuclear ESR1 and PR expression was observed in all treated organoids; whereas nuclear pStat5a/b alveolar cells was observed only in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. The beta-casein mRNA level was increased in both BPA concentrations and 1 × 10-12 M BP3, which was associated with hypomethylation of its promoter. The beta-casein protein expression was only increased with 1 × 10-9 M BPA or 1 × 10-12 M BP3. In contrast, BPA exposure decreased alpha-lactalbumin mRNA expression and increased DNA methylation level in different methylation-sensitive sites of the gene. Also, 1 × 10-9 M BPA decreased alpha-lactalbumin protein expression. Our results demonstrate that BPA or BP3 exposure alters milk protein synthesis and its transcriptional regulation during mammary gland differentiation in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Horacio A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identification of circRNA-Associated-ceRNA Networks Involved in Milk Fat Metabolism under Heat Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114162. [PMID: 32545169 PMCID: PMC7312917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer temperatures are generally high in Southern China, and cows are likely to suffer a heat stress reaction. Heat stress will have a negative impact on the performance of dairy cows; however, the mechanism by which high temperature affects lactation is not clear. CircRNA is a type of non-coding RNA discovered in recent years, which performs a crucial function in many biological activities. However, the effects of circRNA on lactation function of dairy cows under heat stress is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the expression levels of circRNA in the mammary gland tissue of cows under heat stress. Firstly, we collected blood and milk samples of summer and winter cows and evaluated lactation performance using serum indicators, milk production, and milk composition. Incorporating the calculation of the temperature and humidity index, we conformed the heat stress status of cows in summer. Heat stress increased the concentration of HSP70 and decreased the concentration of SOD and PRL. Heat stress not only reduced milk yield but also affected milk quality, with milk lactose and milk protein decreasing with increased temperature. The analysis of the fatty acid composition in summer milk found significantly reduced concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Sequencing of the cow's mammary gland transcriptome revealed that compared to the appropriate temperature (ST) group, the heat stress (HS) group had a total of 2204 upregulated and 3501 downregulated transcripts. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to milk fat metabolism. In addition, 19 upregulated and 19 downregulated circRNA candidates were found in response to heat stress. We used Pearson's test to establish the correlation of circRNA-mRNA and identified four pairs of circRNA-miRNA networks between four circRNAs, six miRNAs, and the CD36 gene. In this study, we revealed the possible role of circRNAs in lactation of dairy cows and identified that circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks might exist in the cow's mammary glands, providing valuable experience for dairy lactation and milk quality.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaihoko Y, Tsugami Y, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Distinct expression patterns of aquaporin 3 and 5 in ductal and alveolar epithelial cells in mouse mammary glands before and after parturition. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:513-526. [PMID: 31953689 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk osmolarity maintains an isotonic status for suckling infants during lactation. However, it remains unclear how the water content in milk is regulated in lactating mammary glands. In lactating mammary alveoli and ducts, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are in direct contact with milk. In this study, we focus on two types of water channels, aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and AQP5, in alveolar and ductal MECs before and after parturition. AQP3 showed diffuse localization in the cytoplasm of ductal MECs but concentrated localization in the basolateral membrane of alveolar MECs during the late pregnancy and lactation periods. Translocation of AQP5 from the cytoplasm toward the apical membrane occurred in ductal MECs immediately before parturition. Subsequently, we examined the hormonal influences on the expression of AQP3 and AQP5 in cultured MECs in vitro. Progesterone and estrogen distinctly increased AQP3 and AQP5 in cultured MECs, respectively. Cotreatment with prolactin and dexamethasone significantly decreased both AQP3 and AQP5. Prolactin also facilitated the translocation of AQP5 into the apical membrane of MECs. In cultured MECs, AQP3 was homogeneously expressed in MECs, whereas AQP5 showed different expression levels between MECs regardless of the hormonal treatment. Different activation states of the prolactin/STAT5 pathway were also observed between ductal and alveolar MECs. These findings suggest that the expression pattern of AQP3 and AQP5 is distinctly regulated by lactogenic hormones in alveolar and ductal MECs before and after parturition. AQP5 expressed in ductal MECs may function as a water channel to regulate milk osmolarity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kaihoko
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yanting C, Ma G, Harrison JH, Block E. Effect of stearic or oleic acid on milk performance and energy partitioning when fed in diets with low and high rumen-active unsaturated fatty acids in early lactation. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4647-4656. [PMID: 31560748 PMCID: PMC6827400 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of stearic acid (SA; C18:0) or rumen-protected oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9) on milk performance and energy partitioning of early lactation cows when supplemented in diets with low and high level of rumen unsaturated fatty acids (RUFA). In low RUFA experiment (LRUFA), FA supplement rich in either SA or calcium salts OA was added to a basal diet with a low concentration of RUFA (0.75% vs. 1.4%, LRUFA-SA vs. LRUFA-OA). In high RUFA experiment (HRUFA), 2% soybean oil was added to the diet fed in the LRUFA experiment. In each experiment, 30 multiparous cows were blocked by parity and predicted transmitting ability for milk yield and were randomly fed 1 of 2 treatment diets from 2 to 13 wk postpartum. In the LRUFA experiment, LRUFA-SA had 2.4 kg/d more dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.01), 3.8 kg/d more energy-corrected milk (P < 0.01), and 0.3% units more milk fat percentage (P < 0.01) and 0.2 kg/d more milk fat yield (P < 0.01). Dietary treatments did not affect body weight, energy balance, and energy intake partitioning into milk, maintenance, and body tissues (P > 0.1). In the HRUFA experiment, HRUFA-SA had 1.4 kg/d more DMI (P = 0.03) but similar milk and milk components yields (P > 0.1). HRUFA-SA had a tendency to gain more body weight (P = 0.07) and had more positive energy balance (P = 0.01) and decreased gross feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) (P = 0.01). Consistently, HRUFA-SA increased intake energy partitioning into body tissues (P = 0.02) and decreased energy partitioning into milk (P = 0.01). In summary, SA supplementation had more DMI relative to OA, but the effects on milk and milk fat production were different and affected by the level of RUFA in the basal diet. In application, SA supplementation was more effective to improve milk production when included in the basal diet with the low RUFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yanting
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Guiling Ma
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA
| | - Elliot Block
- Church and Dwight Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo C, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Sestrin2 Negatively Regulates Casein Synthesis through the SH3BP4-mTORC1 Pathway in Response to AA Depletion or Supplementation in Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4849-4859. [PMID: 30969118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sestrin2 (SESN2) negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and casein synthesis in response to amino acid (AA) depletion in cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs); however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the current study, the regulation of SESN2 on AA-mediated β-casein (CSN2) synthesis in CMECs and its mechanism were investigated. Overexpression and silencing of SESN2 demonstrated that SESN2 negatively regulated AA-mediated expression of CSN2 and mTORC1 pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that SESN2 interacted with SH3 domain-binding protein 4 (SH3BP4). Overexpression and silencing of SH3BP4 demonstrated that SH3BP4 negatively regulated AA-mediated expression of CSN2 and mTORC1 pathway and that SESN2 negatively regulated expression of CSN2 and mTORC1 pathway through the SH3BP4 in the presence and absence of AA. The absence or presence of AA demonstrated that AA negatively regulated expression and nuclear localization of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Overexpression and silencing of ATF4 demonstrated that AA negatively regulated SESN2 expression through ATF4. Together, these results indicate that SESN2 negatively regulates the mTORC1 pathway and subsequent CSN2 synthesis through the SH3BP4 in response to AA absence or presence in CMECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, He W, Yi D, Zhao D, Song Z, Hou Y, Wu G. Regulation of protein synthesis in porcine mammary epithelial cells by L-valine. Amino Acids 2019; 51:717-726. [PMID: 30798466 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the catabolism of L-valine in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) and its role in stimulating protein synthesis in these cells. PMECs were incubated with 0.05-, 0.10-, 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1.0-mM L-valine at 37 oC for 2 h. Cell viability and expressions of α-lactalbumin and β-casein were measured after culture with L-valine for 3 days. L-[1-14C]valine was used to study valine catabolism, whereas [3H]phenylalanine was employed as a tracer to determine protein synthesis and degradation in PMECs. The abundances of proteins involved in the mTOR signaling pathway and the mRNA levels for the related key genes were determined using the western blot and RT-PCR techniques, respectively. Cell numbers and the synthesis of proteins (including α-lactalbumin and β-casein) were greater (P < 0.05) in the presence of 0.5-mM L-valine, compared with 0.05- or 0.1-mM L-valine. L-Valine at 0.5 mM also enhanced (P < 0.05) the production of α-lactalbumin by PMECs, in comparison with 0.25 mM L-valine. Increasing the extracellular concentration of L-valine from 0.05 to 0.5 mM stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting proteolysis. Although L-valine was actively transaminated in PMECs, its α-ketoacid product (α-ketoisovalerate) at 0.05-0.2 mM did not affect protein synthesis or degradation in the cells. Thus, the effect of L-valine on protein synthesis was independent of its metabolism to yield α-ketoisovalerate. At the molecular level, 0.5-mM L-valine increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels for Ras, ERK1/2, and p70S6K, and the abundances of mTOR, p-4EBP1, total 4EBP1, p-ERK1/2, and total ERK1/2 proteins. These findings establish the critical role of L-valine in enhancing PMEC growth and milk protein synthesis possibly by regulating the mTOR and Ras/ERK signaling pathways. Further studies are warranted to understand how L-valine regulates gene expression and mTOR activation in PMECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Zhuan Song
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tian L, Li Y, Wang C, Li Q. Let‐7g‐5p regulates mouse mammary cells differentiation and function by targeting PRKCA. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10101-10110. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang S, Qi H, Wen X, Li P, Gao X, Ao J. The phosphorylation of Tudor‐SN mediated by JNK is involved in the regulation of milk protein synthesis induced by prolactin in BMECs. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6077-6090. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Hao Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xue‐Peng Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xue‐Jun Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Jin‐Xia Ao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
IL-1β directly inhibits milk lipid production in lactating mammary epithelial cells concurrently with enlargement of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:365-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Dado-Senn B, Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Zhang Y, Dahl GE, Peñagaricano F, Laporta J. RNA-Seq reveals novel genes and pathways involved in bovine mammary involution during the dry period and under environmental heat stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11096. [PMID: 30038226 PMCID: PMC6056563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine dry period is a dynamic non-lactating phase where the mammary gland undergoes extensive cellular turnover. Utilizing RNA sequencing, we characterized novel genes and pathways involved in this process and determined the impact of dry period heat stress. Mammary tissue was collected before and during the dry period (−3, 3, 7, 14, and 25 days relative to dry-off [day 0]) from heat-stressed (HT, n = 6) or cooled (CL, n = 6) late-gestation Holstein cows. We identified 3,315 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between late lactation and early involution, and 880 DEGs later in the involution process. DEGs, pathways, and upstream regulators during early involution support the downregulation of functions such as anabolism and milk component synthesis, and upregulation of cell death, cytoskeleton degradation, and immune response. The impact of environmental heat stress was less significant, yet genes, pathways, and upstream regulators involved in processes such as ductal branching morphogenesis, cell death, immune function, and protection against tissue stress were identified. Our research advances understanding of the mammary gland transcriptome during the dry period, and under heat stress insult. Individual genes, pathways, and upstream regulators highlighted in this study point towards potential targets for dry period manipulation and mitigation of the negative consequences of heat stress on mammary function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thiago F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kobayashi K, Tsugami Y, Matsunaga K, Suzuki T, Nishimura T. Moderate High Temperature Condition Induces the Lactation Capacity of Mammary Epithelial Cells Through Control of STAT3 and STAT5 Signaling. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:75-88. [PMID: 29633073 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In lactating mammary glands, alveolar mammary epithelial cells (MECs) synthesize and secrete milk components. MECs also form less permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk components. During lactation, MECs are exposed to temperature changes by metabolic heat production and air ambient temperature. In this study, we investigated whether temperature changes influence milk production ability and TJ barriers in MECs by using two lactating culture models. The results showed that 39 °C treatment activated milk production and enhanced the formation of less-permeable TJs. In contrast, 41 °C treatment caused adverse effects on the TJ barrier and cell viability, although the milk production ability of MECs was temporarily up-regulated. MECs cultured at 37 °C showed relatively low milk production ability and high proliferation activity. Furthermore, we investigated three kinds of transcription factors relating to lactogenesis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), STAT3 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). STAT5 signaling was activated at 39 and 41 °C by an increase in total STAT5. However, long-term treatment led to a decrease in total STAT5. STAT3 signaling was inactivated by high temperature treatment through a decrease in total STAT3 and inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3. GR signaling was continuously activated regardless of temperature. These results indicate that a moderate high temperature condition at 39 °C induces a high lactation capacity of MECs through control of STAT5 and STAT3 signaling. In contrast, long-term exposure at 41 °C leads to a decline in milk production capacity by inactivation of STAT5 and a decrease in the total number of MECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kota Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
RagD regulates amino acid mediated-casein synthesis and cell proliferation via mTOR signalling in cow mammary epithelial cells. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:204-211. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This research paper addresses the hypothesis that RagD is a key signalling factor that regulates amino acid (AA) mediated-casein synthesis and cell proliferation in cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs). The expression of RagD was analysed at different times during pregnancy and lactation in bovine mammary tissue from dairy cows. We showed that expression of RagD at lactation period was higher (P < 0·05) than that at pregnancy period. When CMECs were treated with methionine (Met) or lysine (Lys), expression of RagD, β-casein (CSN2), mTOR and p-mTOR, and cell proliferation were increased. Further, when CMECs were treated to overexpress RagD, expression of CSN2, mTOR and p-mTOR, and cell proliferation were up-regulated. Furthermore, the increase in expression of CSN2, mTOR and p-mTOR, and cell proliferation in response to Met or Lys supply was inhibited by inhibiting RagD, and those effects were reversed in the overexpression model. When CMECs were treated with RagD overexpression together with mTOR inhibition or conversely with RagD inhibition together with mTOR overexpression, results showed that the increase in expression of CSN2 and cell proliferation in response to RagD overexpression was prevented by inhibiting mTOR, and those effects were reversed by overexpressing mTOR. The interaction of RagD with subunit proteins of mTORC1 was analysed, and the result showed that RagD interacted with Raptor. CMECs were treated with Raptor inhibition, and the result showed that the increase in expression of mTOR and p-mTOR in response to RagD overexpression was inhibited by inhibiting Raptor.In conclusion, our study showed that RagD is an important activation factor of mTORC1 in CMECs, activating AA-mediated casein synthesis and cell proliferation, potentially acting via Raptor.
Collapse
|
17
|
SESN2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and casein synthesis by inhibition the amino acid-mediated mTORC1 pathway in cow mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3912. [PMID: 29500367 PMCID: PMC5834632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AA) are one of the key nutrients that regulate cell proliferation and casein synthesis in cow mammary epithelial cells (CMEC), but the mechanism of this regulation is not yet clear. In this study, the effect of SESN2 on AA-mediated cell proliferation and casein synthesis in CMEC was assessed. After 12 h of AA starvation, CMECs were cultured in the absence of all AA (AA-), in the presences of only essential AA (EAA+), or of all AA (AA+). Cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway were increased; but SESN2 expression was decreased in response to increased EAA or AA supply. Overexpressing or inhibiting SESN2 demonstrated that cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway were all controlled by SESN2 expression. Furthermore, the increase in cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway in response to AA supply was inhibited by overexpressing SESN2, and those effects were reversed by inhibiting SESN2. These results indicate that SESN2 is an important inhibitor of mTORC1 in CMEC blocking AA-mediated cell proliferation and casein synthesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Integration of GWAS, pathway and network analyses reveals novel mechanistic insights into the synthesis of milk proteins in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2018; 8:566. [PMID: 29330500 PMCID: PMC5766549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantities and proportions of protein fractions have notable effects on the nutritional and technological value of milk. Although much is known about the effects of genetic variants on milk proteins, the complex relationships among the set of genes and pathways regulating the different protein fractions synthesis and secretion into milk in dairy cows are still not completely understood. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for milk nitrogen fractions in a cohort of 1,011 Brown Swiss cows, which uncovered 170 significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), mostly located on BTA6 and BTA11. Gene-set analysis and the network-based Associated Weight Matrix approach revealed that the milk proteins associated genes were involved in several biological functions, particularly ion and cation transmembrane transporter activity and neuronal and hormone signalling, according to the structure and function of casein micelles. Deeper analysis of the transcription factors and their predicted target genes within the network revealed that GFI1B, ZNF407 and NR5A1 might act as master regulators of milk protein synthesis and secretion. The information acquired provides novel insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling milk protein synthesis and secretion in bovine mammary gland and may be useful in breeding programmes aimed at improving milk nutritional and/or technological properties.
Collapse
|
19
|
Enjapoori AK, Lefèvre CM, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Hormonal regulation of platypus Beta-lactoglobulin and monotreme lactation protein genes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:38-48. [PMID: 26673872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine regulation of milk protein gene expression in marsupials and eutherians is well studied. However, the evolution of this complex regulation that began with monotremes is unknown. Monotremes represent the oldest lineage of extant mammals and the endocrine regulation of lactation in these mammals has not been investigated. Here we characterised the proximal promoter and hormonal regulation of two platypus milk protein genes, Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), a whey protein and monotreme lactation protein (MLP), a monotreme specific milk protein, using in vitro reporter assays and a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV1). Insulin and dexamethasone alone provided partial induction of MLP, while the combination of insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin was required for maximal induction. Partial induction of BLG was achieved by insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin alone, with maximal induction using all three hormones. Platypus MLP and BLG core promoter regions comprised transcription factor binding sites (e.g. STAT5, NF-1 and C/EBPα) that were conserved in marsupial and eutherian lineages that regulate caseins and whey protein gene expression. Our analysis suggests that insulin, dexamethasone and/or prolactin alone can regulate the platypus MLP and BLG gene expression, unlike those of therian lineage. The induction of platypus milk protein genes by lactogenic hormones suggests they originated before the divergence of marsupial and eutherians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwantha Kumar Enjapoori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Christophe M Lefèvre
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Sharp
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kobayashi K, Tsugami Y, Matsunaga K, Oyama S, Kuki C, Kumura H. Prolactin and glucocorticoid signaling induces lactation-specific tight junctions concurrent with β-casein expression in mammary epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2006-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang C, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Liu J, Fang X, Chen H. Circular RNA of cattle casein genes are highly expressed in bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4750-4760. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Cohick WS. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Effects of insulin on mammary gland differentiation during pregnancy and lactation1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1812-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
23
|
Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Bionaz M. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:231-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. Research in this area is relatively new, but data accumulated in the last 10 years provide a relatively clear picture. Milk fat synthesis appears to be regulated, at least in bovines, by an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, and LXRα, with a potential role for other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, and Sp1. Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that glucose transporters play an important role. They can also cooperatively interact with amino acid transporters and the mTOR pathway. Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. We propose a transcriptional network model to account for all available findings. This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Campo Verde Arboccó F, Sasso CV, Actis EA, Carón RW, Hapon MB, Jahn GA. Hypothyroidism advances mammary involution in lactating rats through inhibition of PRL signaling and induction of LIF/STAT3 mRNAs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:18-28. [PMID: 26472537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases have deleterious effects on lactation, litter growth and survival, and hinder the suckling-induced hormone release, leading in the case of hyperthyroidism, to premature mammary involution. To determine the effects of hypothyroidism (HypoT) on late lactation, we analyzed the effect of chronic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced HypoT on mammary histology and the expression of members of the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway, milk proteins, prolactin (PRLR), estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and thyroid hormone (TR) receptors, markers of involution (such as stat3, lif, bcl2, BAX and PARP) on lactation (L) day 21. HypoT mothers showed increased histological markers of involution compared with control rats, such as adipose/epithelial ratio, inactive alveoli, picnotic nuclei and numerous detached apoptotic cells within the alveolar lumina. We also found decreased PRLR, β-casein and α-lactoalbumin mRNAs, but increased SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3 and LIF mRNAs, suggesting a decrease in PRL signaling and induction of involution markers. Furthermore, Caspase-3 and 8 and PARP labeled cells and the expression of structural proteins such as β-Actin, α-Tubulin and Lamin B were increased, indicating the activation of apoptotic pathways and tissue remodelation. HypoT also increased PRA (mRNA and protein) and erβ and decreased erα mRNAs, and increased strongly TRα1, TRβ1, PRA and ERα protein levels. These results show that lactating HypoT rats have premature mammary involution, most probably induced by the inhibition of prolactin signaling along with the activation of the LIF-STAT3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Corina V Sasso
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cancer, IMBECU, Argentina
| | - Esteban A Actis
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén W Carón
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cancer, IMBECU, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
McCormick NH, Lee S, Hennigar SR, Kelleher SL. ZnT4 (SLC30A4)-null ("lethal milk") mice have defects in mammary gland secretion and hallmarks of precocious involution during lactation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R33-40. [PMID: 26538236 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, highly specialized secretory mammary epithelial cells (MECs) produce and secrete huge quantities of nutrients and nonnutritive factors into breast milk. The zinc (Zn) transporter ZnT4 (SLC30A4) transports Zn into the trans-Golgi apparatus for lactose synthesis, and across the apical cell membrane for efflux from MECs into milk. This is consistent with observations in "lethal milk" (lm/lm) mice, which have a truncation mutation in SLC30A4, and present with not only low milk Zn concentration, but also smaller mammary glands, decreased milk volume, and lactation failure by lactation day 2. However, the molecular underpinnings of these defects are not understood. Here, we used lactating C57BL/6J(lm/lm) (ZnT4-null) mice to explore the consequences of a ZnT4-null phenotype on mammary gland function during early lactation. Lactating C57BL/6J(lm/lm) mice had significantly fewer, smaller, and collapsed alveoli comprising swollen, lipid-filled MECs during early lactation. These defects were associated with decreased Akt expression and STAT5 activation, indicative of defects in MEC secretion. In addition, increased expression of ZnT2, TNF-α, and cleaved e-cadherin concomitant with increased activation of STAT3 implicated the loss of ZnT4 in precocious activation of involution. Collectively, our study indicates that the loss of ZnT4 has profound consequences on MEC secretion and may promote tissue remodeling in the mammary gland during early lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H McCormick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shin D, Lee C, Park KD, Kim H, Cho KH. Genome-association analysis of Korean Holstein milk traits using genomic estimated breeding value. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 30:309-319. [PMID: 26954162 PMCID: PMC5337909 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective Holsteins are known as the world’s highest-milk producing dairy cattle. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic regions strongly associated with milk traits (milk production, fat, and protein) using Korean Holstein data. Methods This study was performed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip data (Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip) of 911 Korean Holstein individuals. We inferred each genomic estimated breeding values based on best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and ridge regression using BLUPF90 and R. We then performed a genome-wide association study and identified genetic regions related to milk traits. Results We identified 9, 6, and 17 significant genetic regions related to milk production, fat and protein, respectively. These genes are newly reported in the genetic association with milk traits of Holstein. Conclusion This study complements a recent Holstein genome-wide association studies that identified other SNPs and genes as the most significant variants. These results will help to expand the knowledge of the polygenic nature of milk production in Holsteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Chul Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Do Park
- The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Cho
- Division of Animal Breeding and Genetics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 331-801, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang N, Hu L, Liu C, Gao X, Zheng S. 60S ribosomal protein L35 regulates β-casein translational elongation and secretion in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 583:130-9. [PMID: 26297660 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
60S ribosomal protein L35 (RPL35) is an important component of the 60S ribosomal subunit and has a role in protein translation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) docking. However, few studies have investigated RPL35 in eukaryotes and much remains to be learned. Here, we analyzed the function of RPL35 in β-casein (CSN2) synthesis and secretion in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). We found that methionine (Met) could promote the expressions of CSN2 and RPL35. Analysis of overexpression and inhibition of RPL35 confirmed that it could mediate the Met signal and regulate CSN2 expression. The mechanism of CSN2 regulation by RPL35 was analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), colocalization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and gene mutation. We found that RPL35 could control ribosome translational elongation during synthesis of CSN2 by interacting with eukaryotic translational elongation factor 2 (eEF2), and that eEF2 was the signaling molecule downstream of RPL35 controlling this process. RPL35 could also control the secretion of CSN2 by locating it to the ER. Taken together, these results revealed that, RPL35 was an important positive regulatory factor involving in the Met-mediated regulation of CSN2 translational elongation and secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone, Liaoning, 116622, China; The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultura University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Lijun Hu
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultura University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Chaonan Liu
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultura University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xueli Gao
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultura University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shimin Zheng
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultura University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bian Y, Lei Y, Wang C, Wang J, Wang L, Liu L, Liu L, Gao X, Li Q. Epigenetic Regulation of miR-29s Affects the Lactation Activity of Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2152-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Bian
- Research Department of Lactation Biology and Regulation of Mammary Gland Function; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Yu Lei
- Research Department of Lactation Biology and Regulation of Mammary Gland Function; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Lina Wang
- Research Department of Lactation Biology and Regulation of Mammary Gland Function; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Lili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Research Department of Lactation Biology and Regulation of Mammary Gland Function; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bollmann S, Bu D, Wang J, Bionaz M. Unmasking Upstream Gene Expression Regulators with miRNA-corrected mRNA Data. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:33-48. [PMID: 27279737 PMCID: PMC4886696 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed micro-RNA (miRNA) affects messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance, hindering the accuracy of upstream regulator analysis. Our objective was to provide an algorithm to correct such bias. Large mRNA and miRNA analyses were performed on RNA extracted from bovine liver and mammary tissue. Using four levels of target scores from TargetScan (all miRNA:mRNA target gene pairs or only the top 25%, 50%, or 75%). Using four levels of target scores from TargetScan (all miRNA:mRNA target gene pairs or only the top 25%, 50%, or 75%) and four levels of the magnitude of miRNA effect (ME) on mRNA expression (30%, 50%, 75%, and 83% mRNA reduction), we generated 17 different datasets (including the original dataset). For each dataset, we performed upstream regulator analysis using two bioinformatics tools. We detected an increased effect on the upstream regulator analysis with larger miRNA:mRNA pair bins and higher ME. The miRNA correction allowed identification of several upstream regulators not present in the analysis of the original dataset. Thus, the proposed algorithm improved the prediction of upstream regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bollmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, East and Central Asia, World Agroforestry Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Linking our understanding of mammary gland metabolism to amino acid nutrition. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2447-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
Wang L, Lin Y, Bian Y, Liu L, Shao L, Lin L, Qu B, Zhao F, Gao X, Li Q. Leucyl-tRNA synthetase regulates lactation and cell proliferation via mTOR signaling in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5952-69. [PMID: 24722568 PMCID: PMC4013607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of LeuRS, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, as an intracellular l-leucine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway has been the subject of much research recently. Despite this, the association between LeuRS and lactation in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) remains unknown. In this study, we found that LeuRS expression in mammary gland tissue was significantly higher during lactation than pregnancy. Moreover, our data demonstrates that LeuRS is localized in the cytoplasm. Treatment with leucine increased DCMECs viability and proliferation, as well as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), p-S6K1, β-Casein, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression. Secretion of lactose and triglyceride were also increased. siRNA-mediated knockdown of LeuRS led to reduction in all of these processes. Based on these data, LeuRS up-regulates the mTOR pathway to promote proliferation and lactation of DCMECs in response to changes in the intracellular leucine concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Ye Lin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanjie Bian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Lili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Li Shao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grudzien-Nogalska E, Reed BC, Rhoads RE. CPEB1 promotes differentiation and suppresses EMT in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2326-38. [PMID: 24634508 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of CPEB1, a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein, in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (CID-9) causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), based on several criteria. First, CPEB1 knockdown decreases protein levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin but increases those of vimentin and Twist1. Second, the motility of CPEB1-depleted cells is increased. Third, CID-9 cells normally form growth-arrested, polarized and three-dimensional acini upon culture in extracellular matrix, but CPEB1-deficient CID-9 cells form nonpolarized proliferating colonies lacking a central cavity. CPEB1 downregulates Twist1 expression by binding to its mRNA, shortening its poly(A) tract and repressing its translation. CID-9 cultures contain both myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells. CPEB1 increases during CID-9 cell differentiation, is predominantly expressed in myoepithelial cells, and its knockdown prevents expression of the myoepithelial marker p63. CPEB1 is present in proliferating subpopulations of pure luminal epithelial cells (SCp2) and myoepithelial cells (SCg6), but its depletion increases Twist1 only in SCg6 cells and fails to downregulate E-cadherin in SCp2 cells. We propose that myoepithelial cells prevent EMT by influencing the polarity and proliferation of luminal epithelial cells in a mechanism that requires translational silencing of myoepithelial Twist1 by CPEB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grudzien-Nogalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Brent C Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Robert E Rhoads
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li Z, Liu H, Jin X, Lo L, Liu J. Expression profiles of microRNAs from lactating and non-lactating bovine mammary glands and identification of miRNA related to lactation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:731. [PMID: 23270386 PMCID: PMC3551688 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of milk protein synthesis and development of the mammary gland (MG). However, the specific functions of miRNAs in these regulations are not clear. Therefore, the elucidation of miRNA expression profiles in the MG is an important step towards understanding the mechanisms of lactogenesis. Results Two miRNA libraries were constructed from MG tissues taken from a lactating and a non-lactating Holstein dairy cow, respectively, and the short RNA sequences (18–30 nt) in these libraries were sequenced by Solexa sequencing method. The libraries included 885 pre-miRNAs encoding for 921 miRNAs, of which 884 miRNAs were unique sequences and 544 (61.5%) were expressed in both periods. A custom-designed microarray assay was then performed to compare miRNA expression patterns in the MG of lactating and non-lactating dairy cows. A total of 56 miRNAs in the lactating MG showed significant differences in expression compared to non-lactating MG (P<0.05). Integrative miRNA target prediction and network analysis approaches were employed to construct an interaction network of lactation-related miRNAs and their putative targets. Using a cell-based model, six miRNAs (miR-125b, miR-141, miR-181a, miR-199b, miR-484 and miR-500) were studied to reveal their possible biological significance. Conclusion Our study provides a broad view of the bovine MG miRNA expression profile characteristics. Eight hundred and eighty-four miRNAs were identified in bovine MG. Differences in types and expression levels of miRNAs were observed between lactating and non-lactating bovine MG. Systematic predictions aided in the identification of lactation-related miRNAs, providing insight into the types of miRNAs and their possible mechanisms in regulating lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lu L, Gao X, Li Q, Huang J, Liu R, Li H. Comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the effects of L-methionine on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lu, L., Gao, X., Li, Q., Huang, J., Liu, R. and Li, H. 2012. Comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the effects of L-methionine on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 433–442. L-methionine is an essential amino acid that plays fundamental roles in protein synthesis. Many nuclear phosphorylated proteins such as Stat5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) regulate milk protein synthesis. But a comprehensive understanding of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of milk protein synthesis is lacking. In the current study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)/MS-based proteomics analysis was used to identify phosphoproteins responsible for milk protein synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). The effects of L-methionine on DCMECs were analyzed by CASY (Counter Analyser System) technique, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that rate of cell proliferation and expression of β-casein were increased in DCMECs treated with 0.6 mM L-methionine for 24 h. Five proteins for which expression was significantly increased in DCMECs were selected, and their expression changes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The five up-regulated expressed phosphoproteins included Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1(SND1), Septin-6, Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS), Twinfilin-1 and eukaryotic elongation factor1-beta (eEF1B). This study revealed that availability of L-methionine influences the levels of nuclear phosphorylated proteins of DCMECs which opens a new avenue for the study of the molecular mechanism linking to milk protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huiming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trott JF, Schennink A, Petrie WK, Manjarin R, VanKlompenberg MK, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Prolactin: The multifaceted potentiator of mammary growth and function1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1674-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A. Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - W. K. Petrie
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R. Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Casey T, Dover H, Liesman J, DeVries L, Kiupel M, Vandehaar M, Plaut K. Transcriptome analysis of epithelial and stromal contributions to mammogenesis in three week prepartum cows. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22541. [PMID: 21829467 PMCID: PMC3146472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of bovine mammary development has provided insight into regulation of mammogenesis. However, previous studies primarily examined expression of epithelial and stromal tissues combined, and consequently did not account for tissue specific contribution to mammary development. Our objective was to identify differences in gene expression in epithelial and intralobular stromal compartments. Tissue was biopsied from non-lactating dairy cows 3 weeks prepartum, cut into explants and incubated for 2 hr with insulin and hydrocortisone. Epithelial and intralobular stromal tissues were isolated with laser capture microdissection. Global gene expression was measured with Bovine Affymetrix GeneChips, and data were preprocessed using RMA method. Moderated t-tests from gene-specific linear model analysis with cell type as a fixed effect showed more than 3,000 genes were differentially expressed between tissues (P<0.05; FDR<0.17). Analysis of epithelial and stromal transcriptomes using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) showed that epithelial and stromal cells contributed distinct molecular signatures. Epithelial signatures were enriched with gene sets for protein synthesis, metabolism and secretion. Stromal signatures were enriched with genes that encoded molecules important to signaling, extracellular matrix composition and remodeling. Transcriptome differences also showed evidence for paracrine interactions between tissues in stimulation of IGF1 signaling pathway, stromal reaction, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and immune response. Molecular signatures point to the dynamic role the stroma plays in prepartum mammogenesis and highlight the importance of examining the roles of cell types within the mammary gland when targeting therapies and studying mechanisms that affect milk production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bionaz M, Loor JJ. Gene networks driving bovine mammary protein synthesis during the lactation cycle. Bioinform Biol Insights 2011; 5:83-98. [PMID: 21698073 PMCID: PMC3118679 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s7003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial role for both insulin and mTOR in the regulation of milk protein synthesis is emerging. Bovine mammary biopsies harvested during late-pregnancy through end of subsequent lactation were used to evaluate via quantitative PCR the expression of 44 genes involved in pathways of insulin, mTOR, AMPK, and Jak2-Stat5 signalling and also glucose and amino acid (AA) transporters. We observed an increased expression during lactation of ELF5, AA and glucose transporters, insulin signaling pathway components, MAPK14, FRAP1, EIF4EBP2, GSK3A and TSC1 among mTOR signaling-related genes. Among ribosomal components RPL22 was down-regulated. The overall data support a central role of AA and glucose transporters and insulin signaling through mTOR for the regulation of protein synthesis in bovine mammary gland. Furthermore, the existence of translational competition favoring the translation of milk protein transcripts was inferred from the combined dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burgos SA, Dai M, Cant JP. Nutrient availability and lactogenic hormones regulate mammary protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:153-61. [PMID: 20059914 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional and endocrine factors affecting protein translation in the bovine mammary gland, and the molecular mechanisms mediating their effects, are not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the regulation of mammary protein synthesis by nutrients and hormones. Mammary epithelial acini isolated from lactating dairy cows were treated in medium containing, alone or in combination, a mixture of AA or glucose and acetate (GA) as energy substrates, or a combination of the lactogenic hormones hydrocortisone, insulin, and prolactin (HIP). Changes in the rate of mammary protein synthesis and the phosphorylation state of components of the mTOR signaling pathway were measured. Mammary protein synthesis was 50% higher with increased availability of AA in medium. The presence of GA or treatment of mammary acini with HIP alone did not affect mammary protein synthesis. The stimulation of mammary protein synthesis by AA was enhanced by HIP treatment, but not by the presence of GA in medium. Treatment of mammary acini with HIP induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B. This effect was augmented in the presence of either AA or GA in medium. The stimulation of mammary protein synthesis by AA and its enhancement by HIP were associated with increased phosphorylation of the mTOR substrates, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and dissociation of 4E-BP1 from eIF4E. The results suggest that nutrients and hormones may modulate mammary protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Burgos
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sugihara Y, Honda H, Iida T, Morinaga T, Hino S, Okajima T, Matsuda T, Nadano D. Proteomic Analysis of Rodent Ribosomes Revealed Heterogeneity Including Ribosomal Proteins L10-like, L22-like 1, and L39-like. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1351-66. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9008964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sugihara
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Honda
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Iida
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuma Morinaga
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shingo Hino
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hvid H, Klopfleisch R, Vienberg S, Hansen BF, Thorup I, Jensen HE, Oleksiewicz MB. Unique expression pattern of the three insulin receptor family members in the rat mammary gland: dominance of IGF-1R and IRR over the IR, and cyclical IGF-1R expression. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:312-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hvid
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
- Pathology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Sara Vienberg
- Insulin Biology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bo F. Hansen
- Insulin Biology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wong YY, Moon A, Duffin R, Barthet-Barateig A, Meijer HA, Clemens MJ, de Moor CH. Cordycepin inhibits protein synthesis and cell adhesion through effects on signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2610-21. [PMID: 19940154 PMCID: PMC2807318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
3′-Deoxyadenosine, also known as cordycepin, is a known polyadenylation inhibitor with a large spectrum of biological activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we confirm that cordycepin reduces the length of poly(A) tails, with some mRNAs being much more sensitive than others. The low doses of cordycepin that cause poly(A) changes also reduce the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. At higher doses of the drug we observed inhibition of cell attachment and a reduction of focal adhesions. Furthermore, we observed a strong inhibition of total protein synthesis that correlates with an inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, as observed by reductions in Akt kinase and 4E-binding protein (4EBP) phosphorylation. In 4EBP knock-out cells, the effect of cordycepin on translation is strongly reduced, confirming the role of this modification. In addition, the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) was shown to be activated. Inhibition of AMPK prevented translation repression by cordycepin and abolished 4EBP1 dephosphorylation, indicating that the effect of cordycepin on mTOR signaling and protein synthesis is mediated by AMPK activation. We conclude that many of the reported biological effects of cordycepin are likely to be due to its effects on mTOR and AMPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stoelzle T, Schwarb P, Trumpp A, Hynes NE. c-Myc affects mRNA translation, cell proliferation and progenitor cell function in the mammary gland. BMC Biol 2009; 7:63. [PMID: 19785743 PMCID: PMC2761394 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oncoprotein c-Myc has been intensely studied in breast cancer and mouse mammary tumor models, but relatively little is known about the normal physiological role of c-Myc in the mammary gland. Here we investigated functions of c-Myc during mouse mammary gland development using a conditional knockout approach. Results Generation of c-mycfl/fl mice carrying the mammary gland-specific WAPiCre transgene resulted in c-Myc loss in alveolar epithelial cells starting in mid-pregnancy. Three major phenotypes were observed in glands of mutant mice. First, c-Myc-deficient alveolar cells had a slower proliferative response at the start of pregnancy, causing a delay but not a block of alveolar development. Second, while milk composition was comparable between wild type and mutant animals, milk production was reduced in mutant glands, leading to slower pup weight-gain. Electron microscopy and polysome fractionation revealed a general decrease in translational efficiency. Furthermore, analysis of mRNA distribution along the polysome gradient demonstrated that this effect was specific for mRNAs whose protein products are involved in milk synthesis. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed decreased levels of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal protein-encoding mRNAs in mutant glands. Third, using the mammary transplantation technique to functionally identify alveolar progenitor cells, we observed that the mutant epithelium has a reduced ability to repopulate the gland when transplanted into NOD/SCID recipients. Conclusion We have demonstrated that c-Myc plays multiple roles in the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. c-Myc loss delayed, but did not block proliferation and differentiation in pregnancy. During lactation, lower levels of ribosomal RNAs and proteins were present and translation was generally decreased in mutant glands. Finally, the transplantation studies suggest a role for c-Myc in progenitor cell proliferation and/or survival. See related minireview by Evan et al:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Stoelzle
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
A microRNA, miR-101a, controls mammary gland development by regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Differentiation 2008; 77:181-7. [PMID: 19281778 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammary glands exhibit a series of developmental states that are typified by proliferation, differentiation, and involution. Here, we demonstrate that a microRNA (miRNA), miR-101a, plays an important role in the process of mammary gland development. We used miRNA microarray analysis to show that some miRNAs exhibit changes in their expression during mouse mammary gland epithelial cell (HC11) differentiation, which corresponds to the time when these cells acquire the milk-producing phenotype. In particular, we observed an increase of miR-101a expression throughout differentiation and involution in mammary gland tissue, as well as in HC11 cells. Overexpression experiments revealed that miR-101a suppressed the expression of beta-casein mRNA, a milk protein, and marker of cell differentiation, but its suppression was not mediated by transcriptional or direct post-transcriptional regulation of beta-casein mRNA. Overexpression of miR-101a also inhibited HC11 cell proliferation that could influence the differentiation state of the mammary gland. We speculate that a direct target of miR-101a is cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) mRNA because there was an inverse relationship between these two genes during mammary gland development. Indeed, Cox-2 protein expression was suppressed by the overexpression of miR-101a, and the luciferase activity of reporter constructs containing the Cox-2 3'UTR was also suppressed by miR-101a overexpression. As Cox-2 has been shown to mediate cell proliferation, it is possible that the inhibition of HC11 cell proliferation by miR-101a might be mediated by Cox-2. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-101a regulates cell proliferation via altering Cox-2 expression, which is critical for controlling mammary gland development.
Collapse
|