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Ma G, Ndegwa P, Harrison JH, Chen Y. Methane yields during anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure with other feedstocks: A meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728:138224. [PMID: 32361106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure with other feedstocks (aka co-digestion) is increasingly being used to enhance methane yield and organic waste management. The benefits accruing from co-digestions compared to mono-digestions, however, vary greatly in the literature. The goal of this research was to use meta-analysis to critically compare methane yields between mono- and co-digestions and identify relevant factors (co-substrate type, substrate dose, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, volatile solids (VS), substrate pH, organic loading rate (OLR), and hydraulic retention time (HRT)) contributing to methane yield. Published studies (n = 64 representing 384 case-studies) with sufficient detail on methane yield were identified for the meta-analysis. Analysis indicated that co-digestion of animal manure with other feedstocks significantly increased methane yield (249 L kg-1[VS]), compared with anaerobic mono-digestion of animal manure (171 L kg-1[VS]). Similar methane yields increases (47-57 L kg-1[VS]) were obtained from co-digestions in batch reactors of swine (238-287 L kg-1[VS]), poultry (213-260 L kg-1[VS]), and cattle manure (147-204 L kg-1[VS]). In continuous digesters of cattle manure (175-299 L kg-1[VS]) co-digestion had the greatest methane yield improvement of 124 L kg-1[VS], swine manure (212-322 L kg-1[VS]) co-digestion ranked second with 110 L kg-1[VS], and poultry manure ranked third with 70 L kg-1[VS]. Improved methane yield were obtained at optimum C/N ratio ranging from 26 to 34. The respective optimum OLR for co-digestion of swine, poultry, and cattle manure were 1.2, 1.4 and 3.4 kg VS m-3 d-1, while the recommended HRT was 30-40 d. Taken together, anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure with other feedstock significantly improved anaerobic digestion. Factors contributing to methane yields included: substrate-type and dose, VS, C/N, OLR, and HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, WSU-Pullman, 116 ASLB, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Pius Ndegwa
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, WSU-Pullman, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, WSU-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, WSU-Pullman, 116 ASLB, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Stefenoni H, Harrison JH, Adams-Progar A, Block E. Effect of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on health and performance of transition dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1541-1552. [PMID: 31864753 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY; Celmanax Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ) on transition dairy cattle. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by predicted transmitting ability and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (EHY, n = 20; or control, CON, n = 20) from 21 d before expected calving to 60 d postpartum. The EHY cows received 56 and 28 g/d in close-up and lactating diets, respectively. Dry matter intake, health events, milk production parameters, feed efficiency, colostrum quality, reproductive parameters, body weight, and body condition score were monitored. Fecal samples collected on -21, -14, -7, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 d relative to calving were analyzed for total coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Blood samples were collected at 7, 14, and 21 d postpartum for analysis of β-hydroxybutyrate. Sterile quarter milk samples collected at dry-off, calving, and wk 1, 2, and 3 of lactation were analyzed for milk pathogens and somatic cell count. Pre- or postpartum dry matter intake, body weight, body condition score, milk yield, and milk protein and fat yields did not differ among treatments. Milk fat and protein concentrations were greater in EHY cows than CON cows. β-Hydroxybutyrate and health events were not different among treatments. The presence of fecal C. perfringens did not differ prepartum, but was lower in EHY cows postpartum. Milk pathogens and total intramammary infections did not differ between treatments at dry-off, calving, wk 1, or wk 2, but more EHY cows were infected with Staphylococcus sp. during wk 3 than CON cows. The EHY cows showed heat earlier than CON cows, but no other reproductive parameters were affected. The EHY supplementation during the transition period did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, health events, or reproductive parameters but did increase milk protein and fat concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stefenoni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98731.
| | - A Adams-Progar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - E Block
- Church and Dwight Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ 08543
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Yanting C, Ma G, Harrison JH, Block E. Effect of stearic or oleic acid on milk performance and energy partitioning when fed in diets with low and high rumen-active unsaturated fatty acids in early lactation. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4647-4656. [PMID: 31560748 PMCID: PMC6827400 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of stearic acid (SA; C18:0) or rumen-protected oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9) on milk performance and energy partitioning of early lactation cows when supplemented in diets with low and high level of rumen unsaturated fatty acids (RUFA). In low RUFA experiment (LRUFA), FA supplement rich in either SA or calcium salts OA was added to a basal diet with a low concentration of RUFA (0.75% vs. 1.4%, LRUFA-SA vs. LRUFA-OA). In high RUFA experiment (HRUFA), 2% soybean oil was added to the diet fed in the LRUFA experiment. In each experiment, 30 multiparous cows were blocked by parity and predicted transmitting ability for milk yield and were randomly fed 1 of 2 treatment diets from 2 to 13 wk postpartum. In the LRUFA experiment, LRUFA-SA had 2.4 kg/d more dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.01), 3.8 kg/d more energy-corrected milk (P < 0.01), and 0.3% units more milk fat percentage (P < 0.01) and 0.2 kg/d more milk fat yield (P < 0.01). Dietary treatments did not affect body weight, energy balance, and energy intake partitioning into milk, maintenance, and body tissues (P > 0.1). In the HRUFA experiment, HRUFA-SA had 1.4 kg/d more DMI (P = 0.03) but similar milk and milk components yields (P > 0.1). HRUFA-SA had a tendency to gain more body weight (P = 0.07) and had more positive energy balance (P = 0.01) and decreased gross feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) (P = 0.01). Consistently, HRUFA-SA increased intake energy partitioning into body tissues (P = 0.02) and decreased energy partitioning into milk (P = 0.01). In summary, SA supplementation had more DMI relative to OA, but the effects on milk and milk fat production were different and affected by the level of RUFA in the basal diet. In application, SA supplementation was more effective to improve milk production when included in the basal diet with the low RUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yanting
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Guiling Ma
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA
| | - Elliot Block
- Church and Dwight Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ
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Yanting C, Yang QY, Ma GL, Du M, Harrison JH, Block E. Dose- and type-dependent effects of long-chain fatty acids on adipogenesis and lipogenesis of bovine adipocytes. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1601-1615. [PMID: 29153512 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation and lipid metabolism of adipocytes have a great influence on milk performance, health, and feed efficiency of dairy cows. The effects of dietary long-chain fatty acids (FA) on adipogenesis and lipogenesis of dairy cows are often confounded by other nutritional and physiological factors in vivo. Therefore, this study used an in vitro approach to study the effect of dose and type of long-chain FA on adipogenesis and lipogenesis of bovine adipocytes. Stromal vascular cells were isolated from adipose tissue of dairy cows and induced into mature adipocytes in the presence of various long-chain FA including myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid. When concentrations of myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids in adipogenic mediums were 150 and 200 μM, the induced mature adipocytes had greater lipid content compared with other concentrations of FA. In addition, mature adipocytes induced at 100 μM stearic acid and 300 μM linoleic acid had the greatest content of lipid than at other concentrations. High concentrations of saturated FA were more toxic for cells than the same concentration of unsaturated FA during the induction. When commitment stage was solely treated with FA, the number of differentiated mature adipocytes was greater for oleic and linoleic acids than other FA. When the maturation stage was treated with FA, the number of mature adipocytes was not affected, but the lipid content in adipocytes was affected and ranked oleic > linoleic > myristic > stearic > palmitic. In summary, this study showed that adipogenesis and lipogenesis of bovine adipocytes were differentially affected by long-chain FA, with unsaturated FA more effective than saturated FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yanting
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - Q Y Yang
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - G L Ma
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - M Du
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup 98731.
| | - E Block
- Church and Dwight Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ 08543
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Ma G, Neibergs JS, Harrison JH, Whitefield EM. Nutrient contributions and biogas potential of co-digestion of feedstocks and dairy manure. Waste Manag 2017; 64:88-95. [PMID: 28351541 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on collection of data on nutrient flow and biogas yield at a commercial anaerobic digester managed with dairy manure from a 1000 cow dairy and co-digestion of additional feedstocks. Feedstocks included: blood, fish, paper pulp, out of date beverages and grease trap waste. Mass flow of inputs and outputs, nutrient concentration of inputs and outputs, and biogas yield were obtained. It was determined that manure was the primary source of nutrients to the anaerobic digester when co-digested with feedstocks. The percentage of contribution from manure to the total nutrient inputs for total nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, phosphorus and total solids was 46.3%, 67.7%, 32.8% and 23.4%, respectively. On average, manure contributed the greatest amount of total nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen. Grease trap waste contributed the greatest amount of phosphorus and total solids at approximately 50%. Results demonstrated that a reliable estimate of nutrient inflow could be obtained from the product of the nutrient analyses of a single daily composite of influent subsamples times the total daily flow estimated with an in-line flow meter. This approach to estimate total daily nutrient inflow would be more cost effective than testing and summing the contribution of individual feedstocks. Data collected after liquid-solid separation confirmed that the majority (>75%) of nutrients remain with the liquid effluent portion of the manure stream. It was demonstrated that the ash concentration in solids before and after composting could be used to estimate the mass balance of total solids during the compost process. This data confirms that biogas or methane yield could be accurately measured from the ratio of % volatile solids to % total solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, WSU-Pullman, 116 ASLB, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - J Shannon Neibergs
- School of Economic Sciences, WSU-Pullman, Hulbert 103B, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, WSU-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
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Ma G, Harrison JH, Block E, Jenkins TC, VanWieringen L. Short communication: Temporal effect of feeding potassium carbonate sesquihydrate on milk fat in lactating dairy cows fed a fat-depressing diet. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:371-378. [PMID: 27837989 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A lactation study with 10 multiparous dairy cows in early lactation, with an average of 64 days in milk (standard deviation=37), were used to evaluate how quickly milk fat concentration would change when potassium carbonate sesquihydrate was abruptly added to the diet. The experiment had 3 periods. In period 1 (d 0 to 7) all cows were fed the same basal (control) diet with 1.8% soy oil, dry basis; in period 2 (d 8 to 28) 5 cows received the control diet, whereas the other 5 cows received the control diet plus 0.59% of added K with K carbonate sesquihydrate; and in period 3 (d 29 to 42) all 10 cows received the control diet. The control diet was formulated for a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), calculated as Na + K - Cl - S, of 37.7mEq/100g of dry matter (DM), 1.74% of DM as K, and 5.7% long-chain fatty acids (DM%), which included 1.8% of DM as soybean oil. Period 1 was used as a covariate. In period 2, d 8 to 28, 5 cows remained on the control diet whereas 5 cows were fed with the control diet plus K carbonate sesquihydrate (DCAD+ diet; DCAD of 54.3mEq/100g DM and 2.33% of DM as K). After feeding the DCAD+ diet, we noted a difference in milk fat concentration from 3.9 to 4.3% within 72h. Over the 21d of period 2, the DCAD+ diet resulted in significantly greater milk fat percentage from 4.0 to 4.3%, lactose from 4.74 to 4.82%, and fat efficiency in the form of fat in milk divided by fat in DMI from 1.27 to 1.49, without affecting dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein concentration, solids-not fat concentration, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and protein efficiency in the form of protein in milk divided by protein in DMI. In period 3 (d 29-42), all cows were again fed the control diet, resulting in a tendency for greater milk fat concentration, significantly greater lactose concentration, and fat efficiency in the form of fat in milk divided by fat in DMI for the cows having received the DCAD+ diet during period 2. In conclusion, the abrupt addition of K carbonate sesquihydrate resulted in a greater milk fat concentration and tended to maintain the greater concentration after cessation of K carbonate sesquihydrate feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences. Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98731.
| | - E Block
- Church and Dwight Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - T C Jenkins
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Lynn VanWieringen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98731
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Neerackal GM, Ndegwa PM, Joo HS, Wang X, Frear CS, Harrison JH, Beutel MW. Potential application of Alcaligenes faecalis strain No. 4 in mitigating ammonia emissions from dairy wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2016; 206:36-42. [PMID: 26845217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the potential mitigation of NH3 emissions from dairy manure via an enhanced aerobic bio-treatment with bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis strain No. 4. The studies were conducted in aerated batch reactors using air and pure oxygen. Aeration with air and oxygen removed approximately 40% and 100% total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), respectively. Intermittent oxygenation (every 2 or 4 h) reduced oxygen consumption by 95%, while attaining nearly identical TAN removal to continuous aeration. The results revealed that adequate oxygen supply and supplementing dairy wastewater with carbon are essential for this bioprocess. Based on the nitrogen mass balance, only 4% of TAN was released as NH3 gas, while the majority was retained in either the microbial biomass (58%) or converted to nitrogen gas (36%). The mass balance results reveal high potential for environmentally friendly bio-treatment of dairy wastewater using A. faecalis strain No. 4 with respect to NH3 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Neerackal
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Pius M Ndegwa
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Hung-Soo Joo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Craig S Frear
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Marc W Beutel
- School of Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Wang X, Ndegwa PM, Joo H, Neerackal GM, Harrison JH, Stöckle CO, Liu H. Reliable low-cost devices for monitoring ammonia concentrations and emissions in naturally ventilated dairy barns. Environ Pollut 2016; 208:571-579. [PMID: 26552517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the use of two relatively cost-effective devices for determining NH3 concentrations in naturally ventilated (NV) dairy barns including an Ogawa passive sampler (Ogawa) and a passive flux sampler (PFS). These samplers were deployed adjacent to sampling ports of a photoacoustic infrared multigas spectroscope (INNOVA), in a NV dairy barn. A 3-day deployment period was deemed suitable for both passive samplers. The correlations between concentrations determined with the passive samplers and the INNOVA were statistically significant (r = 0.93 for Ogawa and 0.88 for PFS). Compared with reference measurements, Ogawa overestimated NH3 concentrations in the barn by ∼ 14%, while PFS underestimated NH3 concentrations by ∼ 41%. Barn NH3 emission factors per animal unit (20.6-21.2 g d(-1) AU(-1)) based on the two passive samplers, after calibration, were similar to those obtained with the reference method and were within the range of values reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Pius M Ndegwa
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - HungSoo Joo
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - George M Neerackal
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Claudio O Stöckle
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Heping Liu
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 642910, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Page LH, Ni JQ, Zhang H, Heber AJ, Mosier NS, Liu X, Joo HS, Ndegwa PM, Harrison JH. Reduction of volatile fatty acids and odor offensiveness by anaerobic digestion and solid separation of dairy manure during manure storage. J Environ Manage 2015; 152:91-98. [PMID: 25617873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) play an important role in the biodegradation of organic wastes and production of bioenergy under anaerobic digestion, and are related to malodors. However, little is known about the dynamics of VFA during dairy manure storage. This study evaluated the characteristics of VFA in dairy manure before and after anaerobic co-digestion in a laboratory experiment using eight lab-scale reactors. The reactors were loaded with four different types of dairy manure: (1) liquid dairy manure from a freestall barn, (2) mixture of dairy manure and co-digestion food processing wastes at the inlet of an anaerobic digester, (3) effluent from the digester outlet, and (4) the liquid fraction of effluent from a solid separator. Four VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, and 2-methylbutyric acids) were identified and quantified in weekly manure samples from all reactors. Results showed that the dominant VFA was acetic acid in all four manure sources. The off-farm co-digestion wastes significantly increased the total VFA concentrations and the proportions of individual VFA in the influent. The dairy manure under storage demonstrated high temporal and spatial variations in pH and VFA concentrations. Anaerobic digestion reduced the total VFA by 86%-96%; but solid-liquid separation did not demonstrate a significant reduction in total VFA in this study. Using VFA as an indicator, anaerobic digestion exhibited an effective reduction of dairy manure odor offensiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Page
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Qin Ni
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Albert J Heber
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan S Mosier
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xingya Liu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hung-Soo Joo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 98935, USA
| | - Pius M Ndegwa
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 98935, USA
| | - Joseph H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Research and Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Pulyallup, WA 98371, USA
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Zhang T, Bowers KE, Harrison JH, Chen S. Releasing phosphorus from calcium for struvite fertilizer production from anaerobically digested dairy effluent. Water Environ Res 2010; 82:34-42. [PMID: 20112536 DOI: 10.2175/106143009x425924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Being a non-renewable resource and a source of potential water pollution, phosphorus could be recovered from animal manure in the form of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) to be used as a slow-release fertilizer. It was found recently that the majority of phosphorus in anaerobically digested dairy effluent is tied up in a fine suspended calcium-phosphate solid, thus becoming unavailable for struvite formation. Acidification and use of a chelating agent were investigated for converting the calcium-associated phosphorus in the digested effluent to dissolved phosphate ions, so that struvite can be produced. The results demonstrated that the phosphorus in the effluent was released into the solution by lowering the pH. In addition, the phosphorus concentration in the solution increased significantly with increased ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration, as EDTA has a high stability constant with calcium. Most of the phosphorus (91%) was released into the solution after adding EDTA. Further, the freed phosphorus ion precipitated out as struvite provided that sufficient magnesium ions (Mg2+) were present in the solution. Furthermore, the phase structure of the solid precipitate obtained from the EDTA treatment matched well with standard struvite, based on the data from X-ray diffraction analysis. These results provide methods for altering the forms of phosphorus for the design and application of phosphorus-removal technologies for dairy wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA
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Nennich TD, Harrison JH, VanWieringen LM, St-Pierre NR, Kincaid RL, Wattiaux MA, Davidson DL, Block E. Prediction and Evaluation of Urine and Urinary Nitrogen and Mineral Excretion from Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:353-64. [PMID: 16357300 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urine excretion is a substantial factor in the amount of manure that needs to be managed, and urinary N can contribute to ammonia volatilization. Development and validation of prediction equations focusing on dietary factors to decrease urine and urinary nutrient excretion will provide information for managing urine and feces separately or for other future technologies. The objective of this study was to develop equations for prediction of urine excretion and excretion of urinary N, Na, and K and to evaluate both new and previously published prediction equations for estimation of urine and urinary nutrient excretion from lactating dairy cows. Data sets from metabolism studies conducted at Washington State University were compiled and evaluated for excretion of minerals. Urine excretion averaged 24.1 kg/d and urinary nitrogen excretion ranged from 63 to 499 g/d in the calibration data set. Regression equations were developed to predict urine excretion, urinary N excretion, and urinary Na and K excretion. Predictors used in the regression equations included milk yield, body weight, dietary crude protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, and nutrient intakes. Previously published prediction equations were evaluated using data sets from Washington State University and the University of Wisconsin. Mean and linear biases were evaluated by determining the regression of residuals on predicted values. Evaluation and validation of prediction equations are important to develop equations that will more accurately estimate urine and urinary nitrogen excretion from lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nennich
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, 98371, USA
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Nennich TD, Harrison JH, VanWieringen LM, Meyer D, Heinrichs AJ, Weiss WP, St-Pierre NR, Kincaid RL, Davidson DL, Block E. Prediction of Manure and Nutrient Excretion from Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3721-33. [PMID: 16162547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of manure excretion are needed for planning manure storage facilities and for nutrient management. Data sets from metabolism studies conducted at several universities were compiled and evaluated for excretion of total manure, N, P, and K. Animal groups included calves weighing up to 204 kg, heifers weighing between 274 and 613 kg, nonlactating cows, and lactating cows. Regression equations were developed to predict excretion of total manure, total dry matter, N, P, and K. Predictors used in the regression equations for lactating cows included milk yield, percentages of protein and fat in milk, dietary concentrations of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and intakes of nutrients. The regression equations provide improved predictions of excretion and enable more accurate planning of manure storage and nutrients to be managed at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nennich
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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14
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine P digestibility in lactating dairy cows fed corn or barley as grain sources. The first experiment utilized a replicated incomplete 5 x 4 Latin square design with 8 lactating Holstein cows fed diets containing either corn alone or corn in combination with one of 4 barley varieties that differed in chemical composition. Total tract digestibility of P ranged from 11 to 29% for diets containing the barley varieties and was approximately 35% for the corn diet. A second experiment compared P digestibility in cows fed diets containing corn or barley when exogenous phytase was added to the diets. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 16) were arranged in 4 replications of a Latin square with 2 grains (barley or corn), fed separately or with added exogenous phytase (427 phytase units/kg of total mixed ration and 4 periods of 21 d. Phytate P comprised about 50% of the total P (0.46% P) in the total mixed ration. The concentration of serum inorganic P was higher in cows fed diets with exogenous phytase (5.8 vs. 6.5 mg/dL in cows fed barley diets and 5.5 vs 6.0 mg/dL in cows fed corn diets). Using acid detergent lignin as an internal marker, hydrolysis of phytate P was increased by the exogenous phytase, and total P digestibility tended to be increased. In contrast to Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 there was no effect of grain source on P digestibility and total fecal P. Dry matter intake and efficiency of milk production were not affected by exogenous phytase or grain type. Although phytase activity occurs in the rumen, physical properties of the diet and ruminal passage rates may prevent total hydrolysis of phytate in the rumen of lactating cows. Thus, exogenous dietary phytase might improve P digestibility in dairy cows in some dietary situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kincaid
- Animal Sciences Department, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6310, USA.
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Chen S, Wen Z, Liao W, Liu C, Kincaid RL, Harrison JH, Elliott DC, Brown MD, Stevens DJ. Studies into Using Manure in a Biorefinery Concept. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 121-124:999-1015. [PMID: 15930577 DOI: 10.1385/abab:124:1-3:0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal manure is an underutilized biomass resource containing a large amount of organic carbon that is often wasted with the existing manure disposal practices. A research project funded by the US Department of Energy explored the feasibility of using manure via the sugar platform in a biorefinery, converting the carbon from fiber to biochemicals. The results showed that (1) fiber was the major component of manure dry material making up approx 50%, 40%, and 36% of the dry dairy, swine, and poultry manure material, respectively; within dairy manure, more than 56% of the dry matter was in particles larger than 1.680 mm; (2) in addition to being a carbon source, manure could provide a variety of nutrient for fungi T. reesei and A. phoenicis to produce cellulase; (3) the hemicellulose component in the manure fiber could be readily converted to sugar through acid hydrolysis; while concentrated acid decrystallization treatment was most effective in manure cellulose hydrolysis; (4) purification and separation was necessary for further chemical conversion of the manure hydrolysate to polyols through hydrogenation; and (5) the manure utilization strategy studied in this work is currently not profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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16
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Hunt C, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn Silage Management: Effects of Hybrid, Maturity, Chop Length, and Mechanical Processing on Rate and Extent of Digestion. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3271-99. [PMID: 14594247 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hybrid, chop length, maturity, and mechanical processing of corn silage on dry matter and nutrient disappearance in the rumen. Corn silage that had not been dried or ground was incubated in macro in situ bags (30 x 35 cm) for 8, 16, 24,48, and 96 h. Experiments la and 2 evaluated the effects of maturity and mechanical processing for two corn silage hybrids harvested at two theoretical lengths-of-cut. Experiments 3 through 5 evaluated the effects of chop length and mechanical processing for two corn silage hybrids harvested at two-thirds milkline. The hybrid with low neutral fiber (NDF) concentrations had greater dry matter and starch disappearance than the hybrid with high NDF concentrations. The effect of chop length on nutrient disappearance was variable across experiments 3 through 5. Processing improved dry matter disappearance in experiments la, 2 (two-thirds milkline and blackline), 3, 4, and 5 at the majority of ruminal incubation timepoints. Starch disappearance was greater for unprocessed corn silage in experiment la (hard dough and two-thirds milkline) and was greater for processed corn silage in experiments 2 and 5. However, there was no consistent trend in starch disappearance between processed and unprocessed corn silage in experiments 3 and 4. This can be partially explained by the high disappearance of starch (experiment 3, > or = 98% and experiment 4, > or = 94%) by 24 h of ruminal incubation. Minimal differences were detected in NDF disappearance between processed and unprocessed corn silage across maturities. In experiments 2 and 5, crude protein disappearance was improved due to processing at some incubation timepoints. Rate of dry matter, starch (one-third milkline and two-thirds milkline), and NDF disappearance tended to increase when corn silage was mechanically processed in experiment 2. Dry matter, starch, and crude protein disappearance tended to be greater for corn silage harvested at the early maturity (one-third milkline) in experiment 2 compared with advanced maturities (two-thirds milkline and blackline). Disappearance of NDF was greater at early maturities compared with advanced maturities in experiments 1a and 2. Rate of dry matter (hybrid 3845), starch, and NDF (hybrid 3845) disappearance tended to decrease as maturity advanced from one-third milkline to blackline in experiment 2. These results suggest that the macro in situ method can be used to evaluate nutrient disappearance in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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17
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Schager WM, Harrison JH, Gaskins CT, Davidson D. Factors affecting application of milk allantoin as an estimator of microbial protein flow to the duodenum under commercial conditions. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1716-21. [PMID: 12778582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of diet change, milk sampling technique, and bovine somatotropin (bST) on allantoin output in milk and the use of allantoin as a practical, noninvasive method for estimating microbial protein flow in dairy cattle. In experiment 1, four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 2 x 2 Latin square design with two treatments (ratio of forage to concentrate) and two periods. In experiment 2, six Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design, and milk was collected by 1) a strip sample collected immediately before milking, 2) a strip sample collected 3 min from start of milking, and 3) a composite sample taken with an autosampler. In experiment three, 10 cows were used in a randomized block design to determine the effect of bST on milk allantoin. Milk samples were taken daily for 21 d, 7 d before, and 14 d after bST administration. In experiment 1, allantoin output (mmol/d) was significantly greater for cows fed the higher ratio of concentrate to forage, and there was a significant change in the amount of allantoin in milk 12 h (first subsequent milking) after a diet change. There was no difference in milk yield or dry matter intake between treatments. In experiment 2, no difference was detected in milk allantoin concentration among the three sampling methods. In experiment 3, milk yield, allantoin concentration, and total allantoin output was significantly increased after bST administration even though dry matter intake (DMI) remained unchanged. During the first 14 d following bST administration, estimates of microbial protein production derived from milk allantoin may be inaccurate due to increased milk production without an increase in DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Schager
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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18
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management: effects of hybrid, chop length, and mechanical processing on digestion and energy content. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:208-31. [PMID: 12613866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of chop length and mechanical processing of two hybrids of whole plant corn on digestion and energy content of the total mixed ration (TMR). The experimental designs in experiments 1 and 2 were 6 x 6 and 4 x 4 Latin squares, respectively. In the first experiment, Pioneer hybrid 3845 was harvested at three theoretical lengths of cut: 11.1, 27.8, and 39.7 mm. At each chop length, corn was harvested with and without mechanical processing using a John Deere 5830 harvester with an onboard kernel processor. In the second experiment, Pioneer hybrid Quanta was harvested at two theoretical lengths of cut: 27.8 and 39.7 mm, with and without mechanical processing. In both experiments, the increase in the theoretical length of cut of corn silage increased the average length of cut and tended to increase the percentage of particles greater than 19 mm and lower the percentage of particles between 8 and 19 mm. In experiment 1, apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities were lower for cows fed diets containing corn silage harvested at a short chop length (11.1 mm) than for corn silage harvested at a long chop length (39.7 mm). The lower total tract digestibility of nutrients may have contributed to the lower TDN, metabolizable energy (percentage of digestible energy), and NEL concentration of diets containing the short chop length corn silage (experiment 1). In experiment 2, total tract starch digestibility was greater for cows fed medium chop (27.8 mm) corn silage diets, and total tract NDF digestibility was greater for cows fed long chop (39.7 mm) corn silage diets. The opposing effect of total tract starch and fiber digestibilities between chop lengths may have contributed to the lack of difference in energy content of the diets in experiment 2. The TDN and NEL concentrations of the processed corn silage diets were greater than the unprocessed corn silage diets in experiment 1. The increase in energy concentration for the processed corn silage diet was due to greater total tract digestibility of organic matter and ether extract. Total tract starch digestibility was greater, and total tract NDF digestibility was lower for cows fed processed corn silage diets than unprocessed corn silage diets in experiment 2. The opposing effect of total tract starch and fiber digestibilities between processed and unprocessed corn silage may have contributed to the lack of difference in energy content of the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup, 98371, USA
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19
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management: effects of hybrid, maturity, inoculation, and mechanical processing on fermentation characteristics. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:287-308. [PMID: 12613872 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hybrid, maturity, mechanical processing, and inoculation of corn silage on fermentation characteristics. In experiment 1, Pioneer hybrid 3845 corn silage was harvested at three maturities (hard dough, one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline). In experiment 2, Pioneer hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at three maturities (one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline). In both experiments, corn silage was harvested at each maturity with and without mechanical processing and with and without inoculation. In experiments 1 and 2, corn silage was harvested at a theoretical length-of-cut of 6.4 and 12.7 mm, respectively. Maturity at harvest tended to have a greater impact on silage fermentation characteristics of corn silage than mechanical processing and inoculation. In experiments 1 and 2, corn silage harvested at the earliest maturity tended to have decreased dry matter content and increased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations during the ensiling process than corn silage harvested at advanced maturities. In experiment 2, pH levels were lower for corn silage harvested at the early maturity (one-third milkline) compared with advanced maturities (two-thirds milkline and blackline) by 57 d after ensiling. The difference in pH can be explained by the greater concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates at the early maturity (one-third ML) soon after ensiling (2, 3, 6 and 10 d after ensiling) compared with advanced maturities (two-thirds ML and BL). The increased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the less mature corn silage provided nutrients for bacteria to grow and produce primarily lactic acid (6, 10, and 57 d after ensiling) and some acetic acid (2, 3, 6, and 10 d after ensiling) which reduced the pH of corn silage more than at the advanced maturities. There was a slight change in silage fermentation characteristics when corn silage was inoculated with Pioneer 1132 inoculant in experiment 1. The inoculated corn silage had increased temperature, lactate and acetate concentrations, and lower water-soluble carbohydrate and pH levels compared with uninoculated corn silage. Dry matter recovery tended to be greater for processed corn silage in experiment 1, and greater for unprocessed corn silage in experiment 2. It appears that when fermentation was greater (increased temperature and lactate concentration 57 d after ensiling) the dry matter recovery was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Departinent of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyaflup 98371, USA
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20
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Swift M, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management III: effects of hybrid, maturity, and processing on nitrogen metabolism and ruminal fermentation. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2928-47. [PMID: 12487460 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of maturity and mechanical processing of two hybrids of whole plant corn silage on DM and OM digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, ruminal fermentation, and milk production and composition in lactating Holstein cows. In the first experiment, Pioneer hybrid 3845 whole plant corn was harvested at hard dough, one-third milkline, and two-thirds milkline with a theoretical length-of-cut of 6.4 mm. At each stage of maturity, corn was harvested with (1-mm roll clearance) and without (15.9-mm roll clearance) mechanical processing using a John Deere 5830 harvester with an on-board kernel processor. In the second experiment, Pioneer hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline stages of maturity with and without mechanical processing. The theoretical length-of-cut was 12.7 mm. Total tract DM and OM digestibilities were lower for cows fed diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 1, and tended to be lower for cows fed diets containing unprocessed corn silage in experiment 2. Ruminal acetate concentrations were greater and ruminal propionate concentrations were lower 2 and 6 h after feeding for cows fed diets containing corn silage harvested at physiological maturity in experiment 2. This was due to decreased digestion of starch at advanced maturities in experiment 2. Ruminal pH tended to decline rapidly after feeding for cows fed hybrid Quanta (2 h) compared to hybrid 3845 (5 h) corn silage based diets. Ruminal acetate concentrations decreased and ruminal propionate concentrations increased 2 and 6 h after feeding for cows fed diets containing hybrid Quanta corn silage compared to hybrid 3845 corn silage. This was related to a greater starch concentration in the corn silage, greater starch intake, and increased rate of starch digestion for cows fed hybrid Quanta corn silage-based diets. Microbial nitrogen flow was lower and feed nitrogen flow was greater for cows fed diets containing hybrid Quanta corn silage. The lower microbial nitrogen flow was due to lower microbial nitrogen concentration and nonammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum. Milk fat and protein concentrations had a strong quadratic relationship with forage NDF intake as a percentage of body weight. When forage NDF intake as a percentage of body weight dropped below 0.70%, there was a rapid decline in milk fat and protein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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21
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Swift M, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management II: effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on digestion and energy content. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2913-27. [PMID: 12487459 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of maturity and mechanical processing of two hybrids of whole plant corn on starch, fiber, and ether extract digestibilities and energy content of the total mixed ration fed to lactating Holstein cows. In the first experiment, Pioneer hybrid 3845 whole plant corn was harvested at hard dough, one-third milkline, and two-thirds milkline with a theoretical length of cut of 6.4 mm. At each stage of maturity, corn was harvested with and without mechanical processing. In the second experiment, Pioneer hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline stages of maturity with and without mechanical processing. The theoretical length of cut was 12.7 mm. The measured TDN and NEL concentrations were lower for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 1 and greater for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 2, compared with diets containing unprocessed corn silage. The lower energy content for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 1 can be explained by the lower total tract NDF, ether extract, and CP digestibilities. The greater energy content for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 2 can be attributed to greater total tract starch and NDF digestibilities for cows fed processed corn silage diets. In experiment 2, diets containing processed corn silage (1.59 Mcal/kg) had approximately 2.6% more energy available per kilogram of DM consumed compared with diets containing unprocessed corn silage (1.55 Mcal/kg). For hybrid Quanta in experiment 2, the TDN and NEL concentrations of diets containing corn silage harvested at two-thirds ML were greater than at other maturities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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22
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Robutti JL, Swift M, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management I: effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on chemical and physical characteristics. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:833-53. [PMID: 12018430 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing of whole plant corn on chemical and physical characteristics, particle size, pack density, and dry matter recovery. In the first experiment, hybrid 3845 whole plant corn was harvested at hard dough, one-third milkline, and two-thirds milkline with a theoretical length-of-cut of 6.4 mm. In the second experiment, hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline stages of maturity with a theoretical length-of-cut of 12.7 mm. At each stage of maturity, corn was harvested with and without mechanical processing by using a John Deere 5830 harvester with an onboard kernel processor. The percentage of intact corn kernels present in unprocessed corn silage explained 62% of variation in total tract starch digestibility. As the amount of intact kernels increased, total tract starch digestibility decreased. Post-ensiled vitreousness of corn kernels within the corn silage explained 31 and 48% of the variation of total tract starch digestibility for processed and unprocessed treatments, respectively. For a given amount of vitreous starch in corn kernels, total tract starch digestibility was lower for cows fed unprocessed corn silage compared with processed corn silage. This suggests that processing corn silage disrupts the dense protein matrix within the corn kernel where starch is embedded, therefore making the starch more available for digestion. Particle size of corn silage and orts that contained corn silage was reduced when it was processed. Wet pack density was greater for processed compared with unprocessed corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Mahanna WC, Shinners K, Linder D. Corn silage management: effects of maturity, inoculation, and mechanical processing on pack density and aerobic stability. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:434-44. [PMID: 11913704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculation, maturity, and mechanical processing of corn silage on aerobic stability and pack density. Corn silage was stored in 20-L mini silos for the three aerobic stability experiments. Corn silage was stored in 80-L mini silos for the three pack-density experiments. The wet pack density of corn silage tended to decrease as maturity advanced in all of the pack-density experiments, and processed corn silage had a greater wet pack density compared with unprocessed corn silage in two of the three 20-L mini silo experiments. Aerobic stability, measured as the number of hours to reach 1.7 degrees C above ambient, was greater for processed corn silage in two of the three 20-L mini silo experiments, and was greater for inoculated corn silage across the three 20-L mini silo experiments. Inoculation of corn silage with lactic acid producing bacteria tended to improve aerobic stability of corn silage more than maturity and mechanical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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24
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Andrae JG, Hunt CW, Pritchard GT, Kennington LR, Harrison JH, Kezar W, Mahanna W. Effect of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing of corn silage on intake and digestibility by beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2001; 79:2268-75. [PMID: 11583413 DOI: 10.2527/2001.7992268x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study involving a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to evaluate effects of hybrid (Pioneer 3335 and 3489), maturity (half milkline and blacklayer), and mechanical processing (field chopper with and without on-board rollers engaged) on intake and digestibility of corn silage. Forty Angus steers (322 +/- 5.2 kg BW) were assigned to the eight silage treatments (five steers per treatment) and individually fed using electronic gates. Diets consisted of 60% corn silage and 40% chopped alfalfa hay (DM basis). Following a 5-d adaptation period, intake was measured for 7 d and subsequently fecal samples were collected for 5 d. Chromic oxide (5 g/d) was fed beginning 7 d before fecal sample collection and digestibility was determined by the ratio of Cr in the feed and feces. Steers were reallocated to treatments and these procedures were repeated, providing 10 observations per treatment. In addition, all silages were ruminally incubated in six mature cows for 0, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 96 h to determine extent and rate of DM, starch, NDF, and ADF disappearance. Processing increased DMI of hybrid 3489 but did not affect DMI of hybrid 3335 (hybrid x processing; P < 0.06). Total tract digestibility of DM, starch, NDF, and ADF decreased (P < 0.01) as plant maturity increased. Maturity tended to decrease starch digestibility more for hybrid 3489 than for hybrid 3335 (hybrid x maturity; P < 0.10). Processing increased (P < 0.01) starch digestibility but decreased (P < 0.01) NDF and ADF digestibility, resulting in no processing effect on DM digestibility. There was a numerical trend for processing to increase starch digestibility more for latethan for early-maturity corn silage (maturity x processing; P = 0.11). Processing increased in situ rates of DM and starch disappearance and maturity decreased in situ disappearance rates of starch and fiber. These data indicate that hybrid, maturity, and processing all affect corn silage digestibility. Mechanical processing of corn silage increased starch digestibility, which may have been associated with the observed decreased fiber digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Andrae
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, USA
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Abstract
The physiological effects of strategies for a rapid loss of body mass immediately before weighing-in for competition in weight-governed sports are unclear. This study examined the effects of a 3%-4% loss in body mass on a boxing-related task. Seven novice amateur boxers completed three 3 min rounds of simulated boxing on a prototype boxing ergometer in an euhydrated state (E-trial) and after exercise-induced thermal dehydration (D-trial). All subjects lost body mass following dehydration-mean body mass fell 3.8 (SD +/- 0.3)% [77.3 (SD +/- 11.3) to 74.4 (SD +/- 10.7) kg, P<0.001] - but changes in plasma volume (PV) were inconsistent. Four subjects suffered reductions in PV between 15% and 30%, one subject maintained his E-trial value and two recorded an increase. The D-trial mean PV value was 8.0 (SD +/- 17.2)% lower but this fall was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Analysis of D-trial boxing performance showed one subject maintained his performance over the two trials and a second improved 17.8%. A two-way ANOVA (condition x time) with repeated measures on both factors showed no significant main effect differences for condition (F1,6 = 3.93 P>0.05), time (F1.83,48 = 1.12, P>0.05) or interaction between them (F1.93,48, P>0.05). Furthermore, neither heart rate nor blood lactate responses in the boxing task differed between trials. These data were affected by the small sample. Power and effect size analysis using eta(2) procedure and removing the outlier data produced a mean fall in boxing performance of 26.8%. However, some subjects appeared able to resist the deleterious effects of a rapid loss of body mass prior to competition and further research is needed to explain the mechanisms under-pinning this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Smith
- Centre for Sports Science and Medicine, University College Chichester, UK.
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26
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Abstract
Data were collected from 10 experiments with duodenally cannulated Holstein dairy cows (271 combinations of cow and period) to evaluate the relationship between milk purine metabolites and microbial nitrogen flow. Experiments evaluated the effects of dietary factors on microbial N production and included: 1) supplemental sources of ruminally protected amino acids; 2) grass silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes; 3) bacterial inoculation of corn silage; 4) a comparison of corn and barley grain; 5) ruminal starch availability as affected by corn silages of varying maturity; and, 6) ruminal starch availability as affected by corn silages harvested at varying chop length and with or without mechanical processing. The coefficient of determination for individual experiments for the relationship between microbial nitrogen flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in milk ranged from -0.01 to 0.77 and -0.06 to 0.22 respectively. Across all experiments, the coefficients of determination between microbial nitrogen flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in milk were r2 = 0.09 and 0.01 respectively. Milk allantoin output was used to develop a prediction equation estimating microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum. The greatest predictive value (r2 = 0.25) relationship was observed across non-bST experiments and included the factors of allantoin excretion, milk yield, dry matter intake, and days in milk. When milk yield was included in the model, the predictive value improved (r2 = 0.44). Based on these data, milk uric acid excretion alone cannot be used to predict microbial N production accurately [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Timmermans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Dairy Forage Facility, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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Johnson L, Harrison JH, Hunt C, Shinners K, Doggett CG, Sapienza D. Nutritive value of corn silage as affected by maturity and mechanical processing: a contemporary review. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:2813-25. [PMID: 10629831 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stage of maturity at harvest and mechanical processing affect the nutritive value of corn silage. The change in nutritive value of corn silage as maturity advances can be measured by animal digestion and macro in situ degradation studies among other methods. Predictive equations using climatic data, vitreousness of corn grain in corn silage, starch reactivity, gelatinization enthalpy, dry matter (DM) of corn grain in corn silage, and DM of corn silage can be used to estimate starch digestibility of corn silage. Whole plant corn silage can be mechanically processed either pre- or postensiling with a kernel processor mounted on a forage harvester, a recutter screen on a forage harvester, or a stationary roller mill. Mechanical processing of corn silage can improve ensiling characteristics, reduce DM losses during ensiling, and improve starch and fiber digestion as a result of fracturing the corn kernels and crushing and shearing the stover and cobs. Improvements in milk production have ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 kg/d when cows were fed mechanically processed corn silage. A consistent improvement in milk protein yield has also been observed when mechanically processed corn silage has been fed. With the advent of mechanical processors, alternative strategies are evident for corn silage management, such as a longer harvest window.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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Abstract
A dairy herd submodel was created for integration with other farm submodels to form DAFOSYM, a dairy farm simulation model. The herd submodel determines the best mix of available feeds to meet the fiber, energy, and protein requirements for each of six animal groups. The groups are early-, mid-, late-, and nonlactating cows, heifers over 1 yr old, and younger heifers. Feed intake, milk production, and manure dry matter and nutrient (N, P, and K) excretions are functions of the nutrient content of the diets. Required feed characteristics include crude protein, rumen degradable protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, net energy of lactation, neutral detergent fiber, total digestible nutrients, P, and K concentrations. Feed intake is predicted with fill and roughage units. These units are functions of feed neutral detergent fiber adjusted for particle size distribution and the relative rate of ruminal digestibility or physical effectiveness of the fiber. The herd submodel predicted feed intakes, nutrient requirements, diets, and manure excretions similar to those recommended or measured for dairy animals. When integrated with other farm components in DAFOSYM, the comprehensive model provides a useful tool for evaluating the long-term performance and economics of alternative dairy farm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rotz
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
This case-controlled study explored the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in older adults with epilepsy. Seventy-eight patients (47 post-menopausal females, 31 males, aged 47-76 years) with epilepsy participated in the study. Each had only ever received treatment with either enzyme-inducing (n = 52) or non-inducing (n = 26) AEDs. Individuals were matched for age, sex, height and weight with a drug-naive control. All patients underwent bone densitometry at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and had blood sampling and urine collected for a range of bone markers. Male patients had lower BMD than controls at the lumbar spine (P < 0.01) and neck of the femur (P < 0.005). Female patients had significantly reduced bone density at the femoral neck (P < 0.05) only. AED usage was independently associated with an overall reduction in bone density at femoral sites and contributed to just over 5% of the variance at the femoral neck. Duration of treatment and type of AED were not independent factors for reduction in BMD. This case-controlled study supports the hypothesis that long-term AED therapy is an independent risk factor for reduced BMD in epileptic patients. Adults receiving treatment for epilepsy are at higher risk of osteoporosis and should be offered bone densitometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Stephen
- Epilepsy Unit, University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Data were collected from six experiments using duodenally cannulated Holstein dairy cows (88 combinations of cow and period) to evaluate the relationship between urinary purine metabolites and microbial N flow. Experiments evaluated the effects of dietary factors on microbial N production, which included 1) varying concentrations of ruminally degradable protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, 2) supplemental sources of protected amino acids, 3) grass silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes, 4) bacterial inoculation of corn silage, and 5) ruminal starch availability as affected by corn silages of varying maturity. The coefficient of determination for individual experiments that measured the relationship between microbial N flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in urine ranged from 0.01 to 0.68 and 0.02 to 0.82, respectively. Across all experiments, the coefficients of determination between microbial N flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in urine were r2 = 0.002 and 0.11, respectively. Removal of data from one experiment improved the overall coefficient of determination between microbial N flow and urinary uric acid to r2 = 0.32. Urinary allantoin excretion across experiments was negatively correlated with microbial N flow, but urinary allantoin excretion within experiments was positively correlated with microbial N flow. Uric acid excretion in urine was positively correlated with microbial N flow across and within experiments, except for one experiment. Our data demonstrate that uric acid excretion in urine can be used to predict microbial N production, except in early lactation, and that urinary allantoin excretion cannot be used to predict microbial N production accurately among cows at different stages of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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Xu S, Harrison JH, Chalupa W, Sniffen C, Julien W, Sato H, Fujieda T, Watanabe K, Ueda T, Suzuki H. The effect of ruminal bypass lysine and methionine on milk yield and composition of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:1062-77. [PMID: 9594395 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-six multiparous Holstein cows were assigned at 3 wk prepartum to rations based on grass silage with 1) corn distillers grains to provide 86 and 90% of estimated required metabolizable Lys and Met, respectively; 2) a blend of blood meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal as amino acid (AA) sources to provide 112 and 103% of required metabolizable Lys and Met, respectively; 3) ruminally protected Lys and Met added as a top-dressing to ration 1 to provide 27 g/d of Lys and 8 g/d of Met as available AA at the duodenum postpartum; and 4) ruminally protected AA for 8 wk postpartum as a top-dressing to ration 1 to provide 40 g/d of Lys and 13 g/d of Met as available AA at the duodenum. Cows fed rations 3 and 4 were offered 13.5 g/d of duodenally available Lys and 4 g/d of duodenally available Met for 3 wk prepartum. The total length of the study was 43 wk. Cows fed ration 4 consumed 3 to 4 kg more dry matter than did cows fed the other three rations, and milk yield and the percentage of milk protein and fat were significantly increased during the first 8 wk of lactation. In early lactation, cows fed ration 3 had a greater milk fat percentage but similar dry matter intake, protein percentage, and yield of 4% fat-corrected milk compared with cows fed ration 2. The concentrations of blood serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acids were lower for cows fed ration 4 during the first 8 wk of lactation than they were for cows fed the other three rations. The mammary arteriovenous difference of whole blood AA indicated that Met along with His and Arg may be the most limiting AA for milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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32
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Abstract
Sixty-three of 209 (30.1%) samples of cattle feed that were collected from multiple commercial sources and from farms were found to contain Escherichia coli. However, none of the feed samples examined were culture-positive for E. coli O157. Replication of fecal E. coli, including E. coli O157, was demonstrated in a variety of feeds at temperatures that were similar to those found on farms in summer months. Fresh mixed rations containing corn silage were sampled from 16 dairies. Rations from 12 of these dairies were found to contain E. coli, and the rations from 5 dairies had concentrations of E. coli that were greater than 1000 cfu/g. The ability of experimental mixed rations to support the replication of E. coli was correlated with the concentration of organic acids in the corn silage that was used in the ration. Widespread contamination of cattle feeds with E. coli and the ability of E. coli to replicate in feeds suggest that feeds are a potentially important factor in the ecology of organisms that can be transmitted from feces to mouth, such as E. coli O157.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Lynn
- Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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Abstract
Light scattering was used to detect the kinetic development of particles in apple juices produced with and without oxidation and in procyanidin extracts prepared from these two juices. Particle size developed exponentially in both oxidized and unoxidized juices, suggesting an enzymatic origin for the particle forming reactions. The procyanidin extract from oxidized juices produced particles which grew linearly, suggesting diffusion-controlled aggregation or coalescence of particles. Procyanidins from unoxidized juice showed no particle development over at least 60 days of storage. Electron microscopy showed particles similar to those seen previously and some newly described morphologies. The mechanism of haze particle development is discussed in the light of the light scattering and electron microscopic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Beveridge
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
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Blauwiekel R, Xu S, Harrison JH, Loney KA, Riley RE, Calhoun MC. Effect of whole cottonseed, gossypol, and ruminally protected lysine supplementation on milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci 1997; 80:1358-65. [PMID: 9241597 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the gossypol content of the diet affected availability of dietary Lys, 4 cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and 16 intact cows in early lactation were assigned to diets containing either glanded cottonseed, glanded cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys, glandless cottonseed, or glandless cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk experimental periods. Gossypol concentrations in plasma were lower when cows were fed glandless cottonseed. Lysine supplementation increased the flow and percentage of Lys in duodenal digesta and increased the concentration of Lys in plasma. Neither type of cottonseed nor Lys supplementation affected dry matter intake. Yields of milk and fat-corrected milk from cannulated cows were not affected by diet, but yields from intact cows were increased by Lys supplementation. For both cannulated and intact cows, Lys supplementation increased the percentage of milk protein, and milk protein yield was increased by Lys in intact cows. Dietary gossypol did not affect the response to Lys, indicating that dietary gossypol had little or no effect on the availability of Lys for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blauwiekel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371-4998, USA
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Abstract
Previous attempts to culture mouse alveolar type II (ATII) cells have been hampered by limited purity and cell recovery. We have now obtained culturable ATII cells from female C57BL/6 mice at a purity of 92% +/- 3 (mean +/- SD; n = 20), with viabilities of 96% +/- 2 and total yields of 5.1 +/- 0.7 X 10(6) cells per mouse. Crude lung cell suspensions were prepared by intratracheal instillation of Dispase and agarose followed by mechanical disaggregation of the lungs. Crude cell suspensions were purified by negative selection using a biotinylated-antibody, streptavidin-coated biomagnetic particle system. Cell purities were determined by Pap staining and confirmed ultrastructurally. Purified ATII cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated chamber slides and maintained for up to 5 days in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cultures exhibited minimal contamination by Clara cells, mesenchymal cells, or endothelial cells, and the epithelial nature of the cultures was confirmed by positive cytokeratin staining in at least 97% of the cells through day 5. Day 3 cultures demonstrated osmium tetroxide/tannic acid-stained granules consistent with lamellar bodies in 76% +/- 3.6 of the cells. The cultures displayed features distinct from those previously described for adult rat ATII cells, including irregularly-shaped cells and the formation of numerous cytoplasmic projections in direct contact with other cells. These studies indicate that excellent yields of highly purified, culturable ATII cells can be obtained from genetically defined mice. These techniques may provide powerful new models for the study of parenchymal lung disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corti
- Tulane University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699, USA
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37
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Abstract
The adaptations of fat synthesis in adipose tissue to lactational state, rate of milk production, and dietary fat intake were determined for dairy cows. Lipogenesis and esterification were determined in cows of average or high genetic merit for milk production and fed either a control TMR of corn silage, alfalfa, and concentrate (2.5% fat; 1.47 Mcal of NEL/kg); a TMR with whole cottonseeds replacing 12% of the concentrate (4.4% fat; 1.49 Mcal NEL/kg); or a TMR with 12% cottonseeds and 2.7% of Ca salts of fatty acids (6.0% fat; 1.53 Mcal of NEL/kg). Dietary treatments began on d 17 of lactation and continued for 288 d. Lipogenesis and esterification decreased equally from 15 d prepartum to 15 d postpartum in all groups. Cows of high merit had lower rates of lipogenesis and esterification at d 60 than did low merit cows but had higher rates of lipogenesis at d 120. Rates of lipogenesis were decreased by dietary fat treatments. Esterification rates were lowest on the intermediate fat TMR and highest on the highest fat TMR. Lipogenesis was decreased logarithmically by dietary fat intake; this effect was greater as lactation progressed. Adipocyte size and body fat mass decreased during early lactation and then increased for all treatment groups. Supplemental dietary fat reduces de novo synthesis of fatty acid, and this effect increases as lactation progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McNamara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6320, USA
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Harrison JH, Rainey PM. Identification of patients for pharmacologic review by computer analysis of clinical laboratory drug concentration data. Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 103:710-7. [PMID: 7785655 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/103.6.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical pharmacokinetics evaluation and consultation can improve drug therapy and decrease the incidence of adverse reactions in selected patients. However, identification of patients appropriate for review is difficult. The authors developed a microcomputer-based expert system that scans clinical laboratory drug concentration data to identify patients for follow-up. Rules were developed from a review of data for digoxin, phenytoin, and theophylline. These were implemented in software that provides for simple rule creation and modification, on-screen graphic review of data, and printing of chart reports. This program is readily adapted for use with most laboratory information systems. In a retrospective study of 868 patients monitored for digoxin, phenytoin, and theophylline, 29% were flagged as having drug level profiles of possible concern. The majority (62%) of these patients had multiple specimens flagged, suggesting persistent problems. These data suggest that patients can be identified for follow-up by scanning serial drug concentrations, allowing consultative resources to be focused on patients most likely to benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Abstract
Mice are widely used as animal models for in vivo lung disease. Despite this fact, few methods exist for isolation of type II pneumocytes from mouse lung, limiting the study of alveolar epithelial characteristics in these models. This study investigated several methods for labeling murine lung cell suspensions for flow cytometric identification and sorting of type II pneumocytes. Crude lung cell suspensions were prepared after intratracheal instillation of Dispase and were labeled using phosphine alone or in combination with Helix pomatia lectin, Maclura pomifera lectin, or anti-murine-CD32. Crude cell suspensions yielded 17.4 million cells per animal with 19.5% type II pneumocytes by Pap staining. Ultrastructural evaluation of the sorted cell pellets (1-1.5 million cells each) demonstrated optimal type II cell purity in preparations labeled with phosphine and anti-CD32 (94.3% type II cells, 0.4% macrophages, 2.8% Clara cells, and 2.5% other). Nuclear suspensions appropriate for cell cycle analysis were produced by sorting the type II cells directly into hypotonic propidium iodide, and these preparations clearly demonstrated a substantial increase in S-phase type II cells during proliferative repair of BHT-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Harrison JH, Kincaid RL, McNamara JP, Waltner S, Loney KA, Riley RE, Cronrath JD. Effect of whole cottonseeds and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:181-93. [PMID: 7738254 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Holstein cows were assigned to diets containing no supplemental fat, supplemental fat from whole cottonseed, or supplemental fat from whole cottonseed plus Ca salts of fatty acids (Megalac). The TMR contained 46% forage and 54% concentrate or mixtures of concentrate and whole cottonseed on a DM basis and were fed from wk 3 through 44 of lactation. The mean fat content of the three diets was 3.0, 4.7, and 6.4% of DM for control, whole cottonseed, and whole cottonseed plus Ca salts of fatty acids, respectively. Supplemental fat increased NEL intake, percentage of milk fat, milk fat production, and rate of recovery of BW and body condition. Supplemental fat decreased milk protein production in early lactation, but not in late lactation. Addition of supplemental fat had no significant effect on ruminal concentration of VFA, NH3 N, or in situ digestibility of fiber. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat was increased with supplemental whole cottonseed or whole cottonseed plus Ca salts of fatty acids. During the first 3 mo of lactation, the proportion increased of fatty acids C14 or less, C16, and C18:2. Proportion of fatty acids C16:1 and C18:1 correspondingly decreased. The change in composition of milk fatty acids during early lactation is consistent with the use of body fat for milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99163, USA
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41
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Abstract
The decision to utilize particular forages in support of dairy production should be based on a number of key factors, such as available land base, type of manure management, soil type and topography, climate, and availability of purchased forages and feeds. Because of the complexity and environmental concerns existing in the dairy industry today, decisions about forage and manure management should include whole farm analysis with the aid of computer software. The chemical composition and digestibility of grass are affected more by stage of maturity than by other management factors, such as species, DM, or type of harvest system. The decline in digestibility of nutrients in first growth forage is approximately .55 to .68%/d and is dependent on the method of estimation. The decline in digestible DMI in first growth is .3 to .5%/d. The use of silage additives has become an integral part of forage management, and improvements in DMI and milk production are documented. Particle size and type of harvest equipment significantly affect eating behavior and efficiency of milk production. Wilting of silage results in an increase in DMI and efficiency of microbial protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371
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Xu S, Harrison JH, Riley RE, Loney KA. Effect of buffer addition to high grain total mixed rations on rumen pH, feed intake, milk production, and milk composition. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77:782-8. [PMID: 8169286 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lactating Holstein cows (n = 56) were fed high grain TMR in three feeding experiments to determine the effects of two rumen buffers on feed intake, milk production, and milk composition. The basal diet in Experiment 1 was 40% grass silage, 12% whole cottonseed, and 48% concentrate with treatments of 1) control (no added buffer), 2) 1.5% of dietary DM as Alkaten, and 3) 1.5% of dietary DM as Rumen 8. In Experiment 2, diets consisted of 12% corn and sunflower silage, 20% whole cottonseed, and 68% concentrate with treatments as in Experiment 1. The diets in Experiment 3 were identical to those in Experiment 2, except that buffers were increased to 2.2% of dietary DM. The DMI was greater for cows fed buffered diets than control diets in Experiments 2 and 3. Milk production was unaffected by treatment. Milk fat percentage was unaffected by diet in Experiment 1 and averaged 3.8%. Milk fat depression was alleviated for cows fed buffered diets in Experiments 2 and 3. No differences in rumen fluid pH or molar percentage of VFA were significant among treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Dairy-Forage Facility, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371
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McGuffey RK, Basson RP, Snyder DL, Block E, Harrison JH, Rakes AH, Emery RS, Muller LD. Effect of somidobove sustained release administration on the lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:1263-76. [PMID: 1860973 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactation performance was determined on 190 multiparous Holsteins from five herds supplemented with 0, 320, 640, or 960 mg of somidobove every 28 d. The experiment consisted of 21 d of pretreatment and treatment periods of various lengths, depending upon stage of lactation of animals at first administration. Somidobove beginning in early (28 to 45 d in milk), mid (111 to 166 d in milk), or late (166 to 334 d in milk) stages of lactation consisted of 9, 6, or 3 administrations. Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were increased by each dose of somidobove in all stages. Milk composition and dry matter and energy intakes were similar among treatments within stage. Milk to DMI ratio and milk energy to net energy intake ratio were improved by somidobove. Gain was positive for all treatments, but less in somidobove-supplemented cows. Lower body weight and condition score at the completion of somidobove treatment resulted. For early cows, days to first estrus and days to first breeding were similar; however, total number of inseminations for cows receiving somidobove was twofold greater than control, resulting in a longer calving interval. Results demonstrated efficacy of somidobove administered every 28 d to lactating dairy cattle for increased milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McGuffey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
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Wiesen B, Kincaid RL, Hillers JK, Harrison JH. The use of rapeseed screenings in diets for lactating cows and subsequent effects on milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci 1990; 73:3555-62. [PMID: 2099376 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)79055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This trial was to determine the effect of dietary rapeseed screenings on milk production, milk composition, and feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Pelleted rapeseed screenings were fed at 0, 7, and 14% of diet DM. Assignment of 36 multiparous Holstein cows was based upon parity and previous lactation performance. The experimental period was from parturition through wk 16 of lactation. The control ration had 3.1% ether extract, whereas the ration with 14% rapeseed screenings had 5.4% ether extract. The rapeseed screenings contained 52.2% of C18:1 and 24.2% of C18:2 as percentage of total fatty acids. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on milk yield or feed intake. There were significant increases in milk fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2 for cows consuming the diets with rapeseed screenings. Treatment did not significantly affect milk protein percentage as measured by Kjeldahl N or by the infrared method. Increased unsaturated fatty acids in the milk of cows fed rapeseed screenings had no apparent effect on infrared fat analysis. There was no interaction of treatment and milk fat analysis method (infrared versus Babcock). Dietary treatment did not affect blood serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations over the 16-wk period. In conclusion, rapeseed screenings, fed at levels up to 14% of the diet, did not affect milk yield, milk protein, or milk fat percentage but did change milk fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wiesen
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6310
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Harrison JH, Soderlund SD, Loney KA. Effect of inoculation rate of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation and in vitro digestibility of grass-legume forage. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:2421-6. [PMID: 2592653 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Grass-legume forage was used to evaluate the effect of inoculation rate of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation and in vitro digestibility during 57 d of ensiling. Chopped forage (DM = 28%) was ensiled in 4 to 6-kg quantities and treated as: 1) control, 10(3) epiphytic lactic acid bacteria; 2) 10(5) added lactic acid bacteria; and 3) 10(6) added lactic bacteria/g of wet forage. Samples were obtained for analyses on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 29, and 57 of fermentation. Treated silages were observed to have: 1) greater quantities of lactic acid bacteria, 2) a greater proportion of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, and 3) lactic acid bacteria with greater biological activity. Addition of each amount of lactic acid bacteria: 1) increased the rate of utilization of water-soluble carbohydrate and decline in pH, 2) limited the formation of NH3 N, and 3) increased the in vitro digestibility of DM and ADF. No differences were observed in the lactic acid content of the silages after 57 d of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371
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Harrison JH, Hoyt DG, Lazo JS. Acute pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin: DNA scission and matrix protein mRNA levels in bleomycin-sensitive and -resistant strains of mice. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 36:231-8. [PMID: 2475758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice varies markedly among several different murine strains. We have examined the DNA from lungs of sensitive (i.e., C57BL/6N) and resistant (i.e., BALB/c) strains of mice using a nucleoid sedimentation technique to detect early in vivo changes in the integrity of DNA after intravenous BLM. Mice received intravenous injections of BLM (80 mg/kg) or vehicle; lung nucleoids were prepared 15 min to 6 hr later. BLM produced striking decreases in nucleoid sedimentation distance versus paired controls in both strains within 15 min after injection, indicating extensive DNA scission. Repair of DNA strand breaks was complete in the resistant (BALB/c) mice by 5 hr; in contrast, only partial repair occurred in the sensitive (C57BL/6N) strain during that time. We then examined lungs for subsequent changes in steady state poly-(A)+ RNA levels and mRNA levels for lung matrix proteins (type I procollagen, type III procollagen, and fibronectin). Steady state levels of poly-(A)+ RNA were depressed to 50% of control 1 through 6 days after BLM injection in the lungs of sensitive mice. Resistant mice had pulmonary poly-(A)+ RNA levels similar to those of C57BL/6N mice, except for a 2-fold elevation 1 day after BLM injection. BLM injection affected the steady state levels of mRNA encoding lung matrix proteins differently than total poly-(A)+ RNA. Fibronectin mRNA/poly(A)+ RNA was elevated 2-fold 1 day after BLM treatment only in the sensitive strain and remained elevated at 3 and 6 days. In contrast, alpha 2I procollagen mRNA increased in both murine strains and alpha 1III procollagen mRNA decreased in both strains. Thus, a 7-fold or greater increase in the type I: type III procollagen mRNA ratio was seen in both strains 3 to 6 days after BLM injection. These data demonstrate that BLM treatment rapidly produces extensive pulmonary DNA damage in vivo, that persistence of DNA damage rather than the initial level of strand scission is associated with sensitivity to BLM lung disease in these mice, and that changes in the levels of mRNA encoding pulmonary matrix proteins occur in vivo within 1 to 3 days after intravenous BLM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Abstract
Dapsone, a sulfone compound used in the treatment of leprosy and, more recently, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, produces as a major side effect a hemolytic anemia. This anemia is characterized by oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin and increased splenic uptake of red blood cells. Using a rat model, Grossman and Jollow (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244: 118-125, 1988) found that dapsone hydroxylamine (DDS-NOH), a dapsone metabolite, is responsible for its hemolytic effect in vivo. DDS-NOH also promotes hemoglobin binding to SH groups on rat red cell membrane proteins (Budinsky et al., FASEB J. 2: A801, 1988). Since the binding of hemoglobin and other reagents (e.g., N-ethylmaleimide) to membrane SH groups has been associated with increased K transport in red blood cells, we examined the effect of DDS-NOH on K efflux from rat red blood cells in vitro. Cells shrink when exposed to DDS-NOH (100 microM) in media with plasma-like ionic composition. This shrinkage is prevented if extracellular K is raised to 110 mM or if intra- and extracellular Cl are replaced by methylsulfate (MeSO4), suggesting involvement of a K-Cl cotransport pathway. Indeed, 100 microM DDS-NOH produces a 4- to 5-fold increase in K efflux in cells containing Cl but less than a 2-fold increase in cells containing MeSO4. This stimulatory effect is specific for K; Na efflux is slightly inhibited by 100 microM DDS-NOH. The concentrations of DDS-NOH required for half-maximal stimulation of Cl-dependent K efflux (53 microM) is similar to its half-maximal hemolytic concentration in rats (approximately 100 microM). Furthermore, the stimulation of Cl-dependent K efflux by DDS-NOH is greater than 80% reversed by subsequent treatment of the cells with dithiothreitol, suggesting involvement of SH groups. Our results indicate that DDS-NOH exposure stimulates an apparent K-Cl cotransport in rat red blood cells, resulting in cell shrinkage under physiological ionic conditions. Since shrinkage of red blood cells renders them less deformable (Mohandas et al., J. Clin. Invest. 66: 563-573, 1980), this suggests a pathophysiological mechanism whereby DDS-NOH exposure in vivo could promote increased splenic uptake of red blood cells and hemolytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haas
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Harrison JH, Lazo JS. Plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetics of bleomycin in murine strains that are sensitive and resistant to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 247:1052-8. [PMID: 2462625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that C57Bl/6N mice are sensitive and BALB/c mice are resistant to the pulmonary fibrotic effects of bleomycin (BLM). We assessed the plasma elimination and pulmonary content of BLM in C57Bl/6N and BALB/c mice treated with a single dose of [3H]BLM (80 mg/kg i.v.) to determine whether these murine strains show corresponding differences in BLM pharmacokinetics and pulmonary disposition after systemic administration of the drug. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal and lungs were collected after pulmonary lavage or vascular perfusion with saline. Administration of BLM (80 mg/kg i.v.) produced significant elevations in lung hydroxyproline (35%) in C57Bl/6N but not in BALB/c mice. In contrast, BALB/c mice were more sensitive to pulmonary fibrosis induced with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg i.p.) compared to C57Bl/6N mice, indicating that strain sensitivity to pulmonary fibrosis is drug specific in these mice. BLM showed first order plasma elimination kinetics over 30 min in both strains with a shorter half-life in the sensitive strain (9.6 +/- 0.3 min in C57Bl/6N vs. 12.7 +/- 1.9 min in BALB/c). Plasma elimination deviated from first order kinetics after 30 min in both strains and plasma levels of BLM were up to 2-fold higher in the resistant strain over a 3-hr time course. Radioactivity in saline-perfused lungs was also significantly higher (1.5-2-fold) in BALB/c mice for least 1 hr after BLM injection. A similar fraction of the total lung radioactivity (approximately 80%) was recovered from both strains by pulmonary lavage, suggesting that BLM enters the alveolar spaces relatively freely in each strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Six nonlactating Holstein cows in a 3 x 3 Latin square total collection digestion trial were used to evaluate three low DM (less than 26%) silage types: 1) corn; 2) corn and sunflower intercropped and 3) sunflower. Feeding periods consisted of a 7-d adjustment followed by a 5-d collection period. Dry matter intake was similar for the three treatments; 12.5, 12.1, and 12.0 kg, respectively. Percent apparent digestibilities for DM, NDF, and N for corn and corn-sunflower were similar and greater than for sunflower: DM (69.6, 68.2, 57.4); NDF (68.1, 61.5, 51.6); and N (66.3, 66.5, 63.6). No differences were observed for digestibilities of ADF, hemicellulose, starch, or for N retention. Percent ether extract digestibility was greatest for corn-sunflower and sunflower silage when compared with digestibility of corn silage (82.5, 77.9, vs. 66.3). Major changes in rumen fermentation patterns were not observed as evidenced by rumen molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, or acetate to propionate ratios. No difference was observed for rumen NH3 N (2.7, 3.2, 4.1 mg/dl, respectively). Corn and sunflower intercropped silage had intermediate concentrations of fat, fiber, and protein when compared with those of corn or sunflower silages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Valdez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Puyallup 98371
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Lundblad RL, Noyes CM, Featherstone GL, Harrison JH, Jenzano JW. The reaction of bovine alpha-thrombin with tetranitromethane. Characterization of the modified protein. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:3729-34. [PMID: 3346219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from several laboratories have shown that thrombin is inactivated by tetranitromethane with the formation of nitrotyrosine. The inactivation is characterized by an apparently greater loss of fibrinogen-clotting activity than activity toward synthetic ester substrates, suggesting that the residues modified by tetranitromethane are involved in the interaction of thrombin with fibrinogen. This study was designed 1) to determine the effect of solvent conditions on the rate of modification and the stoichiometry of the reaction of tetranitromethane with bovine alpha-thrombin; 2) to identify the residue(s) modified; and 3) to characterize the modified enzyme with respect to its interaction with peptide nitroanilide substrates and fibrinogen. The inactivation of thrombin by tetranitromethane proceeded more rapidly in 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, than in 50 mM sodium phosphate, 100 mM NaCl, pH 8.0. Approximately 10% fibrinogen-clotting activity remained at maximal inactivation. A study of the effect of tetranitromethane concentration on the rate of inactivation suggested that the loss of activity was the result of the modification of 1 mol of tyrosine/mol of thrombin. A similar result was obtained from the analysis of the extent of inactivation as a function of the extent of protein modification. Structural analysis of the modified protein showed substantial modification at both Tyr71 and Tyr85. Enzyme kinetic studies were performed with the modified protein and a control thrombin with N2-tosylglycylprolylarginine p-nitroanilide. H-D-phenylalanylpipecolylarginine p-nitronailide, and purified bovine fibrinogen. With all three substrates, a substantial decrease in kcat was observed, whereas there was essentially no change in Km. These results suggest that, contrary to previous suggestions, the modification of Tyr71 and Tyr85 in thrombin does not influence the binding of substrates, but rather influences active site reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Lundblad
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27514
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