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Hu Q, Zhang Y, Mukerabigwi JF, Wang H, Cao Y. Polymer Conjugate as the New Promising Drug Delivery System for Combination Therapy against Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1101-1119. [PMID: 39005059 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266280603240321064308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights the advantages of combination therapy using polymer conjugates as drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. In this review, the specific structures and materials of polymer conjugates, as well as the different types of combination chemotherapy strategies, are discussed. Specific targeting strategies, such as monoclonal antibody therapy and small molecule ligands, are also explored. Additionally, self-assembled polymer micelles and overcoming multidrug resistance are described as potential strategies for combination therapy. The assessment of combinational therapeutic efficacy and the challenges associated with polymer conjugates are also addressed. The future outlook aims to overcome these challenges and improve the effectiveness of drug delivery systems for combination therapy. The conclusion emphasizes the potential of polymer conjugates in combination therapy while acknowledging the need for further research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yuannian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jean Felix Mukerabigwi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rwanda, College of Science and Technology, Po. Box: 3900, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Haili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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2
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Zhao H, Gong S, Shi Y, Luo C, Qiu H, He J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Wang S, Miao Y, Wu W. The role of prolactin/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 6:81-91. [PMID: 35923071 PMCID: PMC10158951 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary. There are two main isoforms of PRL: 23-kDa PRL (named full-length PRL) and vasoinhibins (including 5.6-18 kDa fragments). Both act as circulating hormones and cytokines to stimulate or inhibit vascular formation at different stages and neovascularization, including endothelial cell proliferation and migration, protease production, and apoptosis. However, their effects on vascular function and cardiovascular diseases are different or even contrary. In addition to the structure, secretion regulation, and signal transduction of PRL/vasoinhibins, this review focuses on the pathological mechanism and clinical significance of PRL/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sugang Gong
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongcong Shi
- Respiratory Medicine, Dongchuan District People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Cijun Luo
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Qiu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Huang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Ramos-Martínez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Valencia J, Ramos-Martínez JC, Hernández-Zimbrón L, Rico-Luna A, Pérez-Campos E, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Cerbón M. Modulatory role of prolactin in type 1 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 44:79-88. [PMID: 35852366 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Content
Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Summary
Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control.
Outlook
Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jorge Valencia
- Endocrine Research Unit , UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department , Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS , Mérida , Yucatán , México
| | - Luis Hernández-Zimbrón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Licenciatura en Optometría, Unidad León , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Anaiza Rico-Luna
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca , Oaxaca , México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
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4
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Mo G, Hu B, Wang G, Xie T, Fu H, Zhang Q, Fu R, Feng M, Luo W, Li H, Nie Q, Zhang X. Prolactin affects the disappearance of ALV-J viremia in vivo and inhibits viral infection. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109205. [PMID: 34391195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on the RNA-seq data of chicken spleen tissues infected with J subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), we found that prolactin (PRL) gene was one of differentially expressed gene. We measured ALV-J viremia and PRL levels in the plasma of two groups of ALV-J-infected adult chickens. Furthermore, recombinant chicken PRL (cPRL) was used to assess how cPRL affects ALV-J virus replication both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that PRL levels in the plasma of adult chickens infected with ALV-J were lower than those of uninfected chickens, and that the difference was more significant in the avian leukemia pathological apparent changes. Notably, the fluctuations in PRL levels might influence the disappearance of ALV-J viremia in chickens. The in vitro results showed that preincubating DF-1 cells with cPRL before ALV-J infection elicited the best antiviral effects. Moreover, these effects were not dose-dependent. in vivo, injection of cPRL into ALV-J-infected chicks could reduce the levels of viremia at the 14 days post infection (dpi). Additionally, the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OSAL) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increased, and that of the proinflammatory cytokine-encoding TNTα, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes decreased in the spleens of ALV-J-infected chicks injected with cPRL, leading to inhibition of viral replication at the 7 dpi. Collectively, our data demonstrated that PRL plays an important antiviral role in the immune response to ALV-J infection. This is the first report of the relationship between ALV-J infection and PRL. It is of great significance for the prevention and control of ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Mo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Huali Fu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Canadas-Sousa A, Santos M, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Prolactin Gene Is Associated With Clinical Aggressiveness and Outcome of Canine Mammary Malignant Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1051-1057. [PMID: 34121513 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211022705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a key hormone involved in canine mammary development and tumorigenesis. In this study, the influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PRL gene (rs23932236) on the clinicopathological parameters and survival of dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) was investigated. A total of 206 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumors were enrolled in this study and circulating blood cells were genotyped. This specific SNP was associated with larger size (>3 cm diameter) for malignant tumors (P = .036), tumors with infiltrative/invasive growth pattern (P = .010), vascular invasion (P = .006), and lymph node metastasis (P = .004). Carriers of the variant allele had a shorter overall survival compared to the wild-type population with an overall survival of 18.7 months and 22.7 months, respectively (P = .004). These findings suggest that SNP rs23932236 of canine PRL gene may be used as an indicator for the development of clinically aggressive forms of CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, 59035IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Prolactin: A hormone with diverse functions from mammary gland development to cancer metastasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:159-170. [PMID: 33109441 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin has a rich mechanistic set of actions and signaling in order to elicit developmental effects in mammals. Historically, prolactin has been appreciated as an endocrine peptide hormone that is responsible for final, functional mammary gland development and lactation. Multiple signaling pathways impacted upon by the microenvironment contribute to cell function and differentiation. Endocrine, autocrine and paracrine signaling are now apparent in not only mammary development, but also in cancer, and involve multiple cell types including those of the immune system. Multiple ligands agonists are capable of binding to the prolactin receptor, potentially expanding receptor function. Prolactin has an important role not only in tumorigenesis of the breast, but also in a number of hormonally responsive cancers such as prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancer, as well as pancreatic and lung cancer. Although pituitary and extra-pituitary sources of prolactin such as the epithelium are important, stromal sourced prolactin is now also being recognized as an important factor in tumor progression, all of which potentially signal to multiple cell types in the tumor microenvironment. While prolactin has important roles in milk production including calcium and bone homeostasis, in the disease state it can also affect bone homeostasis. Prolactin also impacts metastatic cancer of the breast to modulate the bone microenvironment and promote bone damage. Prolactin has a fascinating contribution in both physiologic and pathologic settings of mammals.
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Triebel J, Robles JP, Zamora M, Martínez de la Escalera G, Bertsch T, Clapp C. Regulator of Angiogenesis and Vascular Function: A 2019 Update of the Vasoinhibin Nomenclature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:214. [PMID: 31024452 PMCID: PMC6467929 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital Nuremberg and Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jakob Triebel
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Zamora
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital Nuremberg and Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
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Caicedo D, Devesa P, Arce VM, Requena J, Devesa J. Chronic limb-threatening ischemia could benefit from growth hormone therapy for wound healing and limb salvage. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 12:53-72. [PMID: 29271292 PMCID: PMC5772430 DOI: 10.1177/1753944717745494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Revascularization for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is necessary to alleviate symptoms and wound healing. When it fails or is not possible, there are few alternatives to avoid limb amputation in these patients. Although experimental studies with stem cells and growth factors have shown promise, clinical trials have demonstrated inconsistent results because CLTI patients generally need arteriogenesis rather than angiogenesis. Moreover, in addition to the perfusion of the limb, there is the need to improve the neuropathic response for wound healing, especially in diabetic patients. Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone capable of boosting the aforementioned processes and adds special benefits for the redox balance. This hormone has the potential to mitigate symptoms in ischemic patients with no other options and improves the cardiovascular complications associated with the disease. Here, we discuss the pros and cons of using GH in such patients, focus on its effects on peripheral arteries, and analyze the possible benefits of treating CLTI with this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caicedo
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra. Travesía Montouto, 24; 15710-Teo, A Coruña, 15886, Spain
| | - Pablo Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra. Travesía Montouto, 24; 15710-Teo, A Coruña, 15886, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Arce
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra. Travesía Montouto, 24; 15710-Teo, A Coruña, 15886, Spain
| | - Julia Requena
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra. Travesía Montouto, 24; 15710-Teo, A Coruña, 15886, Spain
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra. Travesía Montouto, 24; 15710-Teo, A Coruña, 15886, Spain
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Triebel J, Robles-Osorio ML, Garcia-Franco R, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C, Bertsch T. From Bench to Bedside: Translating the Prolactin/Vasoinhibin Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:342. [PMID: 29321761 PMCID: PMC5732132 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolactin/vasoinhibin axis defines an endocrine system, in which prolactin (PRL) and vasoinhibins regulate blood vessel growth and function, the secretion of other hormones, inflammatory and immune processes, coagulation, and behavior. The core element of the PRL/vasoinhibin axis is the generation of vasoinhibins, which consists in the proteolytic cleavage of their precursor molecule PRL. Vasoinhibins can interact with multiple different partners to mediate their effects in various tissues and anatomical compartments, indicating their pleiotropic nature. Based on accumulating knowledge about the PRL/vasoinhibin axis, two clinical trials were initiated, in which vasoinhibin levels are the target of therapeutic interventions. One trial investigates the effect of levosulpiride, a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, on retinal alterations in patients with diabetic macular edema and retinopathy. The rationale of this trial is that the levosulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia resulting in increased retinal vasoinhibins could lead to beneficiary outcomes in terms of a vasoinhibin-mediated antagonization of diabetes-induced retinal alterations. Another trial investigated the effect of bromocriptine, a dopamine D2-receptor agonist, for the treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy. The rationale of treatment with bromocriptine is the inhibition of vasoinhibin generation by substrate depletion to prevent detrimental effects on the myocardial microvascularization. The trial demonstrated that bromocriptine treatment was associated with a high rate of left ventricular recovery and low morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic interventions into the PRL/vasoinhibin axis bear the risk of side effects in the areas of blood coagulation, blood pressure, and alterations of the mental state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jakob Triebel,
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, México
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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Triebel J, Friedrich CJ, Leuchs A, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C, Bertsch T. Human Prolactin Point Mutations and Their Projected Effect on Vasoinhibin Generation and Vasoinhibin-Related Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 29163363 PMCID: PMC5681482 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dysregulation of the generation of vasoinhibin hormones by proteolytic cleavage of prolactin (PRL) has been brought into context with diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Factors governing vasoinhibin generation are incompletely characterized, and the composition of vasoinhibin isoforms in human tissues or compartments, such as the circulation, is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the possible contribution of PRL point mutations to the generation of vasoinhibins as well as to project their role in vasoinhibin-related diseases. METHODS Prolactin sequences, point mutations, and substrate specificity information about the PRL cleaving enzymes cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 13, and bone-morphogenetic protein 1 were retrieved from public databases. The consequences of point mutations in regard to their possible effect on vasoinhibin levels were projected on the basis of a score indicating the suitability of a particular sequence for enzymatic cleavage that result in vasoinhibin generation. The relative abundance and type of vasoinhibin isoforms were estimated by comparing the relative cleavage efficiency of vasoinhibin-generating enzymes. RESULTS Six point mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in vasoinhibin-generating cleavage sites were found and projected to either facilitate or inhibit vasoinhibin generation. Four mutations affecting vasoinhibin generation in cancer tissues were found. The most likely composition of the relative abundance of vasoinhibin isoforms is projected to be 15 > 17.2 > 16.8 > 17.7 > 18 kDa vasoinhibin. CONCLUSION Prolactin point mutations are likely to influence vasoinhibin levels by affecting the proteolysis efficiency of vasoinhibin-generating enzymes and should be monitored in patients with vasoinhibin-related diseases. Attempts to characterize vasoinhibin-related diseases should include the 15, 17.2, 16.8, 17.7, and 18 kDa vasoinhibin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jakob Triebel,
| | - Christin J. Friedrich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Leuchs
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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11
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Shemanko CS. Prolactin receptor in breast cancer: marker for metastatic risk. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R153-R165. [PMID: 27658959 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling and function are complex in nature and intricate in function. Basic, pre-clinical and translational research has opened up our eyes to the understanding that prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling function differently within different cellular contexts and microenvironmental conditions. Its multiple roles in normal physiology are subverted in cancer initiation and progression, and gradually we are teasing out the intricacies of function and therapeutic value. Recently, we observed that prolactin has a role in accelerating the time to bone metastasis in breast cancer patients and identified the mechanism by which prolactin stimulated breast cancer cell-mediated lytic osteoclast formation. The possibility that the prolactin receptor is a marker for metastasis, and specifically bone metastasis, is one that may have to be put into the context of the different variants of prolactin, different prolactin receptor isoforms and intricate signaling pathways that are regulated by the microenvironment. The more complete the picture, the better one can test biomarker identity and design clinical trials to test therapeutic intervention. This review will cover the recent advances and highlight the complexity of prolactin receptor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Shemanko
- Department of Biological SciencesCharbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Clapp C, Adán N, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Solís-Gutiérrez M, Triebel J, Martínez de la Escalera G. The role of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrative overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2929-48. [PMID: 27026299 PMCID: PMC11108309 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease destroying articular cartilage and bone. The female preponderance and the influence of reproductive states in RA have long linked this disease to sexually dimorphic, reproductive hormones such as prolactin (PRL). PRL has immune-enhancing properties and increases in the circulation of some patients with RA. However, PRL also suppresses the immune system, stimulates the formation and survival of joint tissues, acquires antiangiogenic properties upon its cleavage to vasoinhibins, and protects against joint destruction and inflammation in the adjuvant-induced model of RA. This review addresses risk factors for RA linked to PRL, the effects of PRL and vasoinhibins on joint tissues, blood vessels, and immune cells, and the clinical and experimental data associating PRL with RA. This information provides important insights into the pathophysiology of RA and highlights protective actions of the PRL/vasoinhibin axis that could lead to therapeutic benefits.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/immunology
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Cartilage, Articular/blood supply
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/epidemiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Joints/blood supply
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Joints/physiopathology
- Male
- Prolactin/immunology
- Reproduction
- Sex Factors
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mariana Solís-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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13
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VanKlompenberg MK, Manjarín R, Donovan CE, Trott JF, Hovey RC. Regulation and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor within the mammary glands during the transition from late gestation to lactation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 54:37-47. [PMID: 26490114 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vascular network within the developing mammary gland (MG) grows in concert with the epithelium to prepare for lactation, although the mechanisms coordinating this vascular development are unresolved. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mediates angiogenesis and vascular permeability in the MG during pregnancy and lactation, where its expression is upregulated by prolactin. Given our previous finding that late-gestational hyperprolactinemia induced by domperidone (DOM) increased subsequent milk yield from gilts, we sought to establish changes in vascular development during late gestation and lactation in the MGs of these pigs and determine whether DOM altered MG angiogenesis and the factors regulating it. Gilts received either no treatment (n = 6) or DOM (n = 6) during late gestation, then had their MG biopsied from late gestation through lactation to assess microvessel density, VEGF-A distribution and messenger RNA expression, and aquaporin (AQP) gene expression. Microvessel density in the MG was unchanged during gestation then increased between days 2 and 21 of lactation (P < 0.05). The local expression of messenger RNA for VEGF-A120, VEGF-A147, VEGF-A164, VEGF-A164b, VEGF-A188, VEGF receptors-1 and -2, and AQP1 and AQP3 all generally increased during the transition from gestation to lactation (P < 0.05). Immunostaining localized VEGF-A to the apical cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells, consistent with a far greater concentration of VEGF-A in colostrum and/or milk vs plasma (P < 0.0001). There was no effect of DOM on any of the variables analyzed. In summary, we found that vascular development in the MG increases during lactation in first-parity gilts and that VEGF-A is a part of the mammary secretome. Although late-gestational hyperprolactinemia increases milk yield, there was no evidence that it altered vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K VanKlompenberg
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C E Donovan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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14
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De Hert M, Peuskens J, Sabbe T, Mitchell AJ, Stubbs B, Neven P, Wildiers H, Detraux J. Relationship between prolactin, breast cancer risk, and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 133:5-22. [PMID: 26114737 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent meta-analysis showed that breast cancer probably is more common in female patients with schizophrenia than in the general population (effect size = 1.25, P < 0.05). Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have alerted researchers to the influence of prolactin (PRL) in mammary carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated the possible relationship between antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) and breast cancer risk in female patients with schizophrenia. METHOD A literature search (1950 until January 2015), using the MEDLINE database, was conducted for English-language published clinical trials to identify and synthesize data of the current state of knowledge concerning breast cancer risk (factors) in women with schizophrenia and its (their) relationship between HPRL and antipsychotic medication. RESULTS Although an increasing body of evidence supports the involvement of PRL in breast carcinogenesis, results of human prospective studies are limited, equivocal, and correlative (with risk ratios ranging from 0.70 to 1.9 for premenopausal women and from 0.76 to 2.03 for postmenopausal women). Moreover, these studies equally do not take into account the local production of PRL in breast epithelium, although amplification or overexpression of the local autocrine/paracrine PRL loop may be a more important mechanism in tumorigenesis. Until now, there is also no conclusive evidence that antipsychotic medication can increase the risk of breast malignancy and mortality. CONCLUSION Other breast risk factors than PRL, such as nulliparity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (alcohol dependence, smoking, low physical activity), probably are of greater relevance in individual breast cancer cases within the population of female patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Hert
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - J Peuskens
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - T Sabbe
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Psycho-oncology, Cancer & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - B Stubbs
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, UK
| | - P Neven
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Wildiers
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Detraux
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
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15
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Seasonal Expression of Prolactin Receptor in the Scented Gland of Male Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Sci Rep 2015; 5:15036. [PMID: 26477851 PMCID: PMC4609948 DOI: 10.1038/srep15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has numerous actions in mammalian biological systems including mammary development and biological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes of prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression in the scented gland of muskrat during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Histologically, glandular cells, interstitial cells and excretory tubules were identified in the scented glands in both seasons, whereas epithelial cells were sparse in the nonbreeding season. PRLR was observed in glandular cells of scented glands during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons with stronger immunostaining during the breeding season. Consistent with the immunohistochemical results, both the mean of protein and mRNA levels of PRLR were higher in the scented glands of the breeding season, and relatively lower level in the nonbreeding season. In addition, differential seasonal changes were also detected in the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the scented gland of muskrat. Besides, plasma PRL concentration was remarkably higher in the breeding season than that in the nonbreeding season. These results suggested that muskrat scented gland was the direct target organ of PRL, and stronger expression of PRLR in scented glands during the breeding season indicated that PRL may directly regulate scented glandular function of the muskrats.
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16
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Triebel J, Bertsch T, Bollheimer C, Rios-Barrera D, Pearce CF, Hüfner M, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Principles of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1193-203. [PMID: 26310939 PMCID: PMC4666935 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00256.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal family of vasoinhibins, which derive from the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin, are known for their inhibiting effects on blood vessel growth, vasopermeability, and vasodilation. As pleiotropic hormones, vasoinhibins act in multiple target organs and tissues. The generation, secretion, and regulation of vasoinhibins are embedded into the organizational principle of an axis, which integrates the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the target tissue microenvironment. This axis is designated as the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis. Disturbances of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis are associated with the pathogenesis of retinal and cardiac diseases and with diseases occurring during pregnancy. New phylogenetical, physiological, and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Bollheimer
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rios-Barrera
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Directors' Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christy F Pearce
- Southern Colorado Maternal Fetal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Campus, Centura Health, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | | | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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17
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Ishida M, Maehara M, Watanabe T, Yanagisawa Y, Takata Y, Nakajima R, Suzuki M, Harigaya T. Vasoinhibins, N-terminal mouse prolactin fragments, participate in mammary gland involution. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:279-87. [PMID: 24598201 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vasoinhibins are a family of peptides that act on endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis and promote apoptosis-mediated vascular regression. Vasoinhibins include the N-terminal fragments from prolactin (PRL), GH, and placental lactogen. One of the vasoinhibins, the N-terminal PRL fragment of 16 kDa, is generated by the lysosomal representative protease cathepsin D (Cath D). Because the normal growth and involution of the mammary gland (MG) are profoundly affected by the expansion and regression of blood vessels and also because PRL stimulates the growth and differentiation of MG, we proposed that intact PRL produced during lactation contributes to MG angiogenesis and increased blood flow, whereas during involution, the N-terminal PRL fragment would have proapoptotic effects on mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Therefore, we investigated the production of the N-terminal PRL fragment and its direct effect on the MG. Mouse PRL (mPRL) was proteolytically cleaved by Cath D between amino acids 148 and 149. N-terminal PRL fragment and Cath D expression increased during MG involution. Furthermore, incubation of MG fragments and MCF7 with recombinant 16 kDa mPRL revealed a proapoptotic effect in MECs. Ectopic mPRL in MECs was cleaved to 16 kDa PRL by Cath D in the MG lysosomal fraction. The majority of PRL derived from pituitary gland was cleaved to 16 kDa PRL in culture medium. Therefore, N-terminal PRL fragment increases during the involution period, has a proapoptotic effect on MECs, and is mainly generated by secreted Cath D in the extracellular space of MG.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cathepsin D/biosynthesis
- Cathepsin D/genetics
- Cathepsin D/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Prolactin/biosynthesis
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prolactin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Ishida
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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18
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Effect of prolactin on the water-salt balance in rat females in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:803-6. [PMID: 24824702 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of prolactin involvement in the regulation of water-salt metabolism in female rats in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy. For simulation of the prolactin level during pregnancy, hyperprolactinemia was simulated by transplantation the pituitary under the renal capsule of the recipient; for modeling cholestasis of pregnancy, a combination of induced hyperprolactinemia and bile duct obstruction was used. Diurnal diuresis, expression of aquaporin 1-4 mRNA in the renal medulla, glomerular filtration rate, and diurnal sodium excretion were evaluated in these models. Diuretic and natriuretic effects of prolactin in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy were demonstrated. These data and the fact that prolactin has no effect on glomerular filtration rate and aquaporin expression suggest that prolactin modulates activity of sodium transporters in the kidney.
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19
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Langan EA, Vidali S, Pigat N, Funk W, Lisztes E, Bíró T, Goffin V, Griffiths CEM, Paus R. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and substance P are novel modulators of extrapituitary prolactin expression in human skin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60819. [PMID: 23626671 PMCID: PMC3634033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp skin and hair follicles (HFs) are extra-pituitary sources of prolactin (PRL). However, the intracutaneous regulation of PRL remains poorly understood. Therefore we investigated whether well-recognized regulators of pituitary PRL expression, which also impact on human skin physiology and pathology, regulate expression of PRL and its receptor (PRLR) in situ. This was studied in serum-free organ cultures of microdissected human scalp HFs and skin, i.e. excluding pituitary, neural and vascular inputs. Prolactin expression was confirmed at the gene and protein level in human truncal skin, where its expression significantly increased (p = 0.049) during organ culture. There was, however, no evidence of PRL secretion into the culture medium as measured by ELISA. PRL immunoreactivity (IR) in female human epidermis was decreased by substance P (p = 0.009), while neither the classical pituitary PRL inhibitor, dopamine, nor corticotropin-releasing hormone significantly modulated PRL IR in HFs or skin respectively. Interferon (IFN) γ increased PRL IR in the epithelium of human HFs (p = 0.044) while tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α decreased both PRL and PRLR IR. This study identifies substance P, TNFα and IFNγ as novel modulators of PRL and PRLR expression in human skin, and suggests that intracutaneous PRL expression is not under dopaminergic control. Given the importance of PRL in human hair growth regulation and its possible role in the pathogenesis of several common skin diseases, targeting intracutaneous PRL production via these newly identified regulatory pathways may point towards novel therapeutic options for inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A. Langan
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidali
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm U845/Centre de Recherche Croissance et Signalisation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Erika Lisztes
- DE-MTA “Lendület” Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA “Lendület” Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm U845/Centre de Recherche Croissance et Signalisation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christopher E. M. Griffiths
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Reuwer AQ, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Mans LA, van der Loos CM, von der Thüsen JH, Twickler MTB, Spek CA, Goffin V, Griffioen AW, Borensztajn KS. Functional consequences of prolactin signalling in endothelial cells: a potential link with angiogenesis in pathophysiology? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2035-48. [PMID: 22128761 PMCID: PMC3822974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is best known as the polypeptide anterior pituitary hormone, which regulates the development of the mammary gland. However, it became clear over the last decade that prolactin contributes to a broad range of pathologies, including breast cancer. Prolactin is also involved in angiogenesis via the release of pro-angiogenic factors by leukocytes and epithelial cells. However, whether prolactin also influences endothelial cells, and whether there are functional consequences of prolactin-induced signalling in the perspective of angiogenesis, remains so far elusive. In the present study, we show that prolactin induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT5 and induces tube formation of endothelial cells on Matrigel. These effects are blocked by a specific prolactin receptor antagonist, del1-9-G129R-hPRL. Moreover, in an in vivo model of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo, prolactin enhances vessel density and the tortuosity of the vasculature and pillar formation, which are hallmarks of intussusceptive angiogenesis. Interestingly, while prolactin has only little effect on endothelial cell proliferation, it markedly stimulates endothelial cell migration. Again, migration was reverted by del1-9-G129R-hPRL, indicating a direct effect of prolactin on its receptor. Immunohistochemistry and spectral imaging revealed that the prolactin receptor is present in the microvasculature of human breast carcinoma tissue. Altogether, these results suggest that prolactin may directly stimulate angiogenesis, which could be one of the mechanisms by which prolactin contributes to breast cancer progression, thereby providing a potential tool for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q Reuwer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Trott JF, Schennink A, Petrie WK, Manjarin R, VanKlompenberg MK, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Prolactin: The multifaceted potentiator of mammary growth and function1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1674-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A. Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - W. K. Petrie
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R. Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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22
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Clapp C, Martínez de la Escalera L, Martínez de la Escalera G. Prolactin and blood vessels: a comparative endocrinology perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:336-40. [PMID: 22245261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL), fundamental for lactation in mammals, is known to exert a wide diversity of actions in the various vertebrate groups. Blood vessels are surfacing as important PRL targets, contributing to these hormonal functions. PRL promotes the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and is proteolytically cleaved to vasoinhibins, a family of peptides (including 16-kDa PRL) with potent antiangiogenic and blood vessel regression effects. These opposing actions point to the regulation of the proteases responsible for PRL cleavage as an efficient way to balance blood vessel growth and involution. This review briefly summarizes the effects of PRL and vasoinhibins on blood vessels in mammals and discusses whether similar vascular actions could contribute to the effects of PRL on the development, growth, and reproduction of lower vertebrates. A comparative study in diverse species may lead to a better understanding of blood vessels as a driving force for the biological actions of PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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23
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Zhao W, Ren SG. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is mainly expressed in rat pituitary gonadotroph cells and possibly regulates prolactin (PRL) secretion in a juxtacrine manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:1252-62. [PMID: 21919974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) to its cognate receptors ErbB-3 and -4 mediates intercellular and intracellular communication. In vitro, this interaction has been shown to control prolactin (PRL) secretion from pituitary tumour cells. However, Nrg1/ErbB signalling and its function in vivo are not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that type I and III Nrg1 isoforms were expressed in the rat anterior pituitary. We observed that Nrg1 positive gonadotrophs can form contacts with lactotrophs, which are positive for ErbB-3 receptor. In addition, we show that gonadotroph cell-derived Nrg1 regulates the secretion of an 18 kDa form of PRL from pituitary lactosomatotroph GH3 cells in vitro. The results obtained strongly suggest that gonadotrophs are the major source of Nrg1 in the normal anterior pituitary and that Nrg1 may function as a paracrine/juxtacrine regulator of PRL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Shantou University Medical College, Center for Neuroscience, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China.
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Andres AC, Djonov V. The mammary gland vasculature revisited. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:319-28. [PMID: 20706777 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the extensive growth and differentiation of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy and lactation, and epithelial involution after weaning, the vasculature of the mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of expansion and regression. Vascular expansion is effected by sprouting angiogenesis, intussusception and conceivably also vasculogenesis. The capacity of the epithelial cells to stimulate vascular growth and differentiation is dependent on the constellation of systemic and local hormones and growth factors as well as the changing demands for oxygenation and nutrient supply. This results in the release of angiogenic factors which stimulate endothelial cell growth and regulate vascular architecture. In contrast to the angiogenic phase of the mammary gland cycle, little is known about the control of vascular regression although this would possibly offer new insights into therapeutic possibilities against breast cancer. In this review we summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating the vasculature of the mammary gland and delineate the importance of the vasculature in the attainment of organ function. In addition, we discuss the angiogenic mechanisms observed during mammary carcinogenesis and their consequences for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Andres
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Tiefenaustrasse 120c, Bern, Switzerland.
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Langan EA, Foitzik-Lau K, Goffin V, Ramot Y, Paus R. Prolactin: an emerging force along the cutaneous-endocrine axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:569-77. [PMID: 20598901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), one of the most diverse regulators in mammalian biology, is produced in both human skin and hair follicles. Important advances in our understanding of the intracutaneous regulation and functions of PRL have recently been made using the serum-free skin and hair follicle organ culture technique. Given that human skin is the largest peripheral endocrine organ and a key interface between the endocrine, nervous and immune systems, a detailed understanding of PRL in the cutaneous context promises to have far-reaching implications beyond the skin. The current review presents a timely cutaneous perspective on the production, regulation and functions of PRL and summarizes the key questions facing extrapituitary PRL research in general and cutaneous PRL research in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Langan
- Epithelial Sciences, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ushizawa K, Takahashi T, Hosoe M, Kizaki K, Hashizume K. Cleaved bovine prolactin-related protein-I stimulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 323:277-81. [PMID: 20298748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin-related protein-I (PRP1) is a member of a non-classical prolactin (PRL)/growth hormone family in cattle. However, its function is still unknown. PRL, when cleaved by cathepsin D and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), resulted in cleaved N-terminal 16kDa fragments (16K-PRL) that have antiangiogenetic properties in human and rodents. We examined the possibility of similar activity of bovine PRP1. PRP1 (normally 33kDa) was cleaved by cathepsins (CTSs), MMPs, and bovine cotyledonary-conditioned medium (BCCM), and generated mainly 26kDa N-terminal fragments. Two specific enzyme families, CTSs and MMPs cleaved intact PRP1, and BCCM also contained PRP1 cleavage activity. Bioactivity for pro- or anti-angiogenesis of the cleaved PRP1 was examined in a cell proliferation assay using bovine brain vascular endothelial cells. The cleaved PRP1 proliferated the endothelial cells in vitro. The endothelial cell proliferation activity of cleaved PRP1 may be shared in specific bovine placentomal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ushizawa
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Cruz-Soto ME, Cosío G, Jeziorski MC, Vargas-Barroso V, Aguilar MB, Cárabez A, Berger P, Saftig P, Arnold E, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Cathepsin D is the primary protease for the generation of adenohypophyseal vasoinhibins: cleavage occurs within the prolactin secretory granules. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5446-54. [PMID: 19819948 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vasoinhibins are a family of N-terminal prolactin (PRL) fragments that inhibit blood vessel growth, dilation, permeability, and survival. The aspartyl endoprotease cathepsin D is active at acidic pH and can cleave rat PRL to generate vasoinhibins. We investigated whether and where vasoinhibins could be generated by cathepsin D in the adenohypophysis of rats and mice and whether their production could be gender dependent. Vasoinhibins were detected in primary cultures of rat adenohypophyseal cells by Western blot with antibodies directed against the N terminus of PRL but not the C terminus. Ovariectomized, estrogen-treated females show greater levels of adenohypophyseal vasoinhibins than males. Peptide sequencing analysis revealed that the cleaved form of PRL in rat adenohypophyseal extracts contains the PRL N terminus and a second N terminus starting at Ser(149), the reported cleavage site of cathepsin D in rat PRL. In addition, cathepsin D inhibition by pepstatin A reduced vasoinhibin levels in rat adenohypophyseal cell cultures. Confocal and electron microscopy showed the colocalization of cathepsin D and PRL within rat adenohypophyseal cells and secretory granules, and a subcellular fraction of rat adenohypophysis enriched in secretory granules contained cathepsin D activity able to generate vasoinhibins from PRL. Of note, vasoinhibins were absent in the adenohypophysis of mice lacking the cathepsin D gene but not in wild-type mice. These findings show that cathepsin D is the main protease responsible for the generation of adenohypophyseal vasoinhibins and that its action can take place within the secretory granules of lactotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Cruz-Soto
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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28
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Clapp C, Thebault S, Jeziorski MC, Martínez De La Escalera G. Peptide hormone regulation of angiogenesis. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1177-215. [PMID: 19789380 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, function, and survival. Hormones affect angiogenesis either directly through actions on endothelial cells or indirectly by regulating proangiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor. Importantly, the local microenvironment of endothelial cells can determine the outcome of hormone action on angiogenesis. Members of the growth hormone/prolactin/placental lactogen, the renin-angiotensin, and the kallikrein-kinin systems that exert stimulatory effects on angiogenesis can acquire antiangiogenic properties after undergoing proteolytic cleavage. In view of the opposing effects of hormonal fragments and precursor molecules, the regulation of the proteases responsible for specific protein cleavage represents an efficient mechanism for balancing angiogenesis. This review presents an overview of the actions on angiogenesis of the above-mentioned peptide hormonal families and addresses how specific proteolysis alters the final outcome of these actions in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Raica M, Cimpean AM, Ribatti D. Angiogenesis in pre-malignant conditions. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1924-34. [PMID: 19406633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process involved in the normal growth and differentiation. In its defective and excessive form, angiogenesis is a crucial event in the progression of many human diseases. Excessive angiogenesis was largely investigated in psoriasis, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and malignant tumours. Soon after the discovery of angiogenic factors and their inhibitors, the angiogenesis jumped from the experimental studies to clinical application. Tumour-associated angiogenesis is nowadays considered as a priority in oncology based on numerous evidences that showed a significant reduction in tumour growth following anti-angiogenic therapy. However, few data are available on pre-malignant conditions. First evidences on angiogenesis in pre-malignant lesions came from the evaluation of microvessel density (MVD). MVD was found to be significantly increased in a relatively large spectrum of pre-malignant squamous cell lesions, such as in the oral mucosa, skin, uterine cervix, vulva and anal canal. For many of them, a correlation was found between MVD and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Based on these data, it was suggested that tumour angiogenesis is not necessarily a characteristic of invasive tumour, but may be an early event during tumourigenesis. Additional evidences came from pre-malignant lesions of glandular epithelia, in which the angiogenic switch was demonstrated by the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF in gastric metaplasia and dysplasia, in atypical adenoma of the colon, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the breast and others. Actually, there are convincing evidences for an active angiogenesis in many cases with pre-malignant conditions, and this supports a more accurate evaluation of different chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Raica
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
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Clapp C, Thebault S, Arnold E, García C, Rivera JC, de la Escalera GM. Vasoinhibins: novel inhibitors of ocular angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E772-8. [PMID: 18544641 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90358.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the quiescent state of blood vessels in the retina leads to aberrant vasopermeability and angiogenesis, the major causes of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. Prolactin is expressed throughout the retina, where it is proteolytically cleaved to vasoinhibins, a family of peptides (including the 16-kDa fragment of prolactin) with potent antiangiogenic, vasoconstrictive, and antivasopermeability actions. Ocular vasoinhibins act directly on endothelial cells to block blood vessel growth and dilation and to promote apoptosis-mediated vascular regression. Also, vasoinhibins prevent retinal angiogenesis and vasopermeability associated with diabetic retinopathy, and inactivation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase via protein phosphatase 2A is among the various mechanisms mediating their actions. Here, we discuss the potential role of vasoinhibins both in the maintenance of normal retinal vasculature and in the cause and prevention of diabetic retinopathy and other vasoproliferative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Apartado Postal 1-1141, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico, 76001.
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