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Monteiro M, Zhang X, Yee D. Insulin promotes growth in breast cancer cells through the type I IGF receptor in insulin receptor deficient cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113862. [PMID: 38036052 PMCID: PMC10842809 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The upregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system observed in certain types of breast cancers was linked to growth, metastasis, and survival resulting in multiple strategies designed to target the type I IGF receptor (IGF-1R) in breast cancer. These attempts failed to prove beneficial and it has been suggested that insulin receptor (IR) could also play an important role in breast cancer biology. To better understand the IR's role in breast cancer cells, the receptor was deleted from MCF-7L cells using CRISPR technology, and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting was used to obtain clone 35 (CL35). It was found that CL35 activated signaling pathways upon insulin stimulation despite the absence of IR expression. We hypothesized that CL35 used a surrogate receptor for sustained growth and development. IGF-1R was able to activate insulin signaling and growth in CL35. Thus, insulin may play a central role in regulating breast cancer growth due to its ability to activate all the receptors of the IGF family. These findings argue that dual targeting of IR and IGF-IR may be required to inhibit breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvis Monteiro
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Purdue University, Heine Pharmacy Building, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2091, USA
| | - Xihong Zhang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Douglas Yee
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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2
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Lee JS, Tocheny CE, Shaw LM. The Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer: An Elusive Therapeutic Target. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121992. [PMID: 36556357 PMCID: PMC9782138 DOI: 10.3390/life12121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway in breast cancer and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target. The IGF pathway ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2, and their receptors, primarily IGF-1R, are important for normal mammary gland biology, and dysregulation of their expression and function drives breast cancer risk and progression through activation of downstream signaling effectors, often in a subtype-dependent manner. The IGF signaling pathway has also been implicated in resistance to current therapeutic strategies, including ER and HER2 targeting drugs. Unfortunately, efforts to target IGF signaling for the treatment of breast cancer have been unsuccessful, due to a number of factors, most significantly the adverse effects of disrupting IGF signaling on normal glucose metabolism. We highlight here the recent discoveries that provide enthusiasm for continuing efforts to target IGF signaling for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-508-856-8675; Fax: +1-508-856-1310
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3
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Zheng Y, Luo L, Lambertz IU, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young R. Early Dietary Exposures Epigenetically Program Mammary Cancer Susceptibility through Igf1-Mediated Expansion of the Mammary Stem Cell Compartment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162558. [PMID: 36010633 PMCID: PMC9406400 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a critical environmental factor affecting breast cancer risk, and recent evidence shows that dietary exposures during early development can affect lifetime mammary cancer susceptibility. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we used our established crossover feeding mouse model, where exposure to a high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diet during defined developmental windows determines mammary tumor incidence and latency in carcinogen-treated mice. Mammary tumor incidence is significantly increased in mice receiving a HFHS post-weaning diet (high-tumor mice, HT) compared to those receiving a HFHS diet during gestation (low-tumor mice, LT). The current study revealed that the mammary stem cell (MaSC) population was significantly increased in mammary glands from HT compared to LT mice. Igf1 expression was increased in mammary stromal cells from HT mice, where it promoted MaSC self-renewal. The increased Igf1 expression was induced by DNA hypomethylation of the Igf1 Pr1 promoter, mediated by a decrease in Dnmt3b levels. Mammary tissues from HT mice also had reduced levels of Igfbp5, leading to increased bioavailability of tissue Igf1. This study provides novel insights into how early dietary exposures program mammary cancer risk, demonstrating that effective dietary intervention can reduce mammary cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Isabel U. Lambertz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin Fuchs-Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-436-0778
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4
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Cohick WS. The role of the IGF system in mammary physiology of ruminants. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106709. [PMID: 35078102 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system plays a central role in all stages of mammary development, lactation and involution. IGFs exert their effects on the mammary gland through both endocrine and paracrine/autocrine mechanisms and the importance of circulating versus local IGF action remains an open question, especially in ruminants. At the whole organ level, a critical role for IGFs in ductal morphogenesis and lobuloalveolar development has been established, while at the cellular level the ability of IGFs to stimulate cell proliferation and control cell survival contributes to the number of milk-secreting cells in the gland. Much of this work has been conducted in rodents which provide an affordable research model and allow for genetic manipulation of specific components of the IGF system. Research into the role of the IGF system in dairy cows has generally supported information obtained with rodents though large gaps in our knowledge remain and species differences are not well defined. Examples include whether exogenous somatotropin exerts its effects on the mammary gland through local IGF-1 synthesis which is accepted dogma in rodents, what the role of IGF-1 versus IGF-2 is in the mammary gland, and how the IGFBPs regulate IGF bioactivity. This last area is particularly under-investigated in ruminants both at the whole animal and the cellular and molecular levels. Given that the IGF system may underlie many management practices that could contribute to enhancing productive efficiency of lactation, more research into the basic biology of this important system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendie S Cohick
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Animal Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Luo L, Santos A, Konganti K, Hillhouse A, Lambertz IU, Zheng Y, Gunaratna RT, Threadgill DW, Fuchs-Young RS. Overexpression of IGF-1 During Early Development Expands the Number of Mammary Stem Cells and Primes them for Transformation. Stem Cells 2022; 40:273-289. [DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) has been implicated in breast cancer due to its mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects. Despite substantial research on the role of IGF-1 in tumor progression, the relationship of IGF-1 to tissue stem cells, particularly in mammary tissue, and the resulting tumor susceptibility has not been elucidated. Previous studies with the BK5.IGF-1 transgenic (Tg) mouse model reveals that IGF-1 does not act as a classical, post-carcinogen tumor promoter in the mammary gland. Pre-pubertal Tg mammary glands display increased numbers and enlarged sizes of terminal end buds, a niche for mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Here we show that MaSCs from both wild type (WT) and Tg mice expressed IGF-1R and that overexpression of Tg IGF-1 increased numbers of MaSCs by undergoing symmetric division, resulting in an expansion of the MaSC and luminal progenitor (LP) compartments in pre-pubertal female mice. This expansion was maintained post-pubertally and validated by mammosphere assays in vitro and transplantation assays in vivo. The addition of recombinant IGF-1 promoted, and IGF-1R downstream inhibitors decreased mammosphere formation. Single-cell transcriptomic profiles generated from two related platforms reveal that IGF-1 stimulated quiescent MaSCs to enter the cell cycle and increased their expression of genes involved in proliferation, plasticity, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This study identifies a novel, pro-tumorigenic mechanism, where IGF-1 increases the number of transformation-susceptible carcinogen targets during the early stages of mammary tissue development, and “primes” their gene expression profiles for transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andres Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences & Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences & Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Isabel U Lambertz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Yuanning Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences & Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robin S Fuchs-Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
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Ishida H, Zhang Y, Gomez R, Shannonhouse J, Son H, Banik R, Kim YS. In Vivo Calcium Imaging Visualizes Incision-Induced Primary Afferent Sensitization and Its Amelioration by Capsaicin Pretreatment. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8494-8507. [PMID: 34452938 PMCID: PMC8513701 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0457-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that infiltration of capsaicin into the surgical site can prevent incision-induced spontaneous pain like behaviors and heat hyperalgesia. In the present study, we aimed to monitor primary sensory neuron Ca2+ activity in the intact dorsal root ganglia (DRG) using Pirt-GCaMP3 male and female mice pretreated with capsaicin or vehicle before the plantar incision. Intraplantar injection of capsaicin (0.05%) significantly attenuated spontaneous pain, mechanical, and heat hypersensitivity after plantar incision. The Ca2+ response in in vivo DRG and in in situ spinal cord was significantly enhanced in the ipsilateral side compared with contralateral side or naive control. Primary sensory nerve fiber length was significantly decreased in the incision skin area in capsaicin-pretreated animals detected by immunohistochemistry and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) staining. Thus, capsaicin pretreatment attenuates incisional pain by suppressing Ca2+ response because of degeneration of primary sensory nerve fibers in the skin.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Postoperative surgery pain is a major health and economic problem worldwide with ∼235 million major surgical procedures annually. Approximately 50% of these patients report uncontrolled or poorly controlled postoperative pain. However, mechanistic studies of postoperative surgery pain in primary sensory neurons have been limited to in vitro models or small numbers of neurons. Using an innovative, distinctive, and interdisciplinary in vivo populational dorsal root ganglia (DRG) imaging (>1800 neurons/DRG) approach, we revealed increased DRG neuronal Ca2+ activity from postoperative pain mouse model. This indicates widespread DRG primary sensory neuron plasticity. Increased neuronal Ca2+ activity occurs among various sizes of neurons but mostly in small-diameter and medium-diameter nociceptors. Capsaicin pretreatment as a therapeutic option significantly attenuates Ca2+ activity and postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Ishida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - Ruben Gomez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - John Shannonhouse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - Hyeonwi Son
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - Ratan Banik
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Yu Shin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health and Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229
- Programs in Integrated Biomedical Sciences, Translational Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Radiological Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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7
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Mathur T, Yee D. The Emerging Role of the Fetal Insulin Receptor in Hormone-refractory Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab147. [PMID: 34304271 PMCID: PMC8787423 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and a mediator of the biologic effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II. Inhibitors of IGF-1R signaling were tested in clinical cancer trials aiming to assess the utility of this receptor as a therapeutic target; essentially all IGF-1R inhibitors failed to provide an additional benefit compared with standard-of-care therapy. In this review, we will evaluate the role the insulin receptor (IR) plays in mediating IGF signaling and subsequent metabolic and mitogenic effects as 1 possible reason for these failures. IR is expressed as 2 isoforms, with the fetal isoform IR-A derived from alternative splicing and loss of exon 11, the adult isoform (IR-B) includes this exon. Cancer frequently re-expresses fetal proteins and this appears to be the case in cancer with a re-expression of the fetal isoform and an increased IR-A:IR-B ratio. The biological effects of IR isoform signaling are complex and not completely understood although it has been suggested that IR-A could stimulate mitogenic signaling pathways, play a role in cancer cell stemness, and mediate tolerance to cancer therapies. From a clinical perspective, the IR-A overexpression in cancer may explain why targeting IGF-1R alone was not successful. However, given the predominance of IR-A expression in cancer, it may also be possible to develop isoform specific inhibitors and avoid the metabolic consequences of inhibiting IR-B. If such inhibitors could be developed, then IR-A expression could serve as a predictive biomarker, and cotargeting IR-A and IGF-1R could provide a novel, more effective therapy method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Mathur
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Douglas Yee
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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8
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Jenkins EC, Brown SO, Germain D. The Multi-Faced Role of PAPP-A in Post-Partum Breast Cancer: IGF-Signaling is Only the Beginning. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:181-189. [PMID: 32901383 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and control of local bioavailability of free IGF by the IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) are important regulators of both mammary development and breast cancer. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified small nucleotide polymorphisms that reduce the expression of IGFBP-5 as a risk factor of developing breast cancer. This observation suggests that genetic alterations leading to a decreased level of IGFBP-5 may also contribute to breast cancer. In the current review, we focus on Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A), a protease involved in the degradation of IGFBP-5. PAPP-A is overexpressed in the majority of breast cancers but its role in cancer has only begun to be explored. More specifically, this review aims at highlighting the role of post-partum involution in the oncogenic function of PAPP-A. Notably, we summarize recent studies indicating that PAPP-A plays a role not only in the degradation of IGFBP-5 but also in the deposition of collagen and activation of the collagen receptor discoidin 2 (DDR2) during post-partum involution. Finally, considering the immunosuppressive microenvironment of post-partum involution, we also discuss the unexpected finding made in Ewing Sarcoma that PAPP-A plays a role in immune evasion. While the immunosuppressive role of PAPP-A in breast cancer remains to be determined, collectively these studies highlight the multifaced role of PAPP-A in cancer that extends well beyond its effect on IGF-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Charles Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Samantha O Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Borges VF, Lyons TR, Germain D, Schedin P. Postpartum Involution and Cancer: An Opportunity for Targeted Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatments? Cancer Res 2020; 80:1790-1798. [PMID: 32075799 PMCID: PMC8285071 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Childbirth at any age confers a transient increased risk for breast cancer in the first decade postpartum and this window of adverse effect extends over two decades in women with late-age first childbirth (>35 years of age). Crossover to the protective effect of pregnancy is dependent on age at first pregnancy, with young mothers receiving the most benefit. Furthermore, breast cancer diagnosis during the 5- to 10-year postpartum window associates with high risk for subsequent metastatic disease. Notably, lactation has been shown to be protective against breast cancer incidence overall, with varying degrees of protection by race, multiparity, and lifetime duration of lactation. An effect for lactation on breast cancer outcome after diagnosis has not been described. We discuss the most recent data and mechanistic insights underlying these epidemiologic findings. Postpartum involution of the breast has been identified as a key mediator of the increased risk for metastasis in women diagnosed within 5-10 years of a completed pregnancy. During breast involution, immune avoidance, increased lymphatic network, extracellular matrix remodeling, and increased seeding to the liver and lymph node work as interconnected pathways, leading to the adverse effect of a postpartum diagnosis. We al discuss a novel mechanism underlying the protective effect of breastfeeding. Collectively, these mechanistic insights offer potential therapeutic avenues for the prevention and/or improved treatment of postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia F Borges
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Doris Germain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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10
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Oh H, Pfeiffer RM, Falk RT, Horne HN, Xiang J, Pollak M, Brinton LA, Storniolo AMV, Sherman ME, Gierach GL, Figueroa JD. Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 in relation to terminal duct lobular unit involution of the normal breast in Caucasian and African American women: The Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:496-507. [PMID: 29473153 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lesser degrees of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution, as reflected by higher numbers of TDLUs and acini/TDLU, are associated with elevated breast cancer risk. In rodent models, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulates involution of the mammary gland. We examined associations of circulating IGF measures with TDLU involution in normal breast tissues among women without precancerous lesions. Among 715 Caucasian and 283 African American (AA) women who donated normal breast tissue samples to the Komen Tissue Bank between 2009 and 2012 (75% premenopausal), serum concentrations of IGF-I and binding protein (IGFBP)-3 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxilyn and eosin-stained tissue sections were assessed for numbers of TDLUs ("TDLU count"). Zero-inflated Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimator were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) for association of IGF measures (tertiles) with TDLU count by race and menopausal status, adjusting for potential confounders. AA (vs. Caucasian) women had higher age-adjusted mean levels of serum IGF-I (137 vs. 131 ng/mL, p = 0.07) and lower levels of IGFBP-3 (4165 vs. 4684 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). Postmenopausal IGFBP-3 was inversely associated with TDLU count among AA (RRT3vs.T1 = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.28-0.84, p-trend = 0.04) and Caucasian (RRT3vs.T1 =0.64, 95% CI = 0.42-0.98, p-trend = 0.04) women. In premenopausal women, higher IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratios were associated with higher TDLU count in Caucasian (RRT3vs.T1 =1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.75, p-trend = 0.04), but not in AA (RRT3vs.T1 =0.65, 95% CI = 0.42-1.00, p-trend = 0.05), women. Our data suggest a role of the IGF system, particularly IGFBP-3, in TDLU involution of the normal breast, a breast cancer risk factor, among Caucasian and AA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Section of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.,Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hisani N Horne
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Cohick WS. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Effects of insulin on mammary gland differentiation during pregnancy and lactation1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1812-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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12
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Horne HN, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Figueroa JD, Khodr ZG, Falk RT, Pollak M, Patel DA, Palakal MM, Linville L, Papathomas D, Geller B, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Chicoine R, Shepherd J, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Wang J, Fan B, Malkov S, Herschorn S, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Gierach GL. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and terminal duct lobular unit involution of the breast: a cross-sectional study of women with benign breast disease. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:24. [PMID: 26893016 PMCID: PMC4758090 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are the primary structures from which breast cancers and their precursors arise. Decreased age-related TDLU involution and elevated mammographic density are both correlated and independently associated with increased breast cancer risk, suggesting that these characteristics of breast parenchyma might be linked to a common factor. Given data suggesting that increased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) factors are related to reduced TDLU involution and increased mammographic density, we assessed these relationships using validated quantitative methods in a cross-sectional study of women with benign breast disease. Methods Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratios were measured in 228 women, ages 40-64, who underwent diagnostic breast biopsies yielding benign diagnoses at University of Vermont affiliated centers. Biopsies were assessed for three separate measures inversely related to TDLU involution: numbers of TDLUs per unit of tissue area (“TDLU count”), median TDLU diameter (“TDLU span”), and number of acini per TDLU (“acini count”). Regression models, stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for potential confounders, were used to assess the associations of TDLU count, median TDLU span and median acini count per TDLU with tertiles of circulating IGFs. Given that mammographic density is associated with both IGF levels and breast cancer risk, we also stratified these associations by mammographic density. Results Higher IGF-I levels among postmenopausal women and an elevated IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio among all women were associated with higher TDLU counts, a marker of decreased lobular involution (P-trend = 0.009 and <0.0001, respectively); these associations were strongest among women with elevated mammographic density (P-interaction <0.01). Circulating IGF levels were not significantly associated with TDLU span or acini count per TDLU. Conclusions These results suggest that elevated IGF levels may define a sub-group of women with high mammographic density and limited TDLU involution, two markers that have been related to increased breast cancer risk. If confirmed in prospective studies with cancer endpoints, these data may suggest that evaluation of IGF signaling and its downstream effects may have value for risk prediction and suggest strategies for breast cancer chemoprevention through inhibition of the IGF system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0678-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisani N Horne
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
| | - Zeina G Khodr
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Roni T Falk
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | | | - Deesha A Patel
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maya M Palakal
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Laura Linville
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | - Daphne Papathomas
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - John Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Amir Pasha Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jeff Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Present Affiliation: Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Serghei Malkov
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sally Herschorn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 7-E108, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9774, USA.
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Combined Treatment of Activin A and Heparin Binding-EGF (HB-EGF) Enhances In VitroProduction of Bovine Embryos. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2014.29.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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14
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Zhang X, Qiao G, Lu P. Modulation of fibroblast growth factor signaling is essential for mammary epithelial morphogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92735. [PMID: 24718286 PMCID: PMC3981693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for vertebrate organogenesis, including mammary gland development. The mechanism whereby FGF signaling is regulated in the mammary gland, however, has remained unknown. Using a combination of mouse genetics and 3D ex vivo models, we tested the hypothesis that Spry2 gene, which encodes an inhibitor of signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in certain contexts, regulates FGF signaling during mammary branching. We found that Spry2 is expressed at various stages of the developing mammary gland. Targeted removal of Spry2 function from mammary epithelium leads to accelerated epithelial invasion. Spry2 is up-regulated by FGF signaling activities and its loss sensitizes mammary epithelium to FGF stimulation, as indicated by increased expression of FGF target genes and epithelia invasion. By contrast, Spry2 gain-of-function in the mammary epithelium results in reduced FGF signaling, epithelial invasion, and stunted branching. Furthermore, reduction of Spry2 expression is correlated with tumor progression in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model. Together, the data show that FGF signaling modulation by Spry2 is essential for epithelial morphogenesis in the mammary gland and it functions to protect the epithelium against tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Guijuan Qiao
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hawsawi Y, El-Gendy R, Twelves C, Speirs V, Beattie J. Insulin-like growth factor - oestradiol crosstalk and mammary gland tumourigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:345-53. [PMID: 24189571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development and differentiation of the mammary gland are dependent on the appropriate temporal expression of both systemically acting hormones and locally produced growth factors. A large body of evidence suggests that molecular crosstalk between these hormonal and growth factor axes is crucial for appropriate cell and tissue function. Two of the most important trophic factors involved in this process are the oestrogen (E) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) molecular axes. The reciprocal crosstalk that exists between these pathways occurs at transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational levels regulate the expression and activity of genes involved in this process. In a clinical context an important consequence of such crosstalk in the mammary gland is the role which it may play in the aetiology, maintenance and development of breast tumours. Although oestradiol (E2) acting through oestrogen receptors α and β (ERα/β) is important for normal mammary gland function it can also provide a mitogenic drive to ER+ breast tumours. Therefore over several years anti-oestrogen therapeutic regimens in the form of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs - e.g. tamoxifen), aromatase inhibitors (AI e.g. anastrozole) or selective oestrogen receptor down regulators (SERDs - e.g. fulvestrant) have been used in an adjuvant setting to control tumour growth. Although initial response is usually encouraging, large cohorts of patients eventually develop resistance to these treatments leading to tumour recurrence and poor prognosis. There are potentially many routes by which breast cancer (BC) cells could escape anti-oestrogen based therapeutic strategies and one of the most studied is the possible growth factor mediated activation of ER(s). Because of this, growth factor modulation of ER activity has been an intensively studied route of molecular crosstalk in the mammary gland. The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and -2) are amongst the most potent mitogens for mammary epithelial cells and there is accumulating evidence that they interact with the E2 axis to regulate mitogenesis, apoptosis, adhesion, migration and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Such interactions are bi-directional and E2 has been shown to regulate the expression and activity of IGF axis genes with the general effect of sensitising breast epithelial cells to the actions of IGFs and insulin. In this short review we discuss the evidence for the involvement of crosstalk between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and oestrogen axes in the mammary gland and comment on the relevance of such studies in the aetiology and treatment of BC.
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16
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Gajewska M, Zielniok K, Debski B, Motyl T. IGF-I retards proper development of acinar structures formed by bovine mammary epithelial cells via sustained activation of Akt kinase. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 45:111-21. [PMID: 23932581 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I is involved in mammary gland development, promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Mitogenic actions of IGF-I are mainly mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. We have found that in the presence of IGF-I bovine BME-UV1 MECs cultured on reconstituted basement membrane form large spheroids with disrupted polarity and no cavity in the center. These cells showed enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, decreased level of cleaved caspase-3, and sustained proliferative activity throughout the 16-d period of 3-dimensional culture. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, resulted in the restoration of the normal acinar phenotype. However, this effect was noted only when LY294002 was added in the second week of 3-dimensional culture, which corresponded with the time of cell cycle arrest and polarity formation under control conditions. Normal development of acini was also obtained when BME-UV1 cells were treated simultaneously with IGF-I and 17β-estradiol. The addition of 17β-estradiol regulated Akt activation, enabling the subsequent initiation of polarization processes. 17β-Estradiol also increased the level of IGFBP-3 protein in MECs cultured on Matrigel in the presence of IGF-I. The presented results indicate important interactions between signaling pathways activated by estrogen and IGF-I, which regulate alveologenesis in bovine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in the bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking modifies components of the insulin-like growth factor system during involution. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:462-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Li M, Fu X, Ma G, Sun X, Dong X, Nagy T, Xing C, Li J, Dong JT. Atbf1 regulates pubertal mammary gland development likely by inhibiting the pro-proliferative function of estrogen-ER signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51283. [PMID: 23251482 PMCID: PMC3520988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATBF1 is a candidate tumor suppressor that interacts with estrogen receptor (ER) to inhibit the function of estrogen-ER signaling in gene regulation and cell proliferation control in human breast cancer cells. We therefore tested whether Atbf1 and its interaction with ER modulate the development of pubertal mammary gland, where estrogen is the predominant steroid hormone. In an in vitro model of cell differentiation, i.e., MCF10A cells cultured in Matrigel, ATBF1 expression was significantly increased, and knockdown of ATBF1 inhibited acinus formation. During mouse mammary gland development, Atbf1 was expressed at varying levels at different stages, with higher levels during puberty, lower during pregnancy, and the highest during lactation. Knockout of Atbf1 at the onset of puberty enhanced ductal elongation and bifurcation and promoted cell proliferation in both ducts and terminal end buds of pubertal mammary glands. Enhanced cell proliferation primarily occurred in ER-positive cells and was accompanied by increased expression of ER target genes. Furthermore, inactivation of Atbf1 reduced the expression of basal cell markers (CK5, CK14 and CD44) but not luminal cell markers. These findings indicate that Atbf1 plays a role in the development of pubertal mammary gland likely by modulating the function of estrogen-ER signaling in luminal cells and by modulating gene expression in basal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xueyuan Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XD) (XD); (JTD) (JD)
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XD) (XD); (JTD) (JD)
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19
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Sarfstein R, Pasmanik-Chor M, Yeheskel A, Edry L, Shomron N, Warman N, Wertheimer E, Maor S, Shochat L, Werner H. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) translocates to nucleus and autoregulates IGF-IR gene expression in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2766-76. [PMID: 22128190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in mammary gland biology as well as in the etiology of breast cancer. The IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which mediates the biological actions of IGF-I and IGF-II, has emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic target. The IGF and estrogen signaling pathways act in a synergistic manner in breast epithelial cells. The present study was aimed at investigating 1) the putative translocation of IGF-IR and the related insulin receptor (IR) to the nucleus in breast cancer cells, 2) the impact of IGF-IR and IR levels on IGF-IR biosynthesis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-depleted breast cancer cells, and 3) the potential transcription factor role of IGF-IR in the specific context of IGF-IR gene regulation. We describe here a novel mechanism of autoregulation of IGF-IR gene expression by cellular IGF-IR, which is seemingly dependent on ER status. Regulation of the IGF-IR gene by IGF-IR protein is mediated at the level of transcription, as demonstrated by 1) binding assays (DNA affinity chromatography and ChIP) showing specific IGF-IR binding to IGF-IR promoter DNA and 2) transient transfection assays showing transactivation of the IGF-IR promoter by exogenous IGF-IR. The IR is also capable of translocating to the nucleus and binding the IGF-IR promoter in ER-depleted, but not in ER-positive, cells. However, transcription factors IGF-IR and IR display diametrically opposite activities in the context of IGF-IR gene regulation. Thus, whereas IGF-IR stimulated IGF-IR gene expression, IR inhibited IGF-IR promoter activity. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of IGF-IR gene autoregulation in breast cancer cells. The clinical implications of these findings and, in particular, the impact of IGF-IR/IR nuclear localization on targeted therapy require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rive Sarfstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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20
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Sun Z, Shushanov S, LeRoith D, Wood TL. Decreased IGF type 1 receptor signaling in mammary epithelium during pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation, alveolar differentiation, and expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3233-45. [PMID: 21628386 PMCID: PMC3138223 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IGFs and the IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are essential mediators of normal mammary gland development in mice. IGF-I and the IGF-1R have demonstrated functions in formation and proliferation of terminal end buds and in ductal outgrowth and branching during puberty. To study the functions of IGF-1R during pregnancy and lactation, we established transgenic mouse lines expressing a human dominant-negative kinase dead IGF-1R (dnhIGF-1R) under the control of the whey acidic protein promoter. We provide evidence that the IGF-1R pathway is necessary for normal epithelial proliferation and alveolar formation during pregnancy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the whey acidic protein-dnhIGF-1R transgene causes a delay in alveolar differentiation including lipid droplet formation, lumen expansion, and β-casein protein expression. Analysis of IGF-1R signaling pathways showed a decrease in P-IGF-1R and P-Akt resulting from expression of the dnhIGF-1R. We further demonstrate that disruption of the IGF-1R decreases mammary epithelial cell expression of the signaling intermediates insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2. No alterations were observed in downstream signaling targets of prolactin and progesterone, suggesting that activation of the IGF-1R may directly regulate expression of IRS-1/2 during alveolar development and differentiation. These data show that IGF-1R signaling is necessary for normal alveolar proliferation and differentiation, in part, through induction of signaling intermediates that mediate alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Sun
- Department Neurology & Neuroscience, Cancer Center H1200, New Jersey Medical School/University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA
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21
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Abstract
The pubertal mammary gland is an ideal model for experimental morphogenesis. The primary glandular branching morphogenesis occurs at this time, integrating epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Between birth and puberty, the mammary gland exists in a relatively quiescent state. At the onset of puberty, rapid expansion of a pre-existing rudimentary mammary epithelium generates an extensive ductal network by a process of branch initiation, elongation, and invasion of the mammary mesenchyme. It is this branching morphogenesis that characterizes pubertal mammary gland growth. Tissue-specific molecular networks interpret signals from local cytokines/growth factors in both the epithelial and stromal microenvironments. This is largely orchestrated by secreted ovarian and pituitary hormones. Here, we review the major molecular regulators of pubertal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McNally
- UCD School of Bimolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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22
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Trigal B, Gómez E, Díez C, Caamaño JN, Martín D, Carrocera S, Muñoz M. In vitro development of bovine embryos cultured with activin A. Theriogenology 2010; 75:584-8. [PMID: 21040964 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of activin A on development, differential cell counts and apoptosis/necrosis rates of bovine embryos produced in vitro. Presumptive zygotes were cultured up to Day 8 in synthetic oviduct fluid containing aminoacids, citrate, myo-inositol and BSA. In Experiment 1, activin (10 ng mL(-1)) was added: 1/from Day 1 to Day 3; 2/from Day 1 to Day 8; 3/from Day 3 to Day 8; or 4/absent (control). In Experiment 2, 10 ng mL(-1) activin were added either before (Day 3 to Day 5) or after (Day 5 to Day 8) the early morula stage. In Experiment 1, activin during the first 72 h of culture reduced Day 3 cleavage, 5-8 cell rates and blastocyst development, while hatching rates increased. No changes were observed within differential cell counts. In experiment 2, activin improved blastocyst development after, and had no effect before, the Day 5 morula stage. However, trophectoderm (TE) cell numbers decreased with activin both before and after the Day 5 morula stage, suggesting that activin inhibits TE differentiation. The presence of activin during the whole culture had no effect on TUNEL positive cells, but when added at shorter periods activin increased apoptotic rates. Effects of activin during in vitro bovine embryo development, depends on timing of its addition to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Trigal
- Genética y Reproducción Animal, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, SERIDA, Camino de Rioseco 1225, La Olla – Deva, 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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23
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Hovey RC, Aimo L. Diverse and active roles for adipocytes during mammary gland growth and function. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:279-90. [PMID: 20717712 PMCID: PMC2941079 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is unique in its requirement to develop in close association with a depot of adipose tissue that is commonly referred to as the mammary fat pad. As discussed throughout this issue, the mammary fat pad represents a complex stromal microenvironment that includes a variety of cell types. In this article we focus on adipocytes as local regulators of epithelial cell growth and their function during lactation. Several important considerations arise from such a discussion. There is a clear and close interrelationship between different stromal tissue types within the mammary fat pad and its adipocytes. Furthermore, these relationships are both stage- and species-dependent, although many questions remain unanswered regarding their roles in these different states. Several lines of evidence also suggest that adipocytes within the mammary fat pad may function differently from those in other fat depots. Finally, past and future technologies present a variety of opportunities to model these complexities in order to more precisely delineate the many potential functions of adipocytes within the mammary glands. A thorough understanding of the role for this cell type in the mammary glands could present numerous opportunities to modify both breast cancer risk and lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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24
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Nelson AC, Lyons TR, Young CD, Hansen KC, Anderson SM, Holt JT. AKT regulates BRCA1 stability in response to hormone signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 319:129-42. [PMID: 20085797 PMCID: PMC4548798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The observation that inherited mutations within BRCA1 result in breast and ovarian cancers suggests a functional relationship may exist between hormone signaling and BRCA1 function. We demonstrate that AKT activation promotes the expression of BRCA1 in response to estrogen and IGF-1 receptor signaling, and the rapid increase in BRCA1 protein levels appears to occur independently of new protein synthesis. Further, we identify a novel AKT phosphorylation site in BRCA1 at S694 which is responsive to activation of these signaling pathways. These data suggest AKT phosphorylation of BRCA1 increases total protein expression by preventing proteasomal degradation. AKT activation also appears to support nuclear localization of BRCA1, and co-expression of activated AKT with BRCA1 decreases radiation sensitivity, suggesting this interaction has functional consequences for BRCA1's role in DNA repair. Targets within this pathway could provide strategies for modulation of BRCA1 protein, which may prove therapeutically beneficial for breast and ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R. Lyons
- Department of Pathology and Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christian D. Young
- Department of Pathology and Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics-Cancer Center Proteomics Core, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Steven M. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Holt
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
- Contact: Jeffrey T. Holt, Professor of Pathology, The Commonwealth Medical College 501 Madison Avenue, Scranton PA 18510. . Phone: 570-955-1336
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Carver KC, Piazza TM, Schuler LA. Prolactin enhances insulin-like growth factor I receptor phosphorylation by decreasing its association with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8003-12. [PMID: 20080972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal mammary development requires coordinated interactions of numerous factors, including prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), both of which have also been implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis and progression. We previously reported that PRL and IGF-I synergize in breast cancer cells to activate ERK1/2 and AKT, leading to increased proliferation, survival, and invasion. Intriguingly, PRL co-treatment with IGF-I augments IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) phosphorylation 2-fold higher than IGF-I alone. Here, we showed the importance of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in this cross-talk using pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA. SHP-2 recruitment to IGF-IR was significantly attenuated by PRL co-treatment. Src family kinase activity was required for IGF-IR association with SHP-2, ligand-induced IGF-IR internalization, and PRL-enhanced IGF-IR phosphorylation. Inhibition of internalization, via knockdown of the GTPase, dynamin-2, prevented not only IGF-IR dephosphorylation, but also PRL-enhanced IGF-IR phosphorylation. Consistently, PRL diminished IGF-I-induced IGF-IR internalization, which may result from reduced SHP-2 association with IGF-IR, because we demonstrated an essential role for SHP-2 in IGF-IR internalization. Together, these findings describe a novel mechanism of cross-talk between PRL and IGF-I in breast cancer cells, with implications for our understanding of tumor progression and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher C Carver
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Moyes KM, Drackley JK, Morin DE, Bionaz M, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Loor JJ. Gene network and pathway analysis of bovine mammary tissue challenged with Streptococcus uberis reveals induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of PPARgamma signaling as potential mechanism for the negative relationships between immune response and lipid metabolism. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:542. [PMID: 19925655 PMCID: PMC2784807 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information generated via microarrays might uncover interactions between the mammary gland and Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) that could help identify control measures for the prevention and spread of S. uberis mastitis, as well as improve overall animal health and welfare, and decrease economic losses to dairy farmers. The main objective of this study was to determine the most affected gene networks and pathways in mammary tissue in response to an intramammary infection (IMI) with S. uberis and relate these with other physiological measurements associated with immune and/or metabolic responses to mastitis challenge with S. uberis O140J. RESULTS Streptococcus uberis IMI resulted in 2,102 (1,939 annotated) differentially expressed genes (DEG). Within this set of DEG, we uncovered 20 significantly enriched canonical pathways (with 20 to 61 genes each), the majority of which were signaling pathways. Among the most inhibited were LXR/RXR Signaling and PPARalpha/RXRalpha Signaling. Pathways activated by IMI were IL-10 Signaling and IL-6 Signaling which likely reflected counter mechanisms of mammary tissue to respond to infection. Of the 2,102 DEG, 1,082 were up-regulated during IMI and were primarily involved with the immune response, e.g., IL6, TNF, IL8, IL10, SELL, LYZ, and SAA3. Genes down-regulated (1,020) included those associated with milk fat synthesis, e.g., LPIN1, LPL, CD36, and BTN1A1. Network analysis of DEG indicated that TNF had positive relationships with genes involved with immune system function (e.g., CD14, IL8, IL1B, and TLR2) and negative relationships with genes involved with lipid metabolism (e.g., GPAM, SCD, FABP4, CD36, and LPL) and antioxidant activity (SOD1). CONCLUSION Results provided novel information into the early signaling and metabolic pathways in mammary tissue that are associated with the innate immune response to S. uberis infection. Our study indicated that IMI challenge with S. uberis (strain O140J) elicited a strong transcriptomic response, leading to potent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways that were associated with a marked inhibition of lipid synthesis, stress-activated kinase signaling cascades, and PPAR signaling (most likely PPARgamma). This latter effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for the inverse relationship between immune response and milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Moyes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - James K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Dawn E Morin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, 61802, USA
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Robin E Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
- Sequenom, Inc, 3595 John Hopkins Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Harris A Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, 61801, USA
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Chen T, Lukanova A, Grankvist K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wulff M, Johansson R, Schock H, Lenner P, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Toniolo P, Lundin E. IGF-I during primiparous pregnancy and maternal risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:169-75. [PMID: 19728079 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I during early pregnancy is positively associated with maternal risk of breast cancer. To further explore this association, we designed a new study limited to women who donated a blood sample during their first pregnancy ending with childbirth. A case-control study was nested within the Northern Sweden Maternity Cohort in which repository since 1975, serum specimens remaining after early pregnancy screening for infectious diseases had been preserved. Study subjects were selected among women who donated a blood sample during the full-term pregnancy that led to the birth of their first child. Two hundred and forty-four women with invasive breast cancer were eligible. Two controls, matching the index case for age and date at blood donation were selected (n = 453). IGF-I was measured in serum samples on an Immulite 2000 analyzer. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. A significant positive association of breast cancer with IGF-I was observed, with OR of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.14-2.63) for the top tertile, P < 0.009. Subgroup analyses did not indicate statistical heterogeneity of the association by ages at sampling and diagnosis or by lag time to cancer diagnosis, although somewhat stronger associations with risk were observed in women < or = age 25 at index pregnancy and for cases diagnosed within 15 years of blood donation. The results of the study add further evidence for an adverse effect of elevated IGF-I concentrations during early reproductive life on risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Chen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rowzee AM, Ludwig DL, Wood TL. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor and insulin receptor isoform expression and signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3611-9. [PMID: 19406949 PMCID: PMC2717875 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) isoforms and the IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) share a high degree of structural homology but differ in ligand binding kinetics and functions. We developed a highly specific quantitative PCR assay to quantify and compare IR-A, IR-B, and IGF-1R expression within an RNA population. We determined receptor expression in primary murine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) during postnatal development. Both IR isoform mRNAs were 3- to 16-fold higher than IGF-1R expression at all developmental times. IR protein was also 3- to 10-fold higher than IGF-1R protein; however, significantly less IGF-1R was found in hybrid receptors at early (49%) vs. late (79%) pregnancy, indicating that the amount of hybrid receptor is developmentally regulated. Despite high IR expression, IGF ligands were more effective than insulin in stimulating the insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in acutely isolated MECs from virgin glands. Although approximately 40% of IR transcripts were the IGF-II-sensitive IR-A isoform, IGF-II failed to stimulate IR phosphorylation, and an IGF-1R-specific blocking antibody completely abrogated IGF-II-mediated Akt phosphorylation in the virgin MECs. Taken together, these data suggest that the IGF-1R is more active in signaling than the IR and is the predominant mediator of IGF actions in virgin MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rowzee
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School/University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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