1
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Poulet S, Dai M, Wang N, Yan G, Boudreault J, Daliah G, Guillevin A, Nguyen H, Galal S, Ali S, Lebrun JJ. Genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screen identifies TGFβ3 as actionable biomarker of palbociclib resistance in triple negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:118. [PMID: 38831405 PMCID: PMC11145857 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains exceptionally challenging to treat. While CDK4/6 inhibitors have revolutionized HR + breast cancer therapy, there is limited understanding of their efficacy in TNBC and meaningful predictors of response and resistance to these drugs remain scarce. We conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR screen using palbociclib as a selection pressure in TNBC. Hits were prioritized using microarray data from a large panel of breast cancer cell lines to identify top palbociclib sensitizers. Our study defines TGFβ3 as an actionable determinant of palbociclib sensitivity that potentiates its anti-tumor effects. Mechanistically, we show that chronic palbociclib exposure depletes p21 levels, contributing to acquired resistance, and that TGFβ3 treatment can overcome this. This study defines TGFβ3 as an actionable biomarker that can be used to improve patient stratification for palbociclib treatment and exploits the synergistic interaction between CDK4/6 and TGFβ3 to propose a new combinatorial treatment for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Poulet
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meiou Dai
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ni Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gang Yan
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Boudreault
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Girija Daliah
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Guillevin
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Soaad Galal
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Suhad Ali
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Jokela TA, Dane MA, Smith RL, Devlin KL, Shalabi S, Lopez JC, Miyano M, Stampfer MR, Korkola JE, Gray JW, Heiser LM, LaBarge MA. Functional delineation of the luminal epithelial microenvironment in breast using cell-based screening in combinatorial microenvironments. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110958. [PMID: 37935340 PMCID: PMC10696611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment signals are potent determinants of cell fate and arbiters of tissue homeostasis, however understanding how different microenvironment factors coordinately regulate cellular phenotype has been experimentally challenging. Here we used a high-throughput microenvironment microarray comprised of 2640 unique pairwise signals to identify factors that support proliferation and maintenance of primary human mammary luminal epithelial cells. Multiple microenvironment factors that modulated luminal cell number were identified, including: HGF, NRG1, BMP2, CXCL1, TGFB1, FGF2, PDGFB, RANKL, WNT3A, SPP1, HA, VTN, and OMD. All of these factors were previously shown to modulate luminal cell numbers in painstaking mouse genetics experiments, or were shown to have a role in breast cancer, demonstrating the relevance and power of our high-dimensional approach to dissect key microenvironmental signals. RNA-sequencing of primary epithelial and stromal cell lineages identified the cell types that express these signals and the cognate receptors in vivo. Cell-based functional studies confirmed which effects from microenvironment factors were reproducible and robust to individual variation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was the factor most robust to individual variation and drove expansion of luminal cells via cKit+ progenitor cells, which expressed abundant MET receptor. Luminal cells from women who are genetically high risk for breast cancer had significantly more MET receptor and may explain the characteristic expansion of the luminal lineage in those women. In ensemble, our approach provides proof of principle that microenvironment signals that control specific cellular states can be dissected with high-dimensional cell-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A Jokela
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark A Dane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kaylyn L Devlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sundus Shalabi
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Arab American University of Palestine, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Jennifer C Lopez
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James E Korkola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers Research (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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3
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Xuan R, Chao T, Zhao X, Wang A, Chu Y, Li Q, Zhao Y, Ji Z, Wang J. Transcriptome profiling of the nonlactating mammary glands of dairy goats reveals the molecular genetic mechanism of mammary cell remodeling. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5238-5260. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Mammary collagen is under reproductive control with implications for breast cancer. Matrix Biol 2021; 105:104-126. [PMID: 34839002 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammographically-detected breast density impacts breast cancer risk and progression, and fibrillar collagen is a key component of breast density. However, physiologic factors influencing collagen production in the breast are poorly understood. In female rats, we analyzed gene expression of the most abundantly expressed mammary collagens and collagen-associated proteins across a pregnancy, lactation, and weaning cycle. We identified a triphasic pattern of collagen gene regulation and evidence for reproductive state-dependent composition. An initial phase of collagen deposition occurred during pregnancy, followed by an active phase of collagen suppression during lactation. The third phase of collagen regulation occurred during weaning-induced mammary gland involution, which was characterized by increased collagen deposition. Concomitant changes in collagen protein abundance were confirmed by Masson's trichrome staining, second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, and mass spectrometry. We observed similar reproductive-state dependent collagen patterns in human breast tissue obtained from premenopausal women. SHG analysis also revealed structural variation in collagen across a reproductive cycle, with higher packing density and more collagen fibers arranged perpendicular to the mammary epithelium in the involuting rat mammary gland compared to nulliparous and lactating glands. Involution was also characterized by high expression of the collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase, which was associated with increased levels of cross-linked collagen. Breast cancer relevance is suggested, as we found that breast cancer diagnosed in recently postpartum women displayed gene expression signatures of increased collagen deposition and crosslinking compared to breast cancers diagnosed in age-matched nulliparous women. Using publically available data sets, we found this involution-like, collagen gene signature correlated with poor progression-free survival in breast cancer patients overall and in younger women. In sum, these findings of physiologic collagen regulation in the normal mammary gland may provide insight into normal breast function, the etiology of breast density, and inform breast cancer risk and outcomes.
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5
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Ong CH, Tham CL, Harith HH, Firdaus N, Israf DA. TGF-β-induced fibrosis: A review on the underlying mechanism and potential therapeutic strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174510. [PMID: 34560077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays multiple homeostatic roles in the regulation of inflammation, proliferation, differentiation and would healing of various tissues. Many studies have demonstrated that TGF-β stimulates activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, which result in extracellular matrix deposition. Its increased expression can result in many fibrotic diseases, and the level of expression is often correlated with disease severity. On this basis, inhibition of TGF-β and its activity has great therapeutic potential for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, systemic sclerosis and etc. By understanding the molecular mechanism of TGF-β signaling and activity, researchers were able to develop different strategies in order to modulate the activity of TGF-β. Antisense oligonucleotide was developed to target the mRNA of TGF-β to inhibit its expression. There are also neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that can target the TGF-β ligands or αvβ6 integrin to prevent binding to receptor or activation of latent TGF-β respectively. Soluble TGF-β receptors act as ligand traps that competitively bind to the TGF-β ligands. Many small molecule inhibitors have been developed to inhibit the TGF-β receptor at its cytoplasmic domain and also intracellular signaling molecules. Peptide aptamer technology has been used to target downstream TGF-β signaling. Here, we summarize the underlying mechanism of TGF-β-induced fibrosis and also review various strategies of inhibiting TGF-β in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Nazmi Firdaus
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia.
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6
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Decker JT, Ma JA, Shea LD, Jeruss JS. Implications of TGFβ Signaling and CDK Inhibition for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5343. [PMID: 34771508 PMCID: PMC8582459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling enacts tumor-suppressive functions in normal cells through promotion of several cell regulatory actions including cell-cycle control and apoptosis. Canonical TGFβ signaling proceeds through phosphorylation of the transcription factor, SMAD3, at the C-terminus of the protein. During oncogenic progression, this tumor suppressant phosphorylation of SMAD3 can be inhibited. Overexpression of cyclins D and E, and subsequent hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4 (CDKs), are often observed in breast cancer, and have been associated with poor prognosis. The noncanonical phosphorylation of SMAD3 by CDKs 2 and 4 leads to the inhibition of tumor-suppressive function of SMAD3. As a result, CDK overactivation drives oncogenic progression, and can be targeted to improve clinical outcomes. This review focuses on breast cancer, and highlights advances in the understanding of CDK-mediated noncanonical SMAD3 phosphorylation. Specifically, the role of aberrant TGFβ signaling in oncogenic progression and treatment response will be examined to illustrate the potential for therapeutic discovery in the context of cyclins/CDKs and SMAD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.T.D.); (J.A.M.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Jeffrey A. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.T.D.); (J.A.M.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.T.D.); (J.A.M.); (L.D.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5932, USA
| | - Jacqueline S. Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.T.D.); (J.A.M.); (L.D.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5932, USA
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7
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Wang L, Guan X, Hu Q, Wu Z, Chen W, Song L, Wang K, Tian K, Cao C, Zhang D, Ma J, Tong X, Zhang B, Zhang J, Zeng C. TGFB3 downregulation causing chordomagenesis and its tumor suppression role maintained by Smad7. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:913-923. [PMID: 34057989 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare bone tumor arising from notochordal remnants, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. By integrated mRNA and microRNA analyses, we found significant downregulation of TGFB3 along with upregulation of its inhibitor, miR-29 family in chordoma comparing with notochord. Somatic copy number gains of miR-29 loci in chordoma highlighted a mechanism of inactivation of TGFB3 signaling in tumor formation. In zebrafish, knockout and knockdown homologous tgfb3 resulted in a chordoma-like neoplasm. On the other hand, Smad7 negative feedback regulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is retentive in chordoma cell UM-Chor1 despite its disruption in most cancer cells (e.g. A549). Therefore, contrary to other cancers, exogenous TGF-β activated Smad7 by downregulating miR-182 and inhibited cell migration and invasion in UM-Chor1. Meanwhile, TGF-β decreased chordoma characteristic protein Brachyury. Altogether, downregulation of TGFB3 causes chordomagenesis, showing a feasible target for therapies. The retention of Smad7 negative regulation may maintain the suppressor role of TGF-β in chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lairong Song
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Kaibing Tian
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dake Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, NCRC-ND, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Valdés-Mora F, Salomon R, Gloss BS, Law AMK, Venhuizen J, Castillo L, Murphy KJ, Magenau A, Papanicolaou M, Rodriguez de la Fuente L, Roden DL, Colino-Sanguino Y, Kikhtyak Z, Farbehi N, Conway JRW, Sikta N, Oakes SR, Cox TR, O'Donoghue SI, Timpson P, Ormandy CJ, Gallego-Ortega D. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals involution mimicry during the specification of the basal breast cancer subtype. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108945. [PMID: 33852842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal breast cancer is associated with younger age, early relapse, and a high mortality rate. Here, we use unbiased droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to elucidate the cellular basis of tumor progression during the specification of the basal breast cancer subtype from the luminal progenitor population in the MMTV-PyMT (mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle tumor-antigen) mammary tumor model. We find that basal-like cancer cells resemble the alveolar lineage that is specified upon pregnancy and encompass the acquisition of an aberrant post-lactation developmental program of involution that triggers remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and metastatic dissemination. This involution mimicry is characterized by a highly interactive multicellular network, with involution cancer-associated fibroblasts playing a pivotal role in extracellular matrix remodeling and immunosuppression. Our results may partially explain the increased risk and poor prognosis of breast cancer associated with childbirth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain/genetics
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/growth & development
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Pregnancy
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Valdés-Mora
- Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Robert Salomon
- Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Brian Stewart Gloss
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew Man Kit Law
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jeron Venhuizen
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lesley Castillo
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle Joan Murphy
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Laura Rodriguez de la Fuente
- Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Lee Roden
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yolanda Colino-Sanguino
- Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Zoya Kikhtyak
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nona Farbehi
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | | | - Neblina Sikta
- Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Samantha Richelle Oakes
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas Robert Cox
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Seán Ignatius O'Donoghue
- Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; CSIRO Data61, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher John Ormandy
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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9
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Scott EN, Gocher AM, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Regulatory T Cells: Barriers of Immune Infiltration Into the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702726. [PMID: 34177968 PMCID: PMC8222776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key immunosuppressive cells that promote tumor growth by hindering the effector immune response. Tregs utilize multiple suppressive mechanisms to inhibit pro-inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME) by inhibition of effector function and immune cell migration, secretion of inhibitory cytokines, metabolic disruption and promotion of metastasis. In turn, Tregs are being targeted in the clinic either alone or in combination with other immunotherapies, in efforts to overcome the immunosuppressive TME and increase anti-tumor effects. However, it is now appreciated that Tregs not only suppress cells intratumorally via direct engagement, but also serve as key interactors in the peritumor, stroma, vasculature and lymphatics to limit anti-tumor immune responses prior to tumor infiltration. We will review the suppressive mechanisms that Tregs utilize to alter immune and non-immune cells outside and within the TME and discuss how these mechanisms collectively allow Tregs to create and promote a physical and biological barrier, resulting in an immune-excluded or limited tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N Scott
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Graduate Program of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Angela M Gocher
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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10
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Frank-Kamenetskii A, Booth BW. Redirecting Normal and Cancer Stem Cells to a Mammary Epithelial Cell Fate. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:285-292. [PMID: 31732837 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironments, also known as stem cell niches, influence not only resident cells but also cells in surrounding tissues. Physical and biochemical intercellular signals originating from resident stem cells or non-stem cells participate in the homeostasis of the tissue regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, tissue remodeling, and tumorigenesis. In recent publications it has been demonstrated that the normal mouse mammary microenvironment can provide development and differentiation guidance to not only resident mammary cells but also cells of non-mammary origin including tumor-derived cells. When placed in reforming mammary stem cell niches the non-mammary cells proliferate and differentiate along mammary epithelial cell lineages and contribute progeny to reforming mammary gland outgrowths. The tumor-derived cells that are redirected to assume mammary epithelial phenotypes lose their cancer-forming capacity and shift their gene expression profiles from a cancer profile towards a normal mammary epithelial expression profile. This review summarizes the recent discoveries regarding the ability of the normal mouse mammary microenvironment to dictate the cell fates of non-mammary cells introduced into mammary stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Frank-Kamenetskii
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 401-1 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Brian W Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 401-1 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a secreted multifunctional cytokine that signals via plasma membrane TGF-β type I and type II receptors and intercellular SMAD transcriptional effectors. Aberrant inter- and intracellular TGF-β signaling can contribute to cancer progression. In normal cells and early stages of cancer, TGF-β can stimulate epithelial growth arrest and elicit a tumor suppressor function. However, in late stages of cancer, when the cytostatic effects of TGF-β in cancer cells are blocked, TGF-β signaling can act as tumor promoter by its ability to stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, by stimulating angiogenesis, and by promoting evasion of immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the rationale and challenges of targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer and summarize the clinical status of TGF-β signaling inhibitors that interfere with TGFβ bioavailability, TGF-βreceptor interaction, or TGF-β receptor kinase function. Moreover, we will discuss targeting of TGF-β signaling modulators and downstream effectors as well as alternative approaches by using promising technologies that may lead to entirely new classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Khanh Huynh
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Cancer Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Peptide Core Facility, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Cancer Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Oncode Institute and Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Huynh LK, Hipolito CJ, ten Dijke P. A Perspective on the Development of TGF-β Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110743. [PMID: 31744193 PMCID: PMC6921009 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a secreted multifunctional cytokine that signals via plasma membrane TGF-β type I and type II receptors and intercellular SMAD transcriptional effectors. Aberrant inter- and intracellular TGF-β signaling can contribute to cancer progression. In normal cells and early stages of cancer, TGF-β can stimulate epithelial growth arrest and elicit a tumor suppressor function. However, in late stages of cancer, when the cytostatic effects of TGF-β in cancer cells are blocked, TGF-β signaling can act as tumor promoter by its ability to stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, by stimulating angiogenesis, and by promoting evasion of immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the rationale and challenges of targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer and summarize the clinical status of TGF-β signaling inhibitors that interfere with TGF−β bioavailability, TGF-β/receptor interaction, or TGF-β receptor kinase function. Moreover, we will discuss targeting of TGF-β signaling modulators and downstream effectors as well as alternative approaches by using promising technologies that may lead to entirely new classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Khanh Huynh
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Cancer Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan;
- Peptide Core Facility, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Cancer Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan;
- Oncode Institute and Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-9271; Fax: +31-71-526-8270
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13
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Histology and Transcriptome Profiles of the Mammary Gland across Critical Windows of Development in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:149-163. [PMID: 29956080 PMCID: PMC6103804 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast development occurs through well-defined stages representing 'windows of susceptibility' to adverse environmental exposures that potentially modify breast cancer risk. Systematic characterization of morphology and transcriptome during normal breast development lays the foundation of our understanding of cancer etiology. We examined mammary glands in female Sprague Dawley rats across six developmental stages - pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal, pubertal, lactation, adult parous and adult nulliparous. We investigated histology by Hematoxylin and Eosin and Mallory's Trichrome stain, proliferative and apoptotic rate by immunohistochemistry and whole-transcriptome by microarrays. We identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent developmental stages by linear models, underlying pathways by gene ontology analysis and gene networks and hubs active across developmental stages by coexpression network analysis. Mammary gland development was associated with large-scale changes in the transcriptome; particularly from pre-pubertal to peri-pubertal period and the lactation period were characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression with unique biological functions such as immune processes during pre-pubertal development and cholesterol biosynthesis during lactation. These changes were reflective of the shift in mammary gland histology, from a rudimentary organ during early stages to a secretory organ during lactation followed by regression with age. Hub genes within mammary gene networks included metabolic genes such as Pparg during the pre-pubertal stage and tight junction-related genes claudins and occludins in lactating mammary glands. Transcriptome profile paired with histology enhanced our understanding of mammary development, which is fundamental in understanding the etiologic mechanism of breast cancer, especially pertaining to windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures that may alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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14
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Flanders KC, Yang YA, Herrmann M, Chen J, Mendoza N, Mirza AM, Wakefield LM. Quantitation of TGF-β proteins in mouse tissues shows reciprocal changes in TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 in normal vs neoplastic mammary epithelium. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38164-38179. [PMID: 27203217 PMCID: PMC5122380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) regulate tissue homeostasis, and their expression is perturbed in many diseases. The three isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) have similar bioactivities in vitro but show distinct activities in vivo. Little quantitative information exists for expression of TGF-β isoform proteins in physiology or disease. We developed an optimized method to quantitate protein levels of the three isoforms, using a Luminex® xMAP®-based multianalyte assay following acid-ethanol extraction of tissues. Analysis of multiple tissues and plasma from four strains of adult mice showed that TGF-β1 is the predominant isoform with TGF-β2 being ~10-fold lower. There were no sex-specific differences in isoform expression, but some tissues showed inter-strain variation, particularly for TGF-β2. The only adult tissue expressing appreciable TGF-β3 was the mammary gland, where its levels were comparable to TGF-β1. In situ hybridization showed the luminal epithelium as the major source of all TGF-β isoforms in the normal mammary gland. TGF-β1 protein was 3-8-fold higher in three murine mammary tumor models than in normal mammary gland, while TGF-β3 protein was 2-3-fold lower in tumors than normal tissue, suggesting reciprocal regulation of these isoforms in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-An Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Herrmann
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - JinQiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nerissa Mendoza
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Amer M Mirza
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Ionizing radiation-mediated premature senescence and paracrine interactions with cancer cells enhance the expression of syndecan 1 in human breast stromal fibroblasts: the role of TGF-β. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1650-69. [PMID: 27434331 PMCID: PMC5032688 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface proteoglycan syndecan 1 (SDC1) is overexpressed in the malignant breast stromal fibroblasts, creating a favorable milieu for tumor cell growth. In the present study, we found that ionizing radiation, a well-established treatment in human breast cancer, provokes premature senescence of human breast stromal fibroblasts in vitro, as well as in the breast tissue in vivo. These senescent cells were found to overexpress SDC1 both in vitro and in vivo. By using a series of specific inhibitors and siRNA approaches, we showed that this SDC1 overexpression in senescent cells is the result of an autocrine action of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) through the Smad pathway and the transcription factor Sp1, while the classical senescence pathways of p53 or p38 MAPK - NF-kB are not involved. In addition, the highly invasive human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 (in contrast to the low-invasive MCF-7) can also enhance SDC1 expression, both in early-passage and senescent fibroblasts via a paracrine action of TGF-β. The above suggest that radiation-mediated premature senescence and invasive tumor cells, alone or in combination, enhance SDC1 expression in breast stromal fibroblasts, a poor prognostic factor for cancer growth, and that TGF-β plays a crucial role in this process.
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16
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) are closely related ligands that have pleiotropic activity on most cell types of the body. They act through common heterotetrameric TGF-β type II and type I transmembrane dual specificity kinase receptor complexes, and the outcome of signaling is context-dependent. In normal tissue, they serve a role in maintaining homeostasis. In many diseased states, particularly fibrosis and cancer, TGF-β ligands are overexpressed and the outcome of signaling is diverted toward disease progression. There has therefore been a concerted effort to develop drugs that block TGF-β signaling for therapeutic benefit. This review will cover the basics of TGF-β signaling and its biological activities relevant to oncology, present a summary of pharmacological TGF-β blockade strategies, and give an update on preclinical and clinical trials for TGF-β blockade in a variety of solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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17
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) are closely related ligands that have pleiotropic activity on most cell types of the body. They act through common heterotetrameric TGF-β type II and type I transmembrane dual specificity kinase receptor complexes, and the outcome of signaling is context-dependent. In normal tissue, they serve a role in maintaining homeostasis. In many diseased states, particularly fibrosis and cancer, TGF-β ligands are overexpressed and the outcome of signaling is diverted toward disease progression. There has therefore been a concerted effort to develop drugs that block TGF-β signaling for therapeutic benefit. This review will cover the basics of TGF-β signaling and its biological activities relevant to oncology, present a summary of pharmacological TGF-β blockade strategies, and give an update on preclinical and clinical trials for TGF-β blockade in a variety of solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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18
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Shen Y, Cao R, Liu W, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Tan J, Jin M, Zhong J, Zhang Q, Liu J, Zu X. Negative feedback loop between ZBTB7A and TGF-β in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1403-1410. [PMID: 28789356 PMCID: PMC5529933 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 7A (ZBTB7A) is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer, but the involvement of ZBTB7A in breast cancer remains controversial. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine which promotes breast cancer metastasis. ZBTB7A and TGF-β are important factors in tumor development. However, the association between ZBTB7A and TGF-β in breast cancer remains unknown. The results of the present study revealed that TGF-β1 induced the expression of ZBTB7A via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells, and ZBTB7A inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 through indirectly suppressing the promoter activity of TGF-β1. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the expression of ZBTB7A and TGF-β1 were identified in breast cancer tissues using tissue microarray assay and human cancer genomics analysis. These results have identified a negative feedback loop between ZBTB7A and TGF-β signaling, suggesting ZBTB7A as a potential modulator of breast cancer metastasis. Thus, the results of the present study suggested that ZBTB7A is a potential prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Renxian Cao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Tan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Weng J, Usuda K, Fujii K, Watanabe G, Nagaoka K. Decrease of lactogenic hormones induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TGFβ1 and arachidonic acid during mammary gland involution. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:325-332. [PMID: 28381667 PMCID: PMC5481636 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammary gland involution, the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays an important role in tissue remodelling and in the termination of milk production. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been known as a central inducer to EMT and contributor to the mammary gland involution. However, the whole mechanism has accomplished the EMT process in mammary gland is still unclear. Here, we show that arachidonic acid, one of the major products in milk, is new player to control the EMT together with TGFβ during mammary gland involution. Firstly, we observed decrease in CDH1 (epithelial marker gene) expression and increases in VIM and TWIST1 (mesenchymal marker genes), TGFB1, and PLCG2 (arachidonic acid synthesis gene) at involution. In epithelial cells culture experiments, depletion of lactogenic hormones to mimic the involution induced TGFβ1 and PLCG2 expressions. Treatment with arachidonic acid in epithelial cells increased VIM and TWIST1 expressions without decrease of CDH1 expression, while TGFβ1 decreased CDH1 and increased VIM and TWIST1; more importantly, TGFβ1 induced the expression of PLCG2, but arachidonic acid did not induce the expression of TGFB1. Finally, arachidonic acid accelerated the TGFβ1 increasing VIM and TWIST1 expressions, meanwhile arachidonic acid synthase inhibitor partially blocked the TGFβ1 increasing VIM and TWIST1 expressions. In conclusion, TGFβ1 stimulates arachidonic acid synthesis and the arachidonic acid has a function to postulate the EMT process together with TGFβ1 during mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhang
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuning Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ji Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kento Usuda
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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20
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Targeting TGF-β Signaling in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:56-71. [PMID: 28718426 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway is deregulated in many diseases, including cancer. In healthy cells and early-stage cancer cells, this pathway has tumor-suppressor functions, including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, its activation in late-stage cancer can promote tumorigenesis, including metastasis and chemoresistance. The dual function and pleiotropic nature of TGF-β signaling make it a challenging target and imply the need for careful therapeutic dosing of TGF-β drugs and patient selection. We review here the rationale for targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer and summarize the clinical status of pharmacological inhibitors. We discuss the direct effects of TGF-β signaling blockade on tumor and stromal cells, as well as biomarkers that can predict the efficacy of TGF-β inhibitors in cancer patients.
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21
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Hwang WS, Bae JH, Yeom SC. Premature mammary gland involution with repeated corticosterone injection in interleukin 10-deficient mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2318-2324. [PMID: 27485250 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1214556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we found that maternal stress could induce premature mammary gland involution in interleukin 10 knock out (IL-10-/-) mice. To elucidate correlation between stress, IL-10, and mammary gland involution, corticosterone was injected into the lactating wild type and IL-10-deficient mice and assessed mammary gland phenotype. Repetitive corticosterone injection developed premature mammary gland involution only in B6.IL-10-/- mice; moreover, it induced alopecia in nursing pups. Corticosterone injection induced several typical changes such as mammary gland epithelial cell apoptosis, macrophage infiltration, fat deposition in adipocyte, STAT3 phosphorylation, and upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal gland. Overall incidence of pup alopecia and mammary gland involution was relatively high in corticosterone than control B6.IL-10-/- group (57% vs. 20%). Our finding demonstrates that IL-10 is important for stress modulation, and B6.Il-10-/- with corticosterone has several advantage such as simple to establish, well-defined onset of mammary gland involution, high incidence, and inducing pup alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Hwang
- a Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute , Institute of Greenbio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeongchang , Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Bae
- a Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute , Institute of Greenbio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeongchang , Korea
| | - Su-Cheong Yeom
- b Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology , Seoul National University , Pyeongchang , Korea
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22
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Wei C, Wang H, Liu G, Zhao F, Kijas JW, Ma Y, Lu J, Zhang L, Cao J, Wu M, Wang G, Liu R, Liu Z, Zhang S, Liu C, Du L. Genome-wide analysis reveals adaptation to high altitudes in Tibetan sheep. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26770. [PMID: 27230812 PMCID: PMC4882523 DOI: 10.1038/srep26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep have lived on the Tibetan Plateau for thousands of years; however, the process and consequences of adaptation to this extreme environment have not been elucidated for important livestock such as sheep. Here, seven sheep breeds, representing both highland and lowland breeds from different areas of China, were genotyped for a genome-wide collection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The FST and XP-EHH approaches were used to identify regions harbouring local positive selection between these highland and lowland breeds, and 236 genes were identified. We detected selection events spanning genes involved in angiogenesis, energy production and erythropoiesis. In particular, several candidate genes were associated with high-altitude hypoxia, including EPAS1, CRYAA, LONP1, NF1, DPP4, SOD1, PPARG and SOCS2. EPAS1 plays a crucial role in hypoxia adaption; therefore, we investigated the exon sequences of EPAS1 and identified 12 mutations. Analysis of the relationship between blood-related phenotypes and EPAS1 genotypes in additional highland sheep revealed that a homozygous mutation at a relatively conserved site in the EPAS1 3' untranslated region was associated with increased mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the genetic diversity of highland sheep and indicate potential high-altitude hypoxia adaptation mechanisms, including the role of EPAS1 in adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wei
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Animal Husbandry Service, National Center of Preservation &Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of apicultural research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Animal Husbandry Service, National Center of Preservation &Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- National Animal Husbandry Service, National Center of Preservation &Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Wu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangkai Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizao Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chousheng Liu
- National Animal Husbandry Service, National Center of Preservation &Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Du
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Qin W, Tsukasaki Y, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay N, Ikebe M, Sauter ER. Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4517-24. [PMID: 27060153 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pregnancy increases breast cancer risk for all women for at least 5 years after parturition. During weaning and involution, the breast microenvironment becomes tumor promotional. Exosomes provide cell-cell communication during physiologic processes such as lactation, but also in breast cancer. We determined whether molecules in milk exosomes from healthy lactating women modulate the development and progression of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirteen nursing women provided three (transitional, mature, and wean) milk samples. Exosomes were extracted and MCF7 and MCF10A breast cells labeled. The expression of six proteins linked to breast cancer was measured. On the basis of the findings, TGFβ2 concentration in exosome samples was measured, breast cells incubated with the exosomes and effect (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) on EMT-related proteins [E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), filamentous (F)-actin and vimentin] measured. RESULTS Human milk exosomes entered benign and malignant breast cells. The greatest change in wean milk protein was in TGFβ2 (P = 0.01). Exosomes with a high (but not low) level of TGFβ2 led to EMT in both cancer and benign cells, based on (i) change in cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton, and loss of cell-cell junction structure and (ii) increased α-SMA and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ2 is significantly upregulated in breast milk exosomes during weaning/early involution. Breast milk exosomes containing high levels of TGFβ2 induce changes in both benign and malignant breast epithelial cells, consistent with the development and progression of breast cancer, suggesting a role for high TGFβ2-expressing breast milk exosomes in influencing breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4517-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Edward R Sauter
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas.
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24
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Osteopontin-A Master Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040039. [PMID: 27023622 PMCID: PMC4850462 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) plays an important functional role in both physiologic and pathologic states. OPN is implicated in the progression of fibrosis, cancer, and metastatic disease in several organ systems. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), first described in embryology, is increasingly being recognized as a significant contributor to fibrotic phenotypes and tumor progression. Several well-established transcription factors regulate EMT and are conserved across tissue types and organ systems, including TWIST, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB), and SNAIL-family members. Recent literature points to an important relationship between OPN and EMT, implicating OPN as a key regulatory component of EMT programs. In this review, OPN’s interplay with traditional EMT activators, both directly and indirectly, will be discussed. Also, OPN’s ability to restructure the tissue and tumor microenvironment to indirectly modify EMT will be reviewed. Together, these diverse pathways demonstrate that OPN is able to modulate EMT and provide new targets for directing therapeutics.
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25
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Qin W, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay N, Sauter ER. Expression of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Tenascin-C Varies During Lactation. Breastfeed Med 2016; 11:86-90. [PMID: 26859615 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated breast cancer postpartum have a worse prognosis, stage for stage, than other women with breast cancer. The time of breast involution is tumor promotional. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is upregulated during involution in animal models and promotes breast cancer progression. It interacts with transforming growth factor (TGF)β, which also is involved in breast involution and breast cancer progression. Little is known about the expression of tenascin-C during human breast involution, nor its relationship to TGFβ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of tenascin-C throughout lactation, as well as its relationship to TGFβ1 and TGFβ2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY Three milk samples from 25 lactating women (transitional, whole, and wean) were collected, separated into components (cells, fat, and skim), and the skim fraction analyzed for total protein, tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2. Tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were detectable in all milk samples. RESULTS Highest tenascin-C levels on average were found in whole milk, whereas highest mean TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 levels were in wean milk. Wean samples on average had higher levels of both TGFβ1 (26%) and TGFβ2 (>500%) than matched transitional milk samples. Tenascin-C levels in wean milk were associated with nursing length (p = 0.048). Combining all three milk collection time points, tenascin-C exhibited a weak inverse correlation with TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 (p < 0.1). The inverse correlation at the wean time point was stronger for TGFβ2 than -1 (-0.37 versus -0.25). Tenascin-C, a protein known to promote breast cancer progression, is expressed throughout lactation. CONCLUSION The inverse correlation with TGFβ2 in wean milk suggests a possible interaction during breast involution, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center , Tyler, Texas
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center , Tyler, Texas
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Edward R Sauter
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center , Tyler, Texas
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26
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Asztalos S, Pham TN, Gann PH, Hayes MK, Deaton R, Wiley EL, Emmadi R, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Banerji N, McDonald W, Khan SA, Tonetti DA. High incidence of triple negative breast cancers following pregnancy and an associated gene expression signature. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:710. [PMID: 26618099 PMCID: PMC4653130 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer risk increases transiently in the period following pregnancy; pregnancy-associated breast cancers (PABC) are more aggressive than cases diagnosed in nulliparous women. We have previously reported that in the normal human breast pregnancy results in the upregulation of a number of inflammation related genes, suggesting a pro-tumorigenic environment as well as downregulation of ESR1 (ERα) and ERBB2 (HER2) and upregulation of ESR2 (ERβ), suggesting a protective effect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possibility of differential regulation of the same gene set modulated in the normal breast, in human breast tumors following pregnancy. Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR on tumor regions isolated by laser capture microdissection from paraffin sections. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays (TMA) for protein expression. Hierarchical clustering was performed using the average linkage method to determine coordinate expression of sets of genes. We find that breast cancers detected within 10 years following pregnancy display a different gene expression pattern than those detected in nulliparous breast cancer patients. The gene expression difference is mainly attributable to a triple negative (TNBC) subgroup found to be more frequent in PABCs up to 10 years following a pregnancy. We also show that protein and mRNA expression levels correlate in half of the proteins tested by TMA. Despite the fact that this is a small study of 53 patients, we identified a gene expression signature that is differentially expressed in pregnancy-associated TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilard Asztalos
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thao N Pham
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Meghan K Hayes
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ryan Deaton
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Elizabeth L Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | | | | | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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27
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Fornetti J, Flanders KC, Henson PM, Tan AC, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mammary epithelial cell phagocytosis downstream of TGF-β3 is characterized by adherens junction reorganization. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:185-96. [PMID: 26113040 PMCID: PMC4716300 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After weaning, during mammary gland involution, milk-producing mammary epithelial cells undergo apoptosis. Effective clearance of these dying cells is essential, as persistent apoptotic cells have a negative impact on gland homeostasis, future lactation and cancer susceptibility. In mice, apoptotic cells are cleared by the neighboring epithelium, yet little is known about how mammary epithelial cells become phagocytic or whether this function is conserved between species. Here we use a rat model of weaning-induced involution and involuting breast tissue from women, to demonstrate apoptotic cells within luminal epithelial cells and epithelial expression of the scavenger mannose receptor, suggesting conservation of phagocytosis by epithelial cells. In the rat, epithelial transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is increased during involution, a pathway known to promote phagocytic capability. To test whether TGF-β enhances the phagocytic ability of mammary epithelial cells, non-transformed murine mammary epithelial EpH4 cells were cultured to achieve tight junction impermeability, such as occurs during lactation. TGF-β3 treatment promoted loss of tight junction impermeability, reorganization and cleavage of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin (E-cad), and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis correlated with junction disruption, suggesting junction reorganization is necessary for phagocytosis by epithelial cells. Supporting this hypothesis, epithelial cell E-cad reorganization and cleavage were observed in rat and human involuting mammary glands. Further, in the rat, E-cad cleavage correlated with increased γ-secretase activity and β-catenin nuclear localization. In vitro, pharmacologic inhibitors of γ-secretase or β-catenin reduced the effect of TGF-β3 on phagocytosis to near baseline levels. However, β-catenin signaling through LiCl treatment did not enhance phagocytic capacity, suggesting a model in which both reorganization of cell junctions and β-catenin signaling contribute to phagocytosis downstream of TGF-β3. Our data provide insight into how mammary epithelial cells contribute to apoptotic cell clearance, and in light of the negative consequences of impaired apoptotic cell clearance during involution, may shed light on involution-associated breast pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fornetti
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - K C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P M Henson
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A-C Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Schedin
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute and Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
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28
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Schuler F, Baumgartner F, Klepsch V, Chamson M, Müller-Holzner E, Watson CJ, Oh S, Hennighausen L, Tymoszuk P, Doppler W, Villunger A. The BH3-only protein BIM contributes to late-stage involution in the mouse mammary gland. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:41-51. [PMID: 26045049 PMCID: PMC4815977 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After cessation of lactation, involution of the mouse mammary gland proceeds in two distinct phases, a reversible and an irreversible one, which leads to the death and removal of alveolar cells. Cell death is preceded by the loss of STAT5 activity, which abrogates cell differentiation and gain of STAT3 activity. Despite early observations implicating BCL2 (B cell lymphoma 2) family proteins in this process, recent evidence suggests that STAT3-controlled cathepsin activity is most critical for cell death at the early stage of involution. Somewhat surprisingly, this cell death associates with but does not depend on the activation of pro-apoptotic effector caspases. However, transgenic overexpression of BCL2, that blocks caspase activation, delays involution while conditional deletion of BclX accelerates this process, suggesting that BCL2 family proteins are needed for the effective execution of involution. Here, we report on the transcriptional induction of multiple pro-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins of the 'BH3-only' subgroup during involution and the rate-limiting role of BIM in this process. Loss of Bim delayed epithelial cell clearance during involution after forced weaning in mice, whereas the absence of related Bmf had minor and loss of Bad or Noxa no impact on this process. Consistent with a contribution of BCL2 family proteins to the second wave of cell death during involution, loss of Bim reduced the number of apoptotic cells in this irreversible phase. Notably, the expression changes observed within the BCL2 family did not depend on STAT3 signalling, in line with its initiating role early in the process, but rather appear to result from relief of repression by STAT5. Our findings support the existence of a signalling circuitry regulating the irreversible phase of involution in mice by engaging BH3-only protein-driven mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schuler
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Baumgartner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Klepsch
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Chamson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Müller-Holzner
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C J Watson
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - S Oh
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Tymoszuk
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - W Doppler
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Baravalle C, Silvestrini P, Cadoche MC, Beccaria C, Andreotti CS, Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking induces changes in the expression of toll-like receptors, MyD88 and NF-kB during early involution. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Zaragozá R, García-Trevijano ER, Lluch A, Ribas G, Viña JR. Involvement of Different networks in mammary gland involution after the pregnancy/lactation cycle: Implications in breast cancer. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:227-38. [PMID: 25904072 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early pregnancy is associated with a reduction in a woman's lifetime risk for breast cancer. However, different studies have demonstrated an increase in breast cancer risk in the years immediately following pregnancy. Early and long-term risk is even higher if the mother age is above 35 years at the time of first parity. The proinflammatory microenvironment within the mammary gland after pregnancy renders an "ideal niche" for oncogenic events. Signaling pathways involved in programmed cell death and tissue remodeling during involution are also activated in breast cancer. Herein, the major signaling pathways involved in mammary gland involution, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and retinoid acid receptors (RARs)/retinoid X receptors (RXRs), are reviewed as part of the complex network of signaling pathways that crosstalk in a contextual-dependent manner. These factors, also involved in breast cancer development, are important regulatory nodes for signaling amplification after weaning. Indeed, during involution, p65/p300 target genes such as MMP9, Capn1, and Capn2 are upregulated. Elevated expression and activities of these proteases in breast cancer have been extensively documented. The role of these proteases during mammary gland involution is further discussed. MMPs, calpains, and cathepsins exert their effect by modification of the extracellular matrix and intracellular proteins. Calpains, activated in the mammary gland during involution, cleave several proteins located in cell membrane, lysosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei favoring cell death. Besides, during this period, Capn1 is most probably involved in the modulation of preadipocyte differentiation through chromatin remodeling. Calpains can be implicated in cell anchoring loss, providing a proper microenvironment for tumor growth. A better understanding of the role of any of these proteases in tumorigenesis may yield novel therapeutic targets or prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Zaragozá
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena R García-Trevijano
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R Viña
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Yang HP, Schneider SS, Chisholm CM, Browne EP, Mahmood S, Gierach GL, Lenington S, Anderton DL, Sherman ME, Arcaro KF. Association of TGF-β2 levels in breast milk with severity of breast biopsy diagnosis. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:345-54. [PMID: 25604865 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TGF-β plays a dual role in breast carcinogenesis, acting at early stages as tumor-suppressors and later as tumor-promoters. TGF-β isoforms are expressed in breast tissues and secreted in milk, suggesting that analysis of levels in milk might be informative for breast cancer risk. Accordingly, we assessed TGF-β2 levels in milk from women who had undergone a breast biopsy and related the concentrations to diagnosis. METHODS Milk donated by women who had undergone or were scheduled for a breast biopsy was shipped on ice for processing and testing. Breast cancer risk factors were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, and biopsy diagnoses were extracted from pathology reports. TGF-β2 levels in milk, assessed as absolute levels and in relation to total protein, were analyzed in bilateral samples donated by 182 women. Linear regression was used to estimate relationships of log-transformed TGF-β2 levels and TGF-β2/ total protein ratios to biopsy category. RESULTS Milk TGF-β2 levels from biopsied and non-biopsied breasts within women were highly correlated (r (2) = 0.77). Higher mean TGF-β2 milk levels (based on average of bilateral samples) were marginally associated with more severe breast pathological diagnosis, after adjusting for duration of nursing current child (adjusted p trend = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Our exploratory analysis suggests a borderline significant association between higher mean TGF-β2 levels in breast milk and more severe pathologic diagnoses. Further analysis of TGF-β signaling in milk may increase understanding of postpartum remodeling and advance efforts to analyze milk as a means of assessing risk of breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E-238 , Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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32
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Hormonal induction and roles of Disabled-2 in lactation and involution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110737. [PMID: 25360623 PMCID: PMC4216001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a widely expressed endocytic adaptor that was first isolated as a 96 KDa phospho-protein, p96, involved in MAPK signal transduction. Dab2 expression is lost in several cancer types including breast cancer, and Dab2 is thought to have a tumor suppressor function. In mammary epithelia, Dab2 was induced upon pregnancy and further elevated during lactation. We constructed mutant mice with a mosaic Dab2 gene deletion to bypass early embryonic lethality and to investigate the roles of Dab2 in mammary physiology. Loss of Dab2 had subtle effects on lactation, but Dab2-deficient mammary glands showed a strikingly delayed cell clearance during involution. In primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells, Dab2 proteins were also induced by estrogen, progesterone, and/or prolactin. Dab2 null mammary epithelial cells were refractory to growth suppression induced by TGF-beta. However, Dab2 deletion did not affect Smad2 phosphorylation; rather TGF-beta-stimulated MAPK activation was enhanced in Dab2-deficient cells. We conclude that Dab2 expression is induced by hormones and Dab2 plays a role in modulating TGF-beta signaling to enhance apoptotic clearance of mammary epithelial cells during involution.
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Strand DW, Liang YY, Yang F, Barron DA, Ressler SJ, Schauer IG, Feng XH, Rowley DR. TGF-β induction of FGF-2 expression in stromal cells requires integrated smad3 and MAPK pathways. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:239-248. [PMID: 25374926 PMCID: PMC4219310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) regulates the reactive stroma microenvironment associated with most carcinomas and mediates expression of many stromal derived factors important for tumor progression, including FGF-2 and CTGF. TGF-β is over-expressed in most carcinomas, and FGF-2 action is important in tumor-induced angiogenesis. The signaling mechanisms of how TGF-β regulates FGF-2 expression in the reactive stroma microenvironment are not understood. Accordingly, we have assessed key signaling pathways that mediate TGF-β1-induced FGF-2 expression in prostate stromal fibroblasts and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) null for Smad2 and Smad3. TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 proteins in both control MEFs and prostate fibroblasts. Of these, Smad3, but not Smad2 was found to be required for TGF-β1 induction of FGF-2 expression in stromal cells. ChIP analysis revealed a Smad3/Smad4 complex was associated with the -1.9 to -2.3 kb upstream proximal promoter of the FGF-2 gene, further suggesting a Smad3-specific regulation. In addition, chemical inhibition of p38 or ERK1/2 MAPK activity also blocked TGF-β1-induced FGF-2 expression in a Smad3-independent manner. Conversely, inhibition of JNK signaling enhanced FGF-2 expression. Together, these data indicate that expression of FGF-2 in fibroblasts in the tumor stromal cell microenvironment is coordinately dependent on both intact Smad3 and MAP kinase signaling pathways. These pathways and key downstream mediators of TGF-β action in the tumor reactive stroma microenvironment, may evolve as putative targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Current address: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390-9110
| | - Yao-Yun Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - David A Barron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Current address: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York City, NY 10065
| | - Steven J Ressler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Current address: Aptalis Pharmaceuticals100 Somerset Corporate Blvd, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
| | - Isaiah G Schauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Current address: Department of Mathematics and Life Sciences, Brazosport CollegeLake Jackson, TX 77566
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
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Stanford JC, Young C, Hicks D, Owens P, Williams A, Vaught DB, Morrison MM, Lim J, Williams M, Brantley-Sieders DM, Balko JM, Tonetti D, Earp HS, Cook RS. Efferocytosis produces a prometastatic landscape during postpartum mammary gland involution. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4737-52. [PMID: 25250573 DOI: 10.1172/jci76375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers that occur in women 2-5 years postpartum are more frequently diagnosed at metastatic stages and correlate with poorer outcomes compared with breast cancers diagnosed in young, premenopausal women. The molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant severity associated with postpartum breast cancers (ppBCs) are unclear but relate to stromal wound-healing events during postpartum involution, a dynamic process characterized by widespread cell death in milk-producing mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Using both spontaneous and allografted mammary tumors in fully immune-competent mice, we discovered that postpartum involution increases mammary tumor metastasis. Cell death was widespread, not only occurring in MECs but also in tumor epithelium. Dying tumor cells were cleared through receptor tyrosine kinase MerTK-dependent efferocytosis, which robustly induced the transcription of genes encoding wound-healing cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β. Animals lacking MerTK and animals treated with a MerTK inhibitor exhibited impaired efferocytosis in postpartum tumors, a reduction of M2-like macrophages but no change in total macrophage levels, decreased TGF-β expression, and a reduction of postpartum tumor metastasis that was similar to the metastasis frequencies observed in nulliparous mice. Moreover, TGF-β blockade reduced postpartum tumor metastasis. These data suggest that widespread cell death during postpartum involution triggers efferocytosis-induced wound-healing cytokines in the tumor microenvironment that promote metastatic tumor progression.
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Fornetti J, Martinson HA, Betts CB, Lyons TR, Jindal S, Guo Q, Coussens LM, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mammary gland involution as an immunotherapeutic target for postpartum breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:213-28. [PMID: 24952477 PMCID: PMC4363120 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum mammary gland involution has been identified as tumor-promotional and is proposed to contribute to the increased rates of metastasis and poor survival observed in postpartum breast cancer patients. In rodent models, the involuting mammary gland microenvironment is sufficient to induce enhanced tumor cell growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Postpartum involution shares many attributes with wound healing, including upregulation of genes involved in immune responsiveness and infiltration of tissue by immune cells. In rodent models, treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ameliorates the tumor-promotional effects of involution, consistent with the immune milieu of the involuting gland contributing to tumor promotion. Currently, immunotherapy is being investigated as a means of breast cancer treatment with the purpose of identifying ways to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Here we review evidence for postpartum mammary gland involution being a uniquely defined 'hot-spot' of pro-tumorigenic immune cell infiltration, and propose that immunotherapy should be explored for prevention and treatment of breast cancers that arise in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fornetti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Holly A. Martinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney B. Betts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem cells, and Development, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Virginia F. Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem cells, and Development, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Qin W, Zhang K, Clarke K, Sauter ER. Family history of breast cancer predicts breastmilk protein expression. Breastfeed Med 2014; 9:231-2. [PMID: 24279332 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center , Tyler, Texas
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Chandramouli A, Simundza J, Pinderhughes A, Hiremath M, Droguett G, Frendewey D, Cowin P. Ltbp1L is focally induced in embryonic mammary mesenchyme, demarcates the ductal luminal lineage and is upregulated during involution. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R111. [PMID: 24262428 PMCID: PMC3978911 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) govern TGFβ presentation and activation and are important for elastogenesis. Although TGFβ is well-known as a tumor suppressor and metastasis promoter, and LTBP1 is elevated in two distinct breast cancer metastasis signatures, LTBPs have not been studied in the normal mammary gland. Methods To address this we have examined Ltbp1 promoter activity throughout mammary development using an Ltbp1L-LacZ reporter as well as expression of both Ltbp1L and 1S mRNA and protein by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results Our data show that Ltbp1L is transcribed coincident with lumen formation, providing a rare marker distinguishing ductal from alveolar luminal lineages. Ltbp1L and Ltbp1S are silent during lactation but robustly induced during involution, peaking at the stage when the remodeling process becomes irreversible. Ltbp1L is also induced within the embryonic mammary mesenchyme and maintained within nipple smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. Ltbp1 protein exclusively ensheaths ducts and side branches. Conclusions These data show Ltbp1 is transcriptionally regulated in a dynamic manner that is likely to impose significant spatial restriction on TGFβ bioavailability during mammary development. We hypothesize that Ltbp1 functions in a mechanosensory capacity to establish and maintain ductal luminal cell fate, support and detect ductal distension, trigger irreversible involution, and facilitate nipple sphincter function.
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Andreotti CS, Pereyra EAL, Baravalle C, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Staphylococcus aureus chronic intramammary infection modifies protein expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) subfamily components during active involution. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:5-14. [PMID: 24290236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine whether Staphylococcus aureus chronic intramammary infection (IMI) influences protein expression of TGF-β subfamily components and collagen I and to examine the histomorphometric changes that occur in mammary stroma and parenchyma during active mammary gland involution. Twenty-one Holstein non-pregnant cows in late lactation either uninfected or with chronic natural S. aureus IMI were included in this study. Cows were slaughtered at 7, 14 and 21d after cessation of milking and samples for immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis were taken. Protein expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 was significantly higher in chronically infected quarters than in uninfected controls at the three involution stages studied. Immunostaining of TGF-βR1 and TGF-βR3 and collagen I was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected quarters than in uninfected controls at every involution time evaluated. The percentages of tissue area composed of parenchyma and intralobular stroma were significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than in uninfected quarters. Chronic S. aureus mastitis modifies protein expression of the three TGF-β isoforms and type 1 and 3 receptors, which was associated with changes directed to limit the scope of inflammation and injury to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Andreotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), C.C. 22 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Dunphy KA, Seo JH, Kim DJ, Roberts AL, Tao L, DiRenzo J, Balboni AL, Crisi GM, Hagen MJ, Chandrasekaran T, Gauger KJ, Schneider SS, Jerry DJ. Oncogenic transformation of mammary epithelial cells by transforming growth factor beta independent of mammary stem cell regulation. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:74. [PMID: 23883065 PMCID: PMC3733955 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is transiently increased in the mammary gland during involution and by radiation. While TGFβ normally has a tumour suppressor role, prolonged exposure to TGFβ can induce an oncogenic epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program in permissive cells and initiate the generation of cancer stem cells. Our objective is to mimic the transient exposure to TGFβ during involution to determine the persistent effects on premalignant mammary epithelium. Method CDβGeo cells, a transplantable mouse mammary epithelial cell line, were treated in vitro for 14 days with TGFβ (5 ng/ml). The cells were passaged for an additional 14 days in media without TGFβ and then assessed for markers of EMT and transformation. Results The 14-day exposure to TGFβ induced EMT and transdifferentiation in vitro that persists after withdrawal of TGFβ. TGFβ-treated cells are highly tumorigenic in vivo, producing invasive solid de-differentiated tumours (100%; latency 6.7 weeks) compared to control (43%; latency 32.7 weeks). Although the TGFβ-treated cells have initiated a persistent EMT program, the stem cell population was unchanged relative to the controls. The gene expression profiles of TGFβ-treated cells demonstrate de-differentiation with decreases in the expression of genes that define luminal, basal and stem cells. Additionally, the gene expression profiles demonstrate increases in markers of EMT, growth factor signalling, TGFβ2 and changes in extra cellular matrix. Conclusion This model demonstrates full oncogenic EMT without an increase in stem cells, serving to separate EMT markers from stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Dunphy
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Kim
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Amy L Roberts
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Luwei Tao
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary J Hagen
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Kelly J Gauger
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01107, USA
| | | | - D Joseph Jerry
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA ; Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01107, USA
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Imai K, Minamiya Y, Goto A, Nanjo H, Saito H, Motoyama S, Sato Y, Kudo S, Takashima S, Kawaharada Y, Kurihara N, Orino K, Ogawa JI. Bronchioloalveolar invasion in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with expression of transforming growth factor-β1. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:113. [PMID: 23705641 PMCID: PMC3664590 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) with fibrous stromal invasion are newly introduced subtypes of small lung adenocarcinoma. AIS is a small localized adenocarcinoma in which growth is restricted to neoplastic cells along preexisting alveolar structures without fibrous stromal invasion. In MIA, by contrast, tumor cells have infiltrated the myofibroblastic stroma. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is known to be produced by progressor tumors, and excessive TGF-β contributes to a pathological excess of tissue fibrosis. TGF-β1 is the most abundant isoform, and its expression is a key event fostering tumor invasion and metastasis. We therefore analyzed the relationship between TGF-β1 expression and clinicopathological microinvasion in patients with small lung adenocarcinoma. Methods The study participants were 45 patients who underwent curative surgery for AIS and MIA 3 cm or less in size. Those tumors were assessed based on immunohistochemical staining using anti-TGF-β1 antibody. The TGF-β1 status was assessed immunohistochemically using the Allred 8-unit system. Results The rates of TGF-β1 positivity in the AIS and MIA groups were 27.3% and 65.2%, respectively (P <0.05). The median of Allred score was 0.5 (range 0–5) in the AIS group and 3.0 (range 0–6) in the MIA group (P = 0.0017). Conclusions We suggest that TGF-β1 expression is likely to be significantly stronger in patients with MIA than in those with AIS, and the increased expression may be associated with minimal invasion and infiltration of the myofibroblastic stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Chest, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita City 010-8543, Japan.
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Elsarraj HS, Hong Y, Valdez K, Carletti M, Salah SM, Raimo M, Taverna D, Prochasson P, Bharadwaj U, Tweardy DJ, Christenson LK, Behbod F. A novel role of microRNA146b in promoting mammary alveolar progenitor cell maintenance. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2446-58. [PMID: 23572509 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have shown that miR146b promotes the maintenance of pregnancy-derived mammary luminal alveolar progenitors. MiR146b expression was significantly higher in the mammary glands of pregnant and lactating mice than in virgin mice. Furthermore, miR146b levels were significantly higher in mouse mammary glands exposed to the sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, compared with those of untreated control animals. Pregnancy-derived primary mouse mammary epithelial cells in which miR146b was knocked down showed a significant reduction in the number of hollow acinar organoid structures formed on three-dimensional Matrigel and in β-casein expression. This demonstrates that miR146b promotes the maintenance of pregnancy-derived mammary luminal alveolar progenitors. It has been shown that mouse mammary luminal progenitors give rise to hollow organoid structures, whereas solid organoid structures are derived from stem cells. Among several miR146b targets, miR146b knockdown resulted in preferential STAT3β overexpression. In the primary mouse mammary epithelial cells, overexpression of STAT3β isoform caused mammary epithelial cell death and a significant reduction in β-casein mRNA expression. Therefore, we conclude that during pregnancy miR146b is involved in luminal alveolar progenitor cell maintenance, at least partially, by regulating STAT3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Elsarraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Garofalo JM, Bowers DM, Browne RW, MacQueen BT, Mashtare T, Martin LB, Masso-Welch PA. Mouse mammary gland is refractory to the effects of ethanol after natural lactation. Comp Med 2013; 63:38-47. [PMID: 23561936 PMCID: PMC3567375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is a dietary factor that dose-dependently increases breast cancer risk in women. We previously have shown that ethanol increases mammary epithelial density through increased branching after dietary exposure during puberty in CD2/F1 mice. To extend these studies to parous mice in a breast cancer model, we used a transgenic mouse model of human parity-associated breast cancer, the FVB-MMTV-Her2/Neu mouse, which overexpresses wildtype EGFR2, resulting in constitutive activation of growth signaling in the mammary epithelium. Here we describe the short-term effects of ethanol feeding on progression through involution. Mice were fed diets supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, or 2% ethanol for 4, 9, or 14 d starting on day 21 of lactation (that is, at the start of natural postlactational involution). Unlike peripubertal mice exposed to ethanol, postlactational dams showed no changes in body weight; liver, spleen, and kidney weights; and pathology. Ethanol exposure had no effect on mammary gland lobular density and adipocyte size throughout involution. Likewise, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and serum oxidized lipid species were unchanged by diet, suggesting that ethanol feeding had no effect on local inflammation (leukocyte infiltration) or systemic inflammation (oxidized lipids). In conclusion, ethanol exposure of parous dams had no effect on mammary gland structure or the regression of the lactating mammary gland to a resting state. The period of involution that follows natural lactation appears to be refractory to developmental effects of ethanol on mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn M Bowers
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Richard W Browne
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Brian T MacQueen
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Terry Mashtare
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Patricia A Masso-Welch
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and
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Qin W, Zhang K, Kliethermes B, Amjad R, Clarke K, Sauter ER. Differential expression of cancer-associated proteins in breastmilk. Breastfeed Med 2013; 8:120-6. [PMID: 23373436 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer that develops during or shortly after pregnancy is frequently more aggressive than cancer diagnosed at other times in a woman's life. To better understand the patterns of cancer-related protein expression in the breasts of lactating women, we determined the differences in total and individual protein expression in milk based on (a) three time points during lactation (early, mid, and late), (b) length of lactation, and (c) parity. Breastmilk was collected from 72 healthy lactating women within 10 days of starting lactation (transitional [T]), 2 months after lactation started, and during breast weaning (W). Sixteen proteins whose expression is altered in breast cancer (11 kallikreins [KLKs], basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], YKL-40, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and transforming growth factor [TGF] β1 and β2) were evaluated. The concentration of total milk protein decreased over time (p<0.01 at 2 months and W compared with T). After we controlled for total protein, KLK6 and TGFβ2 significantly increased, and bFGF decreased from T to W. Neither length of nursing nor parity significantly influenced individual protein expression at the W time point. On the other hand, length of nursing did influence the difference in KLK6, -7, and -8 expression between the W and T time points. Total milk protein concentration is lower in the mid and late phases of nursing. Biomarker differences between T and W milk samples in KLK6, TGFβ2, and bFGF are consistent with a protective effect of nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
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Boudreau A, van't Veer LJ, Bissell MJ. An "elite hacker": breast tumors exploit the normal microenvironment program to instruct their progression and biological diversity. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:236-48. [PMID: 22863741 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2011 marked the 40 year anniversary of Richard Nixon signing the National Cancer Act, thus declaring the beginning of the "War on Cancer" in the United States. Whereas we have made tremendous progress toward understanding the genetics of tumors in the past four decades, and in developing enabling technology to dissect the molecular underpinnings of cancer at unprecedented resolution, it is only recently that the important role of the stromal microenvironment has been studied in detail. Cancer is a tissue-specific disease, and it is becoming clear that much of what we know about breast cancer progression parallels the biology of the normal breast differentiation, of which there is still much to learn. In particular, the normal breast and breast tumors share molecular, cellular, systemic and microenvironmental influences necessary for their progression. It is therefore enticing to consider a tumor to be a "rogue hacker"--one who exploits the weaknesses of a normal program for personal benefit. Understanding normal mammary gland biology and its "security vulnerabilities" may thus leave us better equipped to target breast cancer. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the heterotypic cellular and molecular interactions within the microenvironment of the developing mammary gland that are necessary for functional differentiation, provide evidence suggesting that similar biology--albeit imbalanced and exaggerated--is observed in breast cancer progression particularly during the transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive disease. Lastly we will present evidence suggesting that the multigene signatures currently used to model cancer heterogeneity and clinical outcome largely reflect signaling from a heterogeneous microenvironment-a recurring theme that could potentially be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Boudreau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Qin W, Zhang K, Kliethermes B, Ruhlen RL, Browne EP, Arcaro KF, Sauter ER. Differential expression of cancer associated proteins in breast milk based on age at first full term pregnancy. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:100. [PMID: 22436421 PMCID: PMC3412716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background First full term pregnancy (FFTP) completed at a young age has been linked to low long term breast cancer risk, whereas late FFTP pregnancy age confers high long term risk, compared to nulliparity. Our hypothesis was that proteins linked to breast cancer would be differentially expressed in human milk collected at three time points during lactation based on age at FFTP. Methods We analyzed breast milk from 72 lactating women. Samples were collected within 10 days of the onset of lactation (baseline-BL), two months after lactation started and during breast weaning (W). We measured 16 proteins (11 kallikreins (KLKs), basic fibroblast growth factor, YKL-40, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and transforming growth factor (TGF) β-1 and -2) associated with breast cancer, most known to be secreted into milk. Results During lactation there was a significant change in the expression of 14 proteins in women < 26 years old and 9 proteins in women > = 26 at FFTP. The most significant (p < .001) changes from BL to W in women divided by FFTP age (< 26 vs. > = 26) were in KLK3,6, 8, and TGFβ2 in women < 26; and KLK6, 8, and TGFβ2 in women > = 26. There was a significant increase (p = .022) in KLK8 expression from BL to W depending on FFTP age. Examination of DNA methylation in the promoter region of KLK6 revealed high levels of methylation that did not explain the observed changes in protein levels. On the other hand, KLK6 and TGFβ1 expression were significantly associated (r2 = .43, p = .0050). Conclusions The expression profile of milk proteins linked to breast cancer is influenced by age at FFTP. These proteins may play a role in future cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Rd,, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Richardsen E, Uglehus RD, Johnsen SH, Busund LT. Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial and stromal immunomodulatory signalling molecules is a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:110. [PMID: 22353218 PMCID: PMC3312825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system has paradoxical roles during cancer development and the prognostic significance of immune modulating factors is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and their prognostic significance in breast cancers. Ki67 was included as a measure of growth fraction of tumor cells. Methods On immunohistochemical stained slides from 38 breast cancer patients, we performed digital video analysis of tumor cell areas and adjacent tumor stromal areas from the primary tumors and their corresponding lymph node metastases. COX-2 was recorded as graded staining intensity. Results The expression of TGF-beta, IL-10 and Ki67 were recorded in tumor cell areas and adjacent tumor stromal areas. In both primary tumors and metastases, the expression of COX-2 was higher in the tumor stromal areas than in the tumor cell areas (both P < 0.001). High stromal staining intensity in the primary tumors was associated with a 3.9 (95% CI 1.1-14.2) times higher risk of death compared to the low staining group (P = 0.036). The expression of TGF-beta was highest in the tumor cell areas of both primary tumors and metastases (both P < 0.001). High stromal expression of TGF-beta was associated with increased mortality. For IL-10, the stromal expression was highest in the primary tumors (P < 0.001), whereas in the metastases the expression was highest in tumor cell areas (P < 0.001). High IL-10 expression in tumor- and stromal cell areas of primary tumors predicted mortality. Ki67 was higher expressed in tumor stromal areas of the metastases, and in tumor cell areas of the primary tumors (P < 0.001). Ki67 expression in tumor cell areas and stromal areas of the metastases was independently associated with breast cancer mortality. Conclusions Stromal expression of COX-2, TGF-beta and Ki67 may facilitate tumor progression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Richardsen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Sundqvist A, Ten Dijke P, van Dam H. Key signaling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer: Smad signal integration in epithelial cell plasticity. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:204. [PMID: 22315972 PMCID: PMC3496114 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad proteins are the key intermediates of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling during development and in tissue homeostasis. Pertubations in TGF-β/Smad signaling have been implicated in cancer and other diseases. In the cell nucleus, Smad complexes trigger cell type- and context-specific transcriptional programs, thereby transmitting and integrating signals from a variety of ligands of the TGF-β superfamily and other stimuli in the cell microenvironment. The actual transcriptional and biological outcome of Smad activation critically depends on the genomic integrity and the modification state of genome and chromatin of the cell. The cytoplasmic and nuclear Smads can also modulate the activity of other signal transducers and enzymes such as microRNA-processing factors. In the case of breast cancer, the role of Smads in epithelial plasticity, tumor-stroma interactions, invasion, and metastasis seems of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sundqvist
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Box 595, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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Imai K, Minamiya Y, Koyota S, Ito M, Saito H, Sato Y, Motoyama S, Sugiyama T, Ogawa JI. Inhibition of dendritic cell migration by transforming growth factor-β1 increases tumor-draining lymph node metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:3. [PMID: 22233831 PMCID: PMC3298529 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is known to be produced by progressor tumors and to immobilize dendritic cells (DCs) within those tumors. Moreover, although TGF-β1 has been shown to promote tumor progression, there is still no direct, in vivo evidence as to whether TGF-β1 is able to directly induce distant metastasis. Methods To address that issue and investigate the mechanism by which TGF-β1 suppresses DC activity, we subdermally inoculated mouse ears with squamous cell carcinoma cells stably expressing TGF-β1 or empty vector (mock). Results The numbers of DCs within lymph nodes draining the resultant TGF-β1-expressing tumors was significantly lower than within nodes draining tumors not expressing TGF-β1. We then injected fluorescently labeled bone marrow-derived dendritic cells into the tumors, and subsequent analysis confirmed that the tumors were the source of the DCs within the tumor-draining lymph nodes, and that there were significantly fewer immature DCs within the nodes draining TGF-β1-expressing tumors than within nodes draining tumors not expressing TGF-β1. In addition, 14 days after tumor cell inoculation, lymph node metastasis occurred more frequently in mice inoculated with TGF-β1 transfectants than in those inoculated with the mock transfectants. Conclusions These findings provide new evidence that tumor-derived TGF-β1 inhibits migration of DCs from tumors to their draining lymph nodes, and this immunosuppressive effect of TGF-β1 increases the likelihood of metastasis in the affected nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Chest, Breast and Endocrinologic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Doetschman T, Georgieva T, Li H, Reed TD, Grisham C, Friel J, Estabrook MA, Gard C, Sanford LP, Azhar M. Generation of mice with a conditional allele for the transforming growth factor beta3 gene. Genesis 2012; 50:59-66. [PMID: 22223248 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway is involved in embryonic development and several inherited and acquired human diseases. The gene for TGFβ3 (Tgfb3) encodes one of the three ligands for TGFβ receptors. It is widely expressed in the embryo and its mutation or misexpression is found in human diseases. Tgfb3-/- mice die at birth from cleft palate, precluding functional studies in adults. Here, we generated mice in which exon 6 of Tgfb3 was flanked with LoxP sites (Tgfb3flox/flox). The adult mice were normal and fertile. EIIa-Cre-mediated deletion of exon 6 in Tgfb3flox/flox mice efficiently generated Tgfb3 conditional knockout (Tgfb3cko/cko) mice which died at birth from the same cleft palate defect as Tgfb3-/- mice, indicating that the conditional and knockout alleles are functionally equivalent. This Tgfb3cko allele will now enable studies of TGFβ3 function in different cell or tissue types in embryonic development and during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217, USA
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Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition: CK2β on stage. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:11-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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