1
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Zhong J, Tang Y. Research progress on the role of reactive oxygen species in the initiation, development and treatment of breast cancer. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 188:1-18. [PMID: 38387519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
According to international cancer data, breast cancer (BC) is the leading type of cancer in women. Although significant progress has been made in treating BC, metastasis and drug resistance continue to be the primary causes of mortality for many patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in vivo: normal levels can maintain the body's normal physiological function; however, high levels of ROS below the toxicity threshold can lead to mtDNA damage, activation of proto-oncogenes, and inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, which are important causes of BC. Differences in the production and regulation of ROS in different BC subtypes have important implications for the development and treatment of BC. ROS can also serve as an important intracellular signal transduction factor by affecting the antioxidant system, activating MAPK and PI3K/AKT, and other signal pathways to regulate cell cycle and change the relationship between cells and the activity of metalloproteinases, which significantly impacts the metastasis of BC. Hypoxia in the BC microenvironment increases ROS production levels, thereby inducing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and forming "ROS- HIF-1α-ROS" cycle that exacerbates BC development. Many anti-BC therapies generate sufficient toxic ROS to promote cancer cell apoptosis, but because the basal level of ROS in BC cells exceeds that of normal cells, this leads to up-regulation of the antioxidant system, drug efflux, and apoptosis inhibition, rendering BC cells resistant to the drug. ROS crosstalks with tumor vessels and stromal cells in the microenvironment, increasing invasiveness and drug resistance in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China.
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2
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Mitochondrial Control Region Variants Related to Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13111962. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has an important incidence in the worldwide female population. Although alterations in the mitochondrial genome probably play an important role in carcinogenesis, the actual evidence is ambiguous and inconclusive. Our purpose was to explore differences in mitochondrial sequences of cases with breast cancer compared with control samples from different origins. We identified 124 mtDNA sequences associated with breast cancer cases, of which 86 were complete and 38 were partial sequences. Of these 86 complete sequences, 52 belonged to patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer, and 34 sequences were obtained from healthy mammary tissue of the same patients used as controls. From the mtDNA analysis, two polymorphisms with significant statistical differences were found: m.310del (rs869289246) in 34.6% (27/78) of breast cancer cases and 61.7% (21/34) in the controls; and m.315dup (rs369786048) in 60.2% (47/78) of breast cancer cases and 38.2% (13/34) in the controls. In addition, the variant m.16519T>C (rs3937033) was found in 59% of the control sequences and 52% of the breast cancer sequences with a significant statistical difference. Polymorphic changes are evolutionarily related to the haplogroup H of Indo-European and Euro-Asiatic origins; however, they were found in all non-European breast cancers.
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3
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Dai W, White R, Liu J, Liu H. Organelles coordinate milk production and secretion during lactation: Insights into mammary pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101159. [PMID: 35276245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes during its development and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate during progression through the lactation cycle. This flexibility of the mammary gland requires coordination of multiple processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, stress response, immune activity, and metabolic changes under the control of diverse cellular and hormonal signaling pathways. The lactating mammary epithelium orchestrates synthesis and apical secretion of macromolecules including milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose as well as other minor nutrients that constitute milk. Knowledge about the subcellular compartmentalization of these metabolic and signaling events, as they relate to milk production and secretion during lactation, is expanding. Here we review how major organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and exosome) within mammary epithelial cells collaborate to initiate, mediate, and maintain lactation, and how study of these organelles provides insight into options to maintain mammary/breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Zaidieh T, Smith JR, Ball KE, An Q. Mitochondrial DNA abnormalities provide mechanistic insight and predict reactive oxygen species-stimulating drug efficacy. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:427. [PMID: 33865346 PMCID: PMC8053302 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between mitochondrial genetic abnormalities (variations and copy number, i.e. mtDNAcn, change) and elevated ROS have been reported in cancer compared to normal cells. Since excessive levels of ROS can trigger apoptosis, treating cancer cells with ROS-stimulating agents may enhance their death. This study aimed to investigate the link between baseline ROS levels and mitochondrial genetic abnormalities, and how mtDNA abnormalities might be used to predict cancer cells’ response to ROS-stimulating therapy. Methods Intracellular and mitochondrial specific-ROS levels were measured using the DCFDA and MitoSOX probes, respectively, in four cancer and one non-cancerous cell lines. Cells were treated with ROS-stimulating agents (cisplatin and dequalinium) and the IC50s were determined using the MTS assay. Sanger sequencing and qPCR were conducted to screen the complete mitochondrial genome for variations and to relatively quantify mtDNAcn, respectively. Non-synonymous variations were subjected to 3-dimensional (3D) protein structural mapping and analysis. Results Our data revealed novel significant associations between the total number of variations in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex I and III genes, mtDNAcn, ROS levels, and ROS-associated drug response. Furthermore, functional variations in complexes I/III correlated significantly and positively with mtDNAcn, ROS levels and drug resistance, indicating they might mechanistically influence these parameters in cancer cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that mtDNAcn and complexes I/III functional variations have the potential to be efficient biomarkers to predict ROS-stimulating therapy efficacy in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08155-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zaidieh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK. .,Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - James R Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Karen E Ball
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Qian An
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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5
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Zhao H, Shen J, Moore SC, Ye Y, Wu X, Esteva FJ, Tripathy D, Chow WH. Breast cancer risk in relation to plasma metabolites among Hispanic and African American women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:687-696. [PMID: 30771047 PMCID: PMC6588417 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The metabolic etiology of breast cancer has been explored in the past several years using metabolomics. However, most of these studies only included non-Hispanic White individuals. METHODS To fill this gap, we performed a two-step (discovery and validation) metabolomics profiling in plasma samples from 358 breast cancer patients and 138 healthy controls. All study subjects were either Hispanics or non-Hispanic African Americans. RESULTS A panel of 14 identified metabolites significantly differed between breast cancer cases and healthy controls in both the discovery and validation sets. Most of these identified metabolites were lipids. In the pathway analysis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), arginine and proline metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism pathways were observed, and they significantly differed between breast cancer cases and healthy controls in both sets. From those 14 metabolites, we selected 9 non-correlated metabolites to generate a metabolic risk score. Increased metabolites risk score was associated with a 1.87- and 1.63-fold increased risk of breast cancer in the discovery and validation sets, respectively (Odds ratio (OR) 1.87, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.50, 2.32; OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.36, 1.95). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study identified metabolic profiles and pathways that significantly differed between breast cancer cases and healthy controls in Hispanic or non-Hispanic African American women. The results from our study might provide new insights on the metabolic etiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Francisco J Esteva
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Debasish Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, racial Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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6
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Schneider SS, Henchey EM, Sultana N, Morin SM, Jerry DJ, Makari-Judson G, Crisi GM, Arenas RB, Johnson M, Mason HS, Yadava N. Individual-specific variation in the respiratory activities of HMECs and their bioenergetic response to IGF1 and TNFα. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2750-2765. [PMID: 28369883 PMCID: PMC5518214 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprograming is a hallmark of cancer cells. However, the roles of pre‐existing differences in normal cells metabolism toward cancer risk is not known. In order to assess pre‐existing variations in normal cell metabolism, we have quantified the inter‐individual variation in oxidative metabolism of normal primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). We then assessed their response to selected cytokines such as insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which are associated with breast cancer risk. Specifically, we compared the oxidative metabolism of HMECs obtained from women with breast cancer and without cancer. Our data show considerable inter‐individual variation in respiratory activities of HMECs from different women. A bioenergetic parameter called pyruvate‐stimulated respiration (PySR) was identified as a key distinguishing feature of HMECs from women with breast cancer and without cancer. Samples showing PySR over 20% of basal respiration rate were considered PySR+ve and the rest as PySR−ve. By this criterion, HMECs from tumor‐affected breasts (AB) and non‐tumor affected breasts (NAB) of cancer patients were mostly PySR−ve (88% and 89%, respectively), while HMECs from non‐cancer patients were mostly PySR+ve (57%). This suggests that PySR−ve/+ve phenotypes are individual‐specific and are not caused by field effects due to the presence of tumor. The effects of IGF1 and TNFα treatments on HMECs revealed that both suppressed respiration and extracellular acidification. In addition, IGF1 altered PySR−ve/+ve phenotypes. These results reveal individual‐specific differences in pyruvate metabolism of normal breast epithelial cells and its association with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie S Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute (PVLSI), Springfield, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | - Nazneen Sultana
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute (PVLSI), Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie M Morin
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute (PVLSI), Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute (PVLSI), Springfield, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Grace Makari-Judson
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine at Baystate Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Giovanna M Crisi
- Division of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS)-Baystate Regional Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Richard B Arenas
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS)-Baystate Regional Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | | | - Holly S Mason
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS)-Baystate Regional Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Nagendra Yadava
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute (PVLSI), Springfield, Massachusetts.,Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine at Baystate Medical Center /Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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7
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Heng YJ, Lester SC, Tse GM, Factor RE, Allison KH, Collins LC, Chen YY, Jensen KC, Johnson NB, Jeong JC, Punjabi R, Shin SJ, Singh K, Krings G, Eberhard DA, Tan PH, Korski K, Waldman FM, Gutman DA, Sanders M, Reis-Filho JS, Flanagan SR, Gendoo DM, Chen GM, Haibe-Kains B, Ciriello G, Hoadley KA, Perou CM, Beck AH. The molecular basis of breast cancer pathological phenotypes. J Pathol 2016; 241:375-391. [PMID: 27861902 DOI: 10.1002/path.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological evaluation of morphological features in breast tumours provides prognostic information to guide therapy. Adjunct molecular analyses provide further diagnostic, prognostic and predictive information. However, there is limited knowledge of the molecular basis of morphological phenotypes in invasive breast cancer. This study integrated genomic, transcriptomic and protein data to provide a comprehensive molecular profiling of morphological features in breast cancer. Fifteen pathologists assessed 850 invasive breast cancer cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Morphological features were significantly associated with genomic alteration, DNA methylation subtype, PAM50 and microRNA subtypes, proliferation scores, gene expression and/or reverse-phase protein assay subtype. Marked nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, inflammation and a high mitotic count were associated with the basal-like subtype, and had a similar molecular basis. Omics-based signatures were constructed to predict morphological features. The association of morphology transcriptome signatures with overall survival in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer was first assessed by use of the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) dataset; signatures that remained prognostic in the METABRIC multivariate analysis were further evaluated in five additional datasets. The transcriptomic signature of poorly differentiated epithelial tubules was prognostic in ER-positive breast cancer. No signature was prognostic in ER-negative breast cancer. This study provided new insights into the molecular basis of breast cancer morphological phenotypes. The integration of morphological with molecular data has the potential to refine breast cancer classification, predict response to therapy, enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology, and improve clinical management. This work is publicly accessible at www.dx.ai/tcga_breast. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing J Heng
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan C Lester
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Mk Tse
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel E Factor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin C Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole B Johnson
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rahi Punjabi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregor Krings
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Eberhard
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Department of Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Frederic M Waldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sydney R Flanagan
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deena Ma Gendoo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Barrera G, Gentile F, Pizzimenti S, Canuto RA, Daga M, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo GP, Lepore A, Ferretti C, Dianzani C, Muzio G. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Spotlight on Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipoperoxidation Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5010007. [PMID: 26907355 PMCID: PMC4808756 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In several human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced mainly by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, is increased. In cancer cells, the increase of ROS production has been associated with mtDNA mutations that, in turn, seem to be functional in the alterations of the bioenergetics and the biosynthetic state of cancer cells. Moreover, ROS overproduction can enhance the peroxidation of fatty acids in mitochondrial membranes. In particular, the peroxidation of mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin leads to the formation of reactive aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are able to react with proteins and DNA. Covalent modifications of mitochondrial proteins by the products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the course of oxidative cell stress are involved in the mitochondrial dysfunctions observed in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Such modifications appear to affect negatively mitochondrial integrity and function, in particular energy metabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, antioxidant defenses and stress responses. In neurodegenerative diseases, indirect confirmation for the pathogenetic relevance of LPO-dependent modifications of mitochondrial proteins comes from the disease phenotypes associated with their genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barrera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Rosa Angela Canuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Martina Daga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Alessia Arcaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Paolo Cetrangolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lepore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Muzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
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9
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Abstract
There are many approaches used to control breast cancer, although the most efficient strategy is the reactivation of apoptosis. Since mitochondria play an important role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of cell death pathways, we focus here on metabolic remodeling and mitochondrial alterations present in breast tumor cells. We review strategies including classes of compounds and delivery systems that target metabolic and specific mitochondrial alterations to kill tumor cells without affecting their normal counterparts. We present here the arguments for the improvement of already existent molecules and the design of novel promising anticancer drug candidates that target breast cancer mitochondria.
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10
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Bhat TA, Kumar S, Chaudhary AK, Yadav N, Chandra D. Restoration of mitochondria function as a target for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:635-43. [PMID: 25766095 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defective oxidative phosphorylation has a crucial role in the attenuation of mitochondrial function, which confers therapy resistance in cancer. Various factors, including endogenous heat shock proteins (HSPs) and exogenous agents such as dichloroacetate, restore respiratory and other physiological functions of mitochondria in cancer cells. Functional mitochondria might ultimately lead to the restoration of apoptosis in cancer cells that are refractory to current anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the key reasons contributing to mitochondria dysfunction in cancer cells and how restoration of mitochondrial function could be exploited for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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11
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Makari-Judson G, Braun B, Jerry DJ, Mertens WC. Weight gain following breast cancer diagnosis: Implication and proposed mechanisms. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:272-282. [PMID: 25114844 PMCID: PMC4127600 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight gain occurs in the majority of women following breast cancer treatment. An overview of studies describing weight gain amongst women treated with early to modern chemotherapy regimens is included. Populations at higher risk include women who are younger, closer to ideal body weight and who have been treated with chemotherapy. Weight gain ranges between 1 to 5 kg, and may be associated with change in body composition with gain in fat mass and loss in lean body mass. Women are unlikely to return to pre-diagnosis weight. Possible mechanisms including inactivity and metabolic changes are explored. Potential interventions are reviewed including exercise, dietary changes and pharmacologic agents. Although breast cancer prognosis does not appear to be significantly impacted, weight gain has negative consequences on quality of life and overall health. Future studies should explore change in body composition, metabolism and insulin resistance. Avoiding weight gain in breast cancer survivors following initial diagnosis and treatment should be encouraged.
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12
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Schwartz B, Yehuda-Shnaidman E. Putative role of adipose tissue in growth and metabolism of colon cancer cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:164. [PMID: 25019059 PMCID: PMC4071563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging data highlight obesity as an important risk factor for developing certain types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. Although evidence supports a link between the two, the mechanisms responsible for this relationship have not yet been fully elucidated. Hypertrophied and dysfunctional adipose tissue of the obese state is characterized by low-grade inflammation. Adipokines and cytokines secreted from adipocytes, together with the abundant availability of lipids from adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment, promote adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells and support tumor progression and uncontrolled growth. One of the predisposed targets of the deleterious effects exerted by secretions from adipose tissue in obesity is the activities associated with the cellular mitochondria. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism plays a key role in meeting cells' energetic demands by oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here we discuss: (a) the dynamic relationship between glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and OxPhos; (b) the evidence for impaired OxPhos (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction) in colon cancer; (c) the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction can predispose to cancer. We propose that impaired OxPhos increases susceptibility to colon cancer since OxPhos is sensitive to a large number of factors that are intrinsic to the host (e.g., inflammation). Given that adipocytes are a major source of adipokines and energy for the cancer cell, understanding the mechanisms of metabolic symbiosis between cancer cells and adipocytes should reveal new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , Israel
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Pacini N, Borziani F. Cancer stem cell theory and the warburg effect, two sides of the same coin? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8893-930. [PMID: 24857919 PMCID: PMC4057766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 100 years, many studies have been performed to determine the biochemical and histopathological phenomena that mark the origin of neoplasms. At the end of the last century, the leading paradigm, which is currently well rooted, considered the origin of neoplasms to be a set of genetic and/or epigenetic mutations, stochastic and independent in a single cell, or rather, a stochastic monoclonal pattern. However, in the last 20 years, two important areas of research have underlined numerous limitations and incongruities of this pattern, the hypothesis of the so-called cancer stem cell theory and a revaluation of several alterations in metabolic networks that are typical of the neoplastic cell, the so-called Warburg effect. Even if this specific “metabolic sign” has been known for more than 85 years, only in the last few years has it been given more attention; therefore, the so-called Warburg hypothesis has been used in multiple and independent surveys. Based on an accurate analysis of a series of considerations and of biophysical thermodynamic events in the literature, we will demonstrate a homogeneous pattern of the cancer stem cell theory, of the Warburg hypothesis and of the stochastic monoclonal pattern; this pattern could contribute considerably as the first basis of the development of a new uniform theory on the origin of neoplasms. Thus, a new possible epistemological paradigm is represented; this paradigm considers the Warburg effect as a specific “metabolic sign” reflecting the stem origin of the neoplastic cell, where, in this specific metabolic order, an essential reason for the genetic instability that is intrinsic to the neoplastic cell is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pacini
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Fabio Borziani
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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Mitochondrial DNA mutations and breast tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:336-44. [PMID: 24140413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and genetic factors play an important role in its genesis. Although mutations in tumor suppressors and oncogenes encoded by the nuclear genome are known to play a critical role in breast tumorigenesis, the contribution of the mitochondrial genome to this process is unclear. Like the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome also encodes proteins critical for mitochondrion functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is known to be defective in cancer including breast cancer. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to mutations due to limited repair mechanisms compared to nuclear DNA (nDNA). Thus changes in mitochondrial genes could also contribute to the development of breast cancer. In this review we discuss mtDNA mutations that affect OXPHOS. Continuous acquisition of mtDNA mutations and selection of advantageous mutations ultimately leads to generation of cells that propagate uncontrollably to form tumors. Since irreversible damage to OXPHOS leads to a shift in energy metabolism towards enhanced aerobic glycolysis in most cancers, mutations in mtDNA represent an early event during breast tumorigenesis, and thus may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of breast cancer. Because mtDNA mutations lead to defective OXPHOS, development of agents that target OXPHOS will provide specificity for preventative and therapeutic agents against breast cancer with minimal toxicity.
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