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Qiu Y, Jiang Z, Sun H, Xia Q, Liu X, Lei J, Li K. Computational fluid dynamics can detect changes in airway resistance for patients after COVID-19 infection. J Biomech 2023; 157:111713. [PMID: 37413823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with COVID-19 can cause severe complication in the respiratory system, which may be related to increased respiratory resistance. Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) was used in this study to calculate the airway resistance based on the airway anatomy and a common air flowrate. The correlation between airway resistance and COVID-19 prognosis was then investigated. A total of 23 COVID-19 patients with 54 CT scans were grouped into the good prognosis and bad prognosis group based on whether the CT scan shows significant decrease in the pneumonia volume after one week treatment and retrospectively analyzed. A baseline group of 8 healthy people with the same age and gender ratio is enrolled for comparison. Results show that the airway resistance at admission is significantly higher for COVID-19 patients with poor prognosis than those with good prognosis and the baseline(0.063 ± 0.055 vs 0.029 ± 0.011 vs 0.017 ± 0.006 Pa/(ml/s),p = 0.01). In the left superior lobe (r = 0.3974,p = 0.01),left inferior lobe (r = 0.4843,p < 0.01), the right inferior lobe (r = 0.5298,p < 0.0001), the airway resistance was significantly correlated with the degree of pneumonia infection. It is concluded that for COVID-19 patients', airway resistance at admission is closely associated with their prognosis, and has the clinical potential to be used as an index for patients' diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and critical care medicine and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Med-X Center for Informatics Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Hospital- SenseTime Joint Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zekun Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and critical care medicine and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Med-X Center for Informatics Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Hospital- SenseTime Joint Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- SenseTime Research, Beijing, China; West China Hospital- SenseTime Joint Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xia
- SenseTime Research, Beijing, China; West China Hospital- SenseTime Joint Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Jianguo Lei
- Med-X Center for Informatics Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and critical care medicine and West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Med-X Center for Informatics Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Hospital- SenseTime Joint Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Onimaru T, Kamata M, Nakagawa H. One-lung ventilation and 3D image analysis in a case of tracheal bronchus with steeply angled branching of left main bronchus: a case report. JA Clin Rep 2022; 8:55. [PMID: 35876976 PMCID: PMC9314527 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-022-00545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing one-lung ventilation (OLV) in patients with tracheal bronchus (TB) may be challenging due to its unusual bronchial anatomy. We present a case of difficult OLV in a patient with right TB and steeply angled bifurcation of the left main bronchus. Case presentation A 79-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo video-assisted thoracic surgery left upper lobectomy. We planned right OLV with a bronchial blocker; however, it was difficult to place the blocker in the left main bronchus due to a steep bifurcation angle. Therefore, we changed the entry angle of the lumen tip by advancing the tracheal tube to just above the tracheal bifurcation, allowing successful placement of the bronchial blocker into the bronchus. Conclusion For airway management in patients with TB, especially for OLV, it is essential to understand the anatomy of the trachea, bronchus, and TB and to select the appropriate device for each case.
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Functional analysis of the airways after pulmonary lobectomy through computational fluid dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3321. [PMID: 35228582 PMCID: PMC8885819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary lobectomy, which consists of the partial or complete resection of a lung lobe, is the gold standard intervention for lung cancer removal. The removal of functional tissue during the surgery and the re-adaptation of the remaining thoracic structures decrease the patient's post-operative pulmonary function. Residual functionality is evaluated through pulmonary function tests, which account for the number of resected segments without considering local structural alterations and provide an average at-the-mouth estimation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been demonstrated to provide patient-specific, quantitative, and local information about airways airflow dynamics. A CFD investigation was performed on image-based airway trees reconstructed before and after the surgery for twelve patients who underwent lobectomy at different lobes. The geometrical alterations and the variations in fluid dynamics parameters and in lobar ventilation between the pre and post-operative conditions were evaluated. The post-operative function was estimated and compared with current clinical algorithms and with actual clinical data. The post-operative configuration revealed a high intersubject variability: regardless of the lobectomy site, an increment of global velocity, wall pressure, and wall shear stress was observed. Local flow disturbances also emerged at, and downstream of, the resection site. The analysis of lobar ventilation showed severe variations in the volume flow rate distribution, highlighting the compensatory effects in the contralateral lung with an increment of inflow. The estimation of post-operative function through CFD was comparable with the current clinical algorithm and the actual spirometric measurements. The results confirmed that CFD could provide additional information to support the current clinical approaches both in the operability assessment and in the prescription of personalized respiratory rehabilitation.
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Wu F, Chen L, Huang J, Fan W, Yang J, Zhang X, Jin Y, Yang F, Zheng C. Total Lung and Lobar Quantitative Assessment Based on Paired Inspiratory-Expiratory Chest CT in Healthy Adults: Correlation with Pulmonary Ventilatory Function. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101791. [PMID: 34679488 PMCID: PMC8534441 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide the quantitative volumetric data of the total lung and lobes in inspiration and expiration from healthy adults, and to explore the value of paired inspiratory–expiratory chest CT scan in pulmonary ventilatory function and further explore the influence of each lobe on ventilation. Methods: A total of 65 adults (29 males and 36 females) with normal clinical pulmonary function test (PFT) and paired inspiratory–expiratory chest CT scan were retrospectively enrolled. The inspiratory and expiratory volumetric indexes of the total lung (TL) and 5 lobes (left upper lobe [LUL], left lower lobe [LLL], right upper lobe [RUL], right middle lobe [RML], and right lower lobe [RLL]) were obtained by Philips IntelliSpace Portal image postprocessing workstation, including inspiratory lung volume (LVin), expiratory lung volume (LVex), volume change (∆LV), and well-aerated lung volume (WAL, lung tissue with CT threshold between −950 and −750 HU in inspiratory scan). Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between CT quantitative indexes of the total lung and ventilatory function indexes (including total lung capacity [TLC], residual volume [RV], and force vital capacity [FVC]). Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the influence of each lobe on ventilation. Results: At end-inspiratory phase, the LVin-TL was 4664.6 (4282.7, 5916.2) mL, the WALTL was 4173 (3639.6, 5250.9) mL; both showed excellent correlation with TLC (LVin-TL: r = 0.890, p < 0.001; WALTL: r = 0.879, p < 0.001). From multiple linear regression analysis with lobar CT indexes as variables, the LVin and WAL of these two lobes, LLL and RUL, showed a significant relationship with TLC. At end-expiratory phase, the LVex-TL was 2325.2 (1969.7, 2722.5) mL with good correlation with RV (r = 0.811, p < 0.001), of which the LVex of RUL and RML had a significant relationship with RV. For the volumetric change within breathing, the ∆LVTL was 2485.6 (2169.8, 3078.1) mL with good correlation with FVC (r = 0.719, p < 0.001), moreover, WALTL showed a better correlation with FVC (r = 0.817, p < 0.001) than that of ∆LVTL. Likewise, there was also a strong association between ∆LV, WAL of these two lobes (LLL and RUL), and FVC. Conclusions: The quantitative indexes derived from paired inspiratory–expiratory chest CT could reflect the clinical pulmonary ventilatory function, LLL, and RUL give greater impact on ventilation. Thus, the pulmonary functional evaluation needs to be more precise and not limited to the total lung level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Leqing Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenliang Fan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinrong Yang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, No. 718 Daning Rd., Jingan District, Shanghai 200233, China;
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China;
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +86-027-8535-3238 (C.Z.)
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan 430022, China; (F.W.); (L.C.); (J.H.); (W.F.); (J.Y.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +86-027-8535-3238 (C.Z.)
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Tullio M, Aliboni L, Pennati F, Carrinola R, Palleschi A, Aliverti A. Computational fluid dynamics of the airways after left-upper pulmonary lobectomy: A case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 37:e3462. [PMID: 33826242 PMCID: PMC8365666 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary lobectomy is the gold standard intervention for lung cancer removal and consists of the complete resection of the affected lung lobe, which, coupled with the re-adaptation of the remaining thoracic structures, decreases the postoperative pulmonary function of the patient. Current clinical practice, based on spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, does not consider local changes, providing an average at-the-mouth estimation of residual functionality. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proved a valuable solution to obtain quantitative and local information about airways airflow dynamics. A CFD investigation was performed on the airway tree of a left-upper pulmonary lobectomy patient, to quantify the effects of the postoperative alterations. The patient-specific bronchial models were reconstructed from pre- and postoperative CT scans. A parametric laryngeal model was merged to the geometries to account for physiological-like inlet conditions. Numerical simulations were performed in Fluent. The postoperative configuration revealed fluid dynamic variations in terms of global velocity (+23%), wall pressure (+48%), and wall shear stress (+39%). Local flow disturbances emerged at the resection site: a high-velocity peak of 4.92 m/s was found at the left-lower lobe entrance, with a local increase of pressure at the suture zone (18 Pa). The magnitude of pressure and secondary flows increased in the trachea and flow dynamics variations were observed also in the contralateral lung, causing altered lobar ventilation. The results confirmed that CFD is a patient-specific approach for a quantitative evaluation of fluid dynamics parameters and local ventilation providing additional information with respect to current clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tullio
- Dipartimento di ElettronicaInformazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Lorenzo Aliboni
- Dipartimento di ElettronicaInformazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Pennati
- Dipartimento di ElettronicaInformazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Rosaria Carrinola
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Alessandro Palleschi
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of MilanMilanItaly
- Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Andrea Aliverti
- Dipartimento di ElettronicaInformazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
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Tran TMH, Donato L, Dutau H. What's Wrong in the Airway? Respiration 2020; 99:853-855. [PMID: 33212441 DOI: 10.1159/000510642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Donato
- Pediatric Medico-Surgical Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,
| | - Hervé Dutau
- Thoracic Oncology, Pleural Diseases and Interventional Pulmonology, North University Hospital, Marseille, France
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7
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Tracheal Bronchus; A Computed Tomography Study. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.619857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gu Q, Qi S, Yue Y, Shen J, Zhang B, Sun W, Qian W, Islam MS, Saha SC, Wu J. Structural and functional alterations of the tracheobronchial tree after left upper pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:105. [PMID: 31653252 PMCID: PMC6815003 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary lobectomy has been a well-established curative treatment method for localized lung cancer. After left upper pulmonary lobectomy, the upward displacement of remaining lower lobe causes the distortion or kink of bronchus, which is associated with intractable cough and breathless. However, the quantitative study on structural and functional alterations of the tracheobronchial tree after lobectomy has not been reported. We sought to investigate these alterations using CT imaging analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Methods Both preoperative and postoperative CT images of 18 patients who underwent left upper pulmonary lobectomy are collected. After the tracheobronchial tree models are extracted, the angles between trachea and bronchi, the surface area and volume of the tree, and the cross-sectional area of left lower lobar bronchus are investigated. CFD method is further used to describe the airflow characteristics by the wall pressure, airflow velocity, lobar flow rate, etc. Results It is found that the angle between the trachea and the right main bronchus increases after operation, but the angle with the left main bronchus decreases. No significant alteration is observed for the surface area or volume of the tree between pre-operation and post-operation. After left upper pulmonary lobectomy, the cross-sectional area of left lower lobar bronchus is reduced for most of the patients (15/18) by 15–75%, especially for 4 patients by more than 50%. The wall pressure, airflow velocity and pressure drop significantly increase after the operation. The flow rate to the right lung increases significantly by 2–30% (but there is no significant difference between each lobe), and the flow rate to the left lung drops accordingly. Many vortices are found in various places with severe distortions. Conclusions The favorable and unfavorable adaptive alterations of tracheobronchial tree will occur after left upper pulmonary lobectomy, and these alterations can be clarified through CT imaging and CFD analysis. The severe distortions at left lower lobar bronchus might exacerbate postoperative shortness of breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Gu
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing of Northeastern University (Ministry of Education), Shenyang, China
| | - Shouliang Qi
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing of Northeastern University (Ministry of Education), Shenyang, China.
| | - Yong Yue
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Baihua Zhang
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- The Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Mohammad Saidul Islam
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suvash C Saha
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
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Hariprasad DS, Sul B, Liu C, Kiger KT, Altes T, Ruppert K, Reifman J, Wallqvist A. Obstructions in the lower airways lead to altered airflow patterns in the central airway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 272:103311. [PMID: 31585172 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of obstructive lung diseases is the narrowing of small airways, which affects regional airflow patterns within the lung. However, the extent to which these patterns differ between healthy and diseased states is unknown. To investigate airflow patterns in detail, we first used particle image velocimetry measurements to validate a large eddy simulation model of flow in a patient-specific geometry. We then predicted flow patterns in the central airway under exhalation for three flow conditions-normal, intermediate, and severe-where boundary conditions represented the effect of lower airway obstructions. We computed Pearson correlation coefficients (R) to assess the similarity of flow patterns, and found that flow patterns demonstrated the greatest differentiation between flow conditions in the right main bronchi (R ≤0.60), whereas those in the secondary branches and regions of the trachea showed high correlation (R ≥0.90). These results indicate that although flow patterns are distinct between flow conditions, the choice of measurement location is critical for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Hariprasad
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Bora Sul
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Glenn L. Martin Hall, 4298 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kenneth T Kiger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Glenn L. Martin Hall, 4298 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Talissa Altes
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, University Hospital, One Hospital Dr., Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kai Ruppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Shang Y, Dong J, Tian L, Inthavong K, Tu J. Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 61:105-111. [PMID: 30544055 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding respiratory physiology can aid clinicians in diagnosing the cause of respiratory symptoms or shed light on drug delivery inhaler device optimisation. However, the sheer complexity of the human lung prohibits a full-scale study. METHODS In this study, a realistic respiratory airway model including large-to-small conducting airways was built. This airway model consists of subject-specific upper and lower airways, extending from nasal and oral openings to terminal bronchioles (up to the 15th generation). Based on the subject-specific airway model, topological information was extracted and a digital reference model that exhibits strong asymmetry and multi-fractal properties was provided. Inhalation flow rates 18 L/min and 50 L/min were adopted to understand inspiratory conditions subjecting to resting and light exercise inhalation modes. Regional airflow in terms of axial velocity and secondary flow vortices along the lung airway model was extracted. FINDINGS Obvious secondary flow currents were seen in the larynx-trachea segment and left main bronchus, while for the terminal conducting airway in the right lower lobe, the airflow tends to be much smoother with no secondary flow currents. INTERPRETATION This paper provides insights on respiratory physiology, especially in the lower lung airways, and will be potentially useful for diagnosis of lower airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Shang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jingliang Dong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, PO Box 1021, Beijing 100086, China.
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11
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Kim M, Collier GJ, Wild JM, Chung YM. Effect of upper airway on tracheobronchial fluid dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e3112. [PMID: 29856119 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The upper airways play a significant role in the tracheal flow dynamics. Despite many previous studies, however, the effect of the upper airways on the ventilation distribution in distal airways has remained a challenge. The aim of this study is to experimentally and computationally investigate the dynamic behaviour in the intratracheal flow induced by the upper respiratory tract and to assess its influence on the subsequent tributaries. Patient-specific images from 2 different modalities (magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airways and computed tomography of the lower airways) were segmented and combined. An experimental phantom of patient-specific airways (including the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, down to generations 6-8) was generated using 3D printing. The flow velocities in this phantom model were measured by the flow-sensitised phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging technique and compared with the computational fluid dynamics simulations. Both experimental and computational results show a good agreement in the time-averaged velocity fields as well as fluctuating velocity. The flows in the proximal trachea were complex and unsteady under both lower- and higher-flow rate conditions. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were also performed with an airways model without the upper airways. Although the flow near the carina remained unstable only when the inflow rate was high, the influence of the upper airways caused notable changes in distal flow distributions when the 2 airways models were compared with and without the upper airways. The results suggest that the influence of the upper airways should be included in the respiratory flow assessment as the upper airways extensively affect the flows in distal airways and consequent ventilation distribution in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuok Kim
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Guilhem J Collier
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim M Wild
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Zhang B, Qi S, Yue Y, Shen J, Li C, Qian W, Wu J. Particle Disposition in the Realistic Airway Tree Models of Subjects with Tracheal Bronchus and COPD. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7428609. [PMID: 30155481 PMCID: PMC6098871 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7428609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dispositions of inhalable particles in the human respiratory tract trigger and exacerbate airway inflammatory diseases. However, the particle deposition (PD) in airway of subjects with tracheal bronchus (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is unknown. We therefore propose to clarify the disrupted PD associated with TB and COPD using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Totally nine airway tree models are included. Six are extracted from CT images of different individuals (two with TB, two with COPD, and two healthy controls (HC)). The others are the artificially modified models (AMMs) generated by the virtual lesion. Specifically, they are constructed through artificially adding a tracheal bronchus or a stenosis on one HC model. The deposition efficiency (DE) and deposition fraction (DF) in these models are obtained by the Euler-Lagrange approach, analyzed, and compared across models, locations, and particle sizes (0.1-10.0 micrometers). It is found that the PD in models with TB and COPD has been disrupted by the geometrical changes and followed airflow alternations. DE of the tracheal bronchus is higher for TB models. For COPD, the stenosis location determines the effects on DE and DF. Higher DF at the trachea is observed in TB1, TB2, and COPD2 models. DE increases with the particle size, and DE of the terminal bronchi is higher than that of central regions. Combined with AMMs, the CFD simulation using realistic airway models demonstrates disruptions of DP. The methods and findings might help understand the etiology of pulmonary diseases and improve the efficacy of inhaled medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Zhang
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing of Northeastern University (Ministry of Education), Shenyang, China
| | - Shouliang Qi
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing of Northeastern University (Ministry of Education), Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Yue
- Department of Radiology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Li
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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