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Lin J, Stern JA, Allen JP, Coan JA. Does attachment in adolescence predict neural responses to handholding in adulthood? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2024; 41:2276-2296. [PMID: 39166123 PMCID: PMC11335342 DOI: 10.1177/02654075241239604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective Early life experiences, including attachment-related experiences, inform internal working models that guide adult relationship behaviors. Few studies have examined the association between adolescent attachment and adult relationship behavior on a neural level. The current study examined attachment in adolescence and its associations with neural correlates of relationship behaviors in adulthood. Method 85 participants completed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) at age 14. Ten years later, at age 24, participants underwent functional brain image when participants were under the threat of electric shock alone, holding the hand of a stranger, or their partner. Results We found that adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 showed increased activation in regions commonly associated with cognitive, affective, and reward processing when they held the hand of their partner and stranger compared to being alone. Adolescents with higher preoccupied attachment scores showed decreased activation in similar regions only during the stranger handholding condition compared to being alone. Conclusions These findings suggest that adolescent attachment predicts adult social relationship behaviors on a neural level, in regions largely consistent with previous literature. Broadly, this study has implications for understanding long-term links between attachment and adult relationship behaviors and has potential for informing intervention.
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Kostova Z, Matanova VL. Transgenerational trauma and attachment. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1362561. [PMID: 38650899 PMCID: PMC11033415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1362561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An integrative approach is presented to understand the transmission mechanisms of attachment trauma and the quality of the internal working model through manifestations of bodily symptoms concerning physical and mental health. A case of dissociative symptomatology is described in a woman whose ancestors experienced individual and collective trauma related to the political regime. The approach allows for an analytical view beyond the standard complaints of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic symptoms, eating disorders, etc. A brief description of the transgenerational transmission of trauma is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanya L. Matanova
- Institute of Mental Health and Development (Bulgaria), Sofia, Bulgaria
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Dugan KA, Khan F, Fraley RC. Dismissing Attachment and Global and Daily Indicators of Subjective Well-Being: An Experience Sampling Approach. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221089781. [PMID: 35652555 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221089781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present research examined whether a dismissing attachment style (i.e., being high in attachment avoidance and low in attachment anxiety) is a risk factor for low subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, we examined the associations between dismissing attachment and two indicators of SWB: global life satisfaction and daily affect. Self-reports of attachment and overall life satisfaction were collected from 257 adults at an initial lab session. Afterward, experience sampling methodology was used to gather repeated measures of positive and negative affect, as well as social context, from the sample for 8 days. Our findings indicate that, on average, dismissing people reported fairly modest levels of overall life satisfaction. Moreover, they experienced relatively low levels of both negative affect and positive affect across the 8-day study period. Overall, our results suggest that dismissing people have a "muted" or dull emotional life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faaiza Khan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Işik M, Demir M. The relationship between overactive bladder and attachment: A preliminary study. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:1175-1181. [PMID: 33846996 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are strong relationships between overactive bladder (OAB) and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between OAB and attachment. METHODS Patients who presented with OAB symptoms and were first diagnosed with OAB were included in the study. Patient and control groups were matched in terms of age and gender. A urological and psychiatric examination was performed on each participant. The severity of patients' OAB symptoms was assessed using the Overactive Bladder-V8 Questionnaire (OAB-v8). The characteristics of attachment patterns were evaluated using The Close Relationships Scale Revised. RESULTS The OAB and control groups included 41 and 43 participants, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to alcohol abuse, daily cigarette consumption, marital status, and gender. The prevalence of anxious attachment was significantly higher in the OAB group than in the control group (p < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was found with regard to avoidant attachment (p = 0.18). A significant relationship was found between the OAB-v8 score and anxious attachment in OAB patients (r = 0.50; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that insecure attachment, especially anxious attachment is associated with OAB and the severity of OAB symptoms. More extensive and longitudinal studies can better show the relationship between attachment and OAB. Future research may focus on the possibility of causality between attachment and OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Işik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Demir
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Pylvänäinen P, Hyvönen K, Muotka J. The Profiles of Body Image Associate With Changes in Depression Among Participants in Dance Movement Therapy Group. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564788. [PMID: 33123046 PMCID: PMC7573211 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This mixed-methods study analyzed the body image quality of 143 patients with depression. The participants received a 20 × 75 min dance movement therapy (DMT) group treatment, sessions twice a week. Body Image Assessment (BIA) was the data collection tool, with pre-, post-, and 3-mos follow-up assessments. Pre-intervention body image quality characteristics were low energy and activity levels, discomfort, shame and disgust toward the body, tension in social interactions. On the BIA scores, a statistical method of Latent Profile Analysis was utilized to identify participant profiles in the data. The two identified profiles were participant with initial negative body image and participant with initial neutral body image. Depression symptoms were measured with BDI, and symptoms decreased for both participant profiles following the DMT intervention. The neutral profile participants had a significantly lower depression level, better energy level, and more frequently used mindfulness factors of acting aware, non-judgmentality and non-reactivity (measured with FFMQ). Findings suggest a systemic interaction between depression symptoms, body image, attachment style, activity level, and mindfulness skills. In an interactive DMT setting it is possible to address all of these factors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pylvänäinen
- Tampere Psychiatric Unit, Tampere City Mental Health Services, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Hyvönen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joona Muotka
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Kanter JW, Kuczynski AM, Manbeck KE, Corey MD, Wallace EC. An integrative contextual behavioral model of intimate relations. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Payne H, Brooks SD. Medically Unexplained Symptoms and Attachment Theory: The BodyMind Approach®. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1818. [PMID: 31780974 PMCID: PMC6851196 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses how The BodyMind Approach® (TBMA) addresses insecure attachment styles in medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Insecure attachment styles are associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and MUS (Adshead and Guthrie, 2015) and affect sufferers’ capacity to self-manage. The article goes on to make a new hypothesis to account for TBMA’s effectiveness (Payne and Brooks, 2017), that is, it addresses insecure attachment styles, which may be present in some MUS sufferers, leading to their capacity to self-manage. Three insecure attachment styles (dismissive, pre-occupied and fearful) associated with MUS are discussed. TBMA is described and explanations provided of how TBMA has been specifically designed to support people’s insecure attachment styles. Three key concepts to support insecure attachment styles involved in the content of TBMA are identified and debated: (a) emotional regulation; (b) safety; and (c) bodymindfulness. There is a rationale for the design of TBMA as opposed to psychological interventions for this population. The programme’s structure, facilitation and content, takes account of the three insecure attachment styles above. Examples of how TBMA works with their specific characteristics are presented. TBMA has been tested and found to be effective during delivery in the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS). Improved self-management has potential to reduce costs for the NHS and in General Practitioner time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Payne
- School of Education, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Brooks
- School of Education, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Pylvänäinen P, Lappalainen R. Change in body image among depressed adult outpatients after a dance movement therapy group treatment. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ran G, Zhang Q. The neural correlates of attachment style during emotional processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 20:626-633. [PMID: 29733250 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1465105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Ran
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Preschool and Primary Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
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McKenzie R, Dallos R. Autism and attachment difficulties: Overlap of symptoms, implications and innovative solutions. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:632-648. [PMID: 28530116 DOI: 10.1177/1359104517707323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article explores overlap of symptoms between autism and attachment difficulties and suggests innovative solutions based on formulation. Currently, clinicians express difficulties in differentiating between these conditions contributing to misdiagnosis. Research into the prevalence of attachment difficulties among children with autism often fails to reflect detailed knowledge of attachment theory. Consequently, studies in this area employ questionable modifications to attachment measures and methods of analysis. The findings of such studies are confusing and inconsistent. Children with autism and their parents are, however, known to be at high risk of developing insecure attachment patterns. Clinical assessments based on formulation may be helpful in these cases, as they include consideration of developmental and relational factors contributing to symptom presentation. Research suggests that where parents of children with autism establish secure relationships with their children outcomes are improved. Consequently, interventions, which improve dyadic synchrony and sensitivity of parents, are likely to benefit families living with autism and attachment difficulties.
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Philipp-Muller A, MacDonald G. Avoidant individuals may have muted responses to social warmth after all: An attempted replication of MacDonald and Borsook (2010). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pepping CA, Taylor R, Koh K, Halford WK. Attachment, culture and initial romantic attraction: A speed-dating study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cohen SL. Coming to Our Senses: The Application of Somatic Psychology to Group Psychotherapy. Int J Group Psychother 2015; 61:396-413. [DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.2011.61.3.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Preliminary evidence for the interaction of the oxytocin receptor gene (oxtr) and face processing in differentiating prenatal smoking patterns. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:259-64. [PMID: 25450139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal smoking cessation has been described as an empathic action "for the baby," but this has not been empirically demonstrated. We capitalized on a genetically-characterized extant dataset with outstanding measurement of prenatal smoking patterns and maternal face processing data (as an indicator of empathy) to test this hypothesis, and explore how empathy and smoking patterns may be moderated by a genetic substrate of empathy, the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). Participants were 143 Caucasian women from the East Boston family study with repeated prospective reports of smoking level, adjusted based on repeated cotinine bioassays. Salivary DNA and face processing (Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2) were assessed 14 years later at an adolescent follow-up of offspring. Two-thirds of participants reported smoking prior to pregnancy recognition. Of these, 21% quit during pregnancy; 56% reduced smoking, and 22% smoked persistently at the same level. A significant interaction between face processing and OXTR variants previously associated with increased sensitivity to social context, rs53576GG and rs2254298A, was found (β = -.181; p = .015); greater ability to identify distress in others was associated with lower levels of smoking during pregnancy for rs53576(GG)/rs2254298(A) individuals (p = .013), but not for other genotypes (p = .892). Testing this "empathy hypothesis of prenatal smoking cessation" in larger studies designed to examine this question can elucidate whether interventions to enhance empathy can improve prenatal smoking cessation rates.
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What Makes for Good Sex? The Associations Among Attachment Style, Inhibited Communication and Sexual Satisfaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/jrr.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that those with insecure attachments (characterised by anxiety, avoidance or both; Hazan & Shaver, 1994), would engage in less effective communication on sexual matters, which would in turn predict lower sexual satisfaction. A sample of 125 participants aged between 18 and 65 completed an online questionnaire asking about their sexual and intimate relationships, and their attachment patterns. As expected, avoidant individuals reported poorer sexual communication, which contributed to their sexual dissatisfaction. Contrary to expectations, anxiety did not have this effect. Interestingly, those anxious individuals in a relationship of 9 months or longer engaged in poorer sexual communication, which negatively impacted their sexual satisfaction. It was suggested that the ‘honeymoon period’ may be responsible for this finding. Alternatively, and as suggested by Davis et al. (2006), other variables, such as sexual anxiety and using sex as a barometer of relationship status, may account for this effect and warrant further exploration.
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Debrot A, Schoebi D, Perrez M, Horn AB. Stroking your Beloved One's White Bear: Responsive Touch by the Romantic Partner Buffers the Negative Effect of Thought Suppression on Daily Mood. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2014.33.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Debrot A, Schoebi D, Perrez M, Horn AB. Touch as an interpersonal emotion regulation process in couples' daily lives: the mediating role of psychological intimacy. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:1373-85. [PMID: 23885034 DOI: 10.1177/0146167213497592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal touch seems to promote physical health through its effects on stress-sensitive parameters. However, less is known about the psychological effects of touch. The present study investigates associations between touch and romantic partners' affective state in daily life. We hypothesized that this association is established by promoting the recipient's experience of intimacy. Both partners of 102 dating couples completed an electronic diary 4 times a day during 1 week. Multilevel analyses revealed that touch was associated with enhanced affect in the partner. This association was mediated by the partner's psychological intimacy. Touch was also associated with intimacy and positive affect in the actor. Finally, participants who were touched more often during the diary study week reported better psychological well-being 6 months later. This study provides evidence that intimate partners benefit from touch on a psychological level, conveying a sense of strengthened bonds between them that enhances affect and well-being.
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Væver MS, Krogh MT, Smith-Nielsen J, Harder S, Køppe S. Measuring spatial proximity in mother–infant interaction: A kinematic approach for an examination of the effects of maternal postpartum depression. Infant Behav Dev 2013; 36:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ianiro PM, Schermuly CC, Kauffeld S. Why interpersonal dominance and affiliation matter: an interaction analysis of the coach-client relationship. COACHING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17521882.2012.740489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Reynaud M, Chahraoui K, Vinay A, Jebrane A, Bonin B, Gisselmann A, Larome A. Évolution des styles d’attachement romantique et interpersonnel au cours de l’hospitalisation chez des femmes adultes déprimées. Encephale 2012; 38:381-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Reynaud
- Laboratoire de psychopathologie et psychologie médicale, université de Bourgogne, pôle AAFE, esplanade Erasme, 2100 Dijon, France.
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Kane HS, McCall C, Collins NL, Blascovich J. Mere presence is not enough: Responsive support in a virtual world. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rothman NB. Steering sheep: How expressed emotional ambivalence elicits dominance in interdependent decision making contexts. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Self-reported romantic attachment style predicts everyday maternal caregiving behavior at home. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Haggerty G, Blake M, Siefert CJ. Convergent and divergent validity of the relationship profile test: investigating the relationship with attachment, interpersonal distress and psychological health. J Clin Psychol 2010; 66:339-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Alcohol-Influenced Nonverbal Behaviors During Discussions About a Relationship Problem. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-009-0069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walsh JJ, Balint MG, Smolira SJ DR, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dyche L. Interpersonal skill in medicine: the essential partner of verbal communication. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1035-9. [PMID: 17437144 PMCID: PMC2219735 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-007-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical educators have promoted skillful communication as a means for doctors to develop positive relationships with their patients. In practice, communication tends to be defined primarily as what doctors say, with less attention to how, when, and to whom they say it. These latter elements of communication, which often carry the emotional content of the discourse, are usually referred to as interpersonal skills. Although recognized as important by some educators, interpersonal skills have received much less attention than task-oriented, verbal aspects. Moreover, the field lacks a common language and conceptualization for discussing them. This paper offers a framework for describing interpersonal skills and understanding their relationship to verbal communication and describes an interpersonal skill-set comprised of Understanding, Empathy, and Relational Versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Dyche
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3544 Jerome Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Bugental DB. Interdisciplinary Insights on Nonverbal Responses within Attachment Relationships. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-005-4849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Attachment Insecurity as a Filter in the Decoding and Encoding of Nonverbal Behavior in Close Relationships. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-005-4848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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