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Fractal Kinetic Implementation in Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010304. [PMID: 36678932 PMCID: PMC9867137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartment modeling is a widely accepted technique in the field of pharmacokinetic analysis. However, conventional compartment modeling is performed under a homogeneity assumption that is not a naturally occurring condition. Since the assumption lacks physiological considerations, the respective modeling approach has been questioned, as novel drugs are increasingly characterized by physiological or physical features. Alternative approaches have focused on fractal kinetics, but evaluations of their application are lacking. Thus, in this study, a simulation was performed to identify desirable fractal-kinetics applications in conventional modeling. Visible changes in the profiles were then investigated. Five cases of finalized population models were collected for implementation. For model diagnosis, the objective function value (OFV), Akaike's information criterion (AIC), and corrected Akaike's information criterion (AICc) were used as performance metrics, and the goodness of fit (GOF), visual predictive check (VPC), and normalized prediction distribution error (NPDE) were used as visual diagnostics. In most cases, model performance was enhanced by the fractal rate, as shown in a simulation study. The necessary parameters of the fractal rate in the model varied and were successfully estimated between 0 and 1. GOF, VPC, and NPDE diagnostics show that models with the fractal rate described the data well and were robust. In the simulation study, the fractal absorption process was, therefore, chosen for testing. In the estimation study, the rate application yielded improved performance and good prediction-observation agreement in early sampling points, and did not cause a large shift in the original estimation results. Thus, the fractal rate yielded explainable parameters by setting only the heterogeneity exponent, which reflects true physiological behavior well. This approach can be expected to provide useful insights in pharmacological decision making.
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KOCABIYIK M, YAKIT ONGUN M. Discretization and Stability Analysis for a Generalized Type Nonlinear Pharmacokinetic Models. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.1027381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Estimating effects of drugs at different stages is directly proportional to the duration of recovery and duration of pulling through with the disease. For this reason, solving Pharmacokinetic models that investigate these effects is very important. In this study, numerical solutions of this type of one, two and three compartment nonlinear Pharmacokinetic models have been studied. Distributed order differential equations are used for the solution of the model. Numerical solutions have been found with the density function contained in distributed order differential equations and different values of this function. A Nonstandard finite difference scheme has been used for numerical solutions. Finally, stability analysis of equilibrium points of obtained discretized system has also been expressed with the help of the Schur-Cohn criteria.
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Miskovic-Stankovic V, Janev M, Atanackovic TM. Two compartmental fractional derivative model with general fractional derivative. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2022; 50:79-87. [PMID: 36478532 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-022-09834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a new two compartmental model with, recently defined General fractional derivative. We review that concept of General fractional derivative and use the kernel function that generalizes the classical Caputo derivative in a mathematically consistent way. Next we use this model to study the release of antibiotic gentamicin in poly (vinyl alcohol)/gentamicin(PVA/Gent) hydrogel aimed for wound dressing in medical treatment of deep chronical wounds. The PVA/Gent hydrogel was prepared by physical cross linking of poly (vinyl alcohol) dispersion using freezing-thawing method, and then was swollen in gentamicin solution at 37 °C during 48 h. The concentration of released gentamicin was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. The advantage of this model is the existence of new parameters in the definition of fractional derivative, as compared with classical fractional compartmental models. The model proposed here in the special case reduces to the classical (integer order) linear two compartmental model as well as classical fractional order two compartmental model since it has more parameters that are determined from the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University Union - Nikola Tesla, Cara Dusana 62-64, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Janev
- Mathematical Institute, Serbain Academy of Arts and Sciences, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11000, Belagrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodor M Atanackovic
- Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Branch in Novi Sad, Nikole Pasica 6, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Tailored Pharmacokinetic model to predict drug trapping in long-term anesthesia. J Adv Res 2021; 32:27-36. [PMID: 34484823 PMCID: PMC8139433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In long-term induced general anesthesia cases such as those uniquely defined by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic context, the clearance of hypnotic and analgesic drugs from the body follows anomalous diffusion with afferent drug trapping and escape rates in heterogeneous tissues. Evidence exists that drug molecules have a preference to accumulate in slow acting compartments such as muscle and fat mass volumes. Currently used patient dependent pharmacokinetic models do not take into account anomalous diffusion resulted from heterogeneous drug distribution in the body with time varying clearance rates. Objectives This paper proposes a mathematical framework for drug trapping estimation in PK models for estimating optimal drug infusion rates to maintain long-term anesthesia in Covid-19 patients. We also propose a protocol for measuring and calibrating PK models, along with a methodology to minimize blood sample collection. Methods We propose a framework enabling calibration of the models during the follow up of Covid-19 patients undergoing anesthesia during their treatment and recovery period in ICU. The proposed model can be easily updated with incoming information from clinical protocols on blood plasma drug concentration profiles. Already available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models can be then calibrated based on blood plasma concentration measurements. Results The proposed calibration methodology allow to minimize risk for potential over-dosing as clearance rates are updated based on direct measurements from the patient. Conclusions The proposed methodology will reduce the adverse effects related to over-dosing, which allow further increase of the success rate during the recovery period.
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Furati KM, Sarumi IO, Khaliq AQM. Fractional model for the spread of COVID-19 subject to government intervention and public perception. APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 2021; 95:89-105. [PMID: 33619419 PMCID: PMC7889013 DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people all across the world. As a result, there has been a collective effort to monitor, predict, and control the spread of this disease. Among this effort is the development of mathematical models that could capture accurately the available data and simulate closely the futuristic scenarios. In this paper, a fractional-order memory-dependent model for simulating the spread of COVID-19 is proposed. In this model, the impact of governmental interventions and public perception are incorporated as part of the nonlinear time-varying transmission rate. In addition, an algorithm for approximating the optimal values of the fractional order and strength of governmental interventions is provided. This approach makes our model suitable for capturing the given data set and consequently reliable for future predictions. The model simulation is performed using the two-step generalized exponential time-differencing method and tested for data from Mainland China, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Brazil. The simulation results demonstrate that the fractional order model calibrates to the data better than its integer order counterpart. This observation is further endorsed by the calculated error metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Furati
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - I O Sarumi
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Q M Khaliq
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132-0001, USA
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Rico-Ramirez V, Barrera-Martinez JC, Castrejon-Gonzalez EO, Lopez-Saucedo ES, Diwekar UM. Modeling, simulation and optimization of combined fractional-ordinary dynamic systems. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Comparison of the gamma-Pareto convolution with conventional methods of characterising metformin pharmacokinetics in dogs. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 47:19-45. [PMID: 31865474 PMCID: PMC7040082 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A model was developed for long term metformin tissue retention based upon temporally inclusive models of serum/plasma concentration (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ C $$\end{document}C) having power function tails called the gamma-Pareto type I convolution (GPC) model and was contrasted with biexponential (E2) and noncompartmental (NC) metformin models. GPC models of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ C $$\end{document}C. The GPC, E2 and NC models were applied to a total of 148 serum samples drawn from 20 min to 72 h following bolus intravenous metformin in seven healthy mongrel dogs. The GPC model was used to calculate area under the curve (AUC), clearance (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ CL $$\end{document}CL), and functions of time, f(t), for drug mass remaining (M), apparent volume of distribution (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ CL $$\end{document}CL-values that were 84.8% of total renal plasma flow (RPF) as estimated from meta-analysis. The GPC \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ CL $$\end{document}CL-values of 104.7% and 123.7% of RPF, respectively. The GPC plasma/serum only model predicted 78.9% drug \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$V_d$$\end{document}Vd that achieved limiting constant values. A simulated constant average drug mass multidosing protocol exhibited increased \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t_{1/2}$$\end{document}t1/2 with elapsing time, effects that have been observed experimentally during same-dose multidosing. The GPC heavy-tailed models explained multiple documented phenomena that were unexplained with lighter-tailed models.
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Sopasakis P, Sarimveis H, Macheras P, Dokoumetzidis A. Fractional calculus in pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 45:107-125. [PMID: 28975496 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are witnessing the birth of a new variety of pharmacokinetics where non-integer-order differential equations are employed to study the time course of drugs in the body: this is dubbed "fractional pharmacokinetics". The presence of fractional kinetics has important clinical implications such as the lack of a half-life, observed, for example with the drug amiodarone and the associated irregular accumulation patterns following constant and multiple-dose administration. Building models that accurately reflect this behaviour is essential for the design of less toxic and more effective drug administration protocols and devices. This article introduces the readers to the theory of fractional pharmacokinetics and the research challenges that arise. After a short introduction to the concepts of fractional calculus, and the main applications that have appeared in literature up to date, we address two important aspects. First, numerical methods that allow us to simulate fractional order systems accurately and second, optimal control methodologies that can be used to design dosing regimens to individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Sopasakis
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides Dokoumetzidis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Flores-Tlacuahuac A, Biegler LT. Optimization of Fractional Order Dynamic Chemical Processing Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Tlacuahuac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Carnegie-Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Lorenz T. Biegler
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Carnegie-Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
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10
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Hennion M, Hanert E. How to avoid unbounded drug accumulation with fractional pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 40:691-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Popović JK, Poša M, Popović KJ, Popović DJ, Milošević N, Tepavčević V. Individualization of a pharmacokinetic model by fractional and nonlinear fit improvement. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 38:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Petráš I, Magin RL. Simulation of Drug Uptake in a Two Compartmental Fractional Model for a Biological System. COMMUNICATIONS IN NONLINEAR SCIENCE & NUMERICAL SIMULATION 2011; 16:4588-4595. [PMID: 21822359 PMCID: PMC3150575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a very effective numerical method for the solution of the two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model for oral drug administration. This model consists of a set of two fractional order differential equations which connect the two compartments. The first compartment represents the gut while the second compartment corresponds to the drug concentration in the target tissue. For ease of computation, the numerical solution is also created as a Matlab function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Petráš
- Technical University of Košice, Faculty of BERG, Košice, B. Němcovej 3, Slovakia,
| | - Richard L. Magin
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Bioengineering, 851 S. Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA,
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13
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A nonlinear two compartmental fractional derivative model. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:189-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Fractional kinetics in multi-compartmental systems. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010; 37:507-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kytariolos J, Dokoumetzidis A, Macheras P. Power law IVIVC: An application of fractional kinetics for drug release and absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fractional dynamics pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamic models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010; 37:257-76. [PMID: 20455076 PMCID: PMC2889283 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While an increasing number of fractional order integrals and differential equations applications have been reported in the physics, signal processing, engineering and bioengineering literatures, little attention has been paid to this class of models in the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) literature. One of the reasons is computational: while the analytical solution of fractional differential equations is available in special cases, it this turns out that even the simplest PKPD models that can be constructed using fractional calculus do not allow an analytical solution. In this paper, we first introduce new families of PKPD models incorporating fractional order integrals and differential equations, and, second, exemplify and investigate their qualitative behavior. The families represent extensions of frequently used PK link and PD direct and indirect action models, using the tools of fractional calculus. In addition the PD models can be a function of a variable, the active drug, which can smoothly transition from concentration to exposure, to hyper-exposure, according to a fractional integral transformation. To investigate the behavior of the models we propose, we implement numerical algorithms for fractional integration and for the numerical solution of a system of fractional differential equations. For simplicity, in our investigation we concentrate on the pharmacodynamic side of the models, assuming standard (integer order) pharmacokinetics.
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Verotta D. Fractional compartmental models and multi-term Mittag-Leffler response functions. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010; 37:209-15; discussion 217-20. [PMID: 20405313 PMCID: PMC2861176 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Systems of fractional differential equations (SFDE) have been increasingly used to represent physical and control system, and have been recently proposed for use in pharmacokinetics (PK) by (J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 36:165–178, 2009) and (J Phamacokinet Pharmacodyn, 2010). We contribute to the development of a theory for the use of SFDE in PK by, first, further clarifying the nature of systems of FDE, and in particular point out the distinction and properties of commensurate versus non-commensurate ones. The second purpose is to show that for both types of systems, relatively simple response functions can be derived which satisfy the requirements to represent single-input/single-output PK experiments. The response functions are composed of sums of single- (for commensurate) or two-parameters (for non-commensurate) Mittag–Leffler functions, and establish a direct correspondence with the familiar sums of exponentials used in PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Verotta
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, Box 0912, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Remarks on the mass balance for multi-compartmental models; a nonlinear compartmental model. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A commentary on fractionalization of multi-compartmental models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010; 37:203-7; discussion 217-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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