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Sepp A, Muliaditan M. Application of quantitative protein mass spectrometric data in the early predictive analysis of membrane-bound target engagement by monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2324485. [PMID: 38700511 PMCID: PMC10936618 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2324485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery advocates the use of mathematical modeling and simulation for improved efficacy in drug discovery. In the case of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell membrane antigens, this requires quantitative insight into the target tissue concentration levels. Protein mass spectrometry data are often available but the values are expressed in relative, rather than in molar concentration units that are easier to incorporate into pharmacokinetic models. Here, we present an empirical correlation that converts the parts per million (ppm) concentrations in the PaxDb database to their molar equivalents that are more suitable for pharmacokinetic modeling. We evaluate the insight afforded to target tissue distribution by analyzing the likely tumor-targeting accuracy of mAbs recognizing either epidermal growth factor receptor or its homolog HER2. Surprisingly, the predicted tissue concentrations of both these targets exceed the Kd values of their respective therapeutic mAbs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling indicates that in these conditions only about 0.05% of the dosed mAb is likely to reach the solid tumor target cells. The rest of the dose is eliminated in healthy tissues via both nonspecific and target-mediated processes. The presented approach allows evaluation of the interplay between the target expression level in different tissues that determines the overall pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and the fraction that reaches the cells of interest. This methodology can help to evaluate the efficacy and safety properties of novel drugs, especially if the off-target cell degradation has cytotoxic outcomes, as in the case of antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sepp
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Ltd, Sheffield, UK
| | - Morris Muliaditan
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Chaphekar N, Caritis S, Venkataramanan R. Model-Informed Dose Optimization in Pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 60 Suppl 1:S63-S76. [PMID: 33205432 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with several physiological changes that can alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of drugs. These may require dosing changes in pregnant women to achieve drug exposures comparable to the nonpregnant population. There is, however, limited information available on the PK and pharmacodynamics of drugs used during pregnancy. Practical difficulties in performing PK studies and potential liability issues are often the reasons for the availability of limited information. Over the past several years, there has been a rapid development in the application of various modeling strategies such as population PK and physiologically based PK modeling to provide guidance on drug dosing in this special patient population. Population PK models rely on measured PK data, whereas physiologically based PK models integrate physiological, preclinical, and clinical data to quantify changes in PK of drugs in various patient populations. These modeling strategies offer a promising approach to identify the drugs with PK changes during pregnancy and guide dose adjustment in pregnant women. This review focuses on PBPK modeling to guide drug therpay in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Chaphekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Brown LV, Gaffney EA, Ager A, Wagg J, Coles MC. Quantifying the limits of CAR T-cell delivery in mice and men. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20201013. [PMID: 33653113 PMCID: PMC8086861 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T cells have demonstrated clinical success for the treatment of multiple lymphomas and leukaemias, but not for various solid tumours, despite promising data from murine models. Lower effective CAR T-cell delivery rates to human solid tumours compared to haematological malignancies in humans and solid tumours in mice might partially explain these divergent outcomes. We used anatomical and physiological data for human and rodent circulatory systems to calculate the typical perfusion of healthy and tumour tissues, and estimated the upper limits of immune cell delivery rates across different organs, tumour types and species. Estimated maximum delivery rates were up to 10 000-fold greater in mice than humans yet reported CAR T-cell doses are typically only 10-100-fold lower in mice, suggesting that the effective delivery rates of CAR T cells into tumours in clinical trials are far lower than in corresponding mouse models. Estimated delivery rates were found to be consistent with published positron emission tomography data. Results suggest that higher effective human doses may be needed to drive efficacy comparable to mouse solid tumour models, and that lower doses should be tested in mice. We posit that quantitation of species and organ-specific delivery and homing of engineered T cells will be key to unlocking their potential for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam V. Brown
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Ager
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan Wagg
- EPFL Innovation Park, AC Immune SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Sepp A, Bergström M, Davies M. Cross-species/cross-modality physiologically based pharmacokinetics for biologics: 89Zr-labelled albumin-binding domain antibody GSK3128349 in humans. MAbs 2020; 12:1832861. [PMID: 33073698 PMCID: PMC7577242 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1832861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) for biologics describes the tissue distribution and elimination kinetics of soluble proteins as a function of their hydrodynamic radius and the physiological properties of the organs. Whilst many studies have been performed in rodents to parameterize the PBPK framework in terms of organ-specific lymph flow rates, similar validation in humans has been limited. This is mainly due to the paucity of the tissue distribution time course data for biologics that is not distorted by target-related binding. Here, we demonstrate that a PBPK model based on rodent data provided good to satisfactory extrapolation to the tissue distribution time course of 89Zr-labeled albumin-binding domain antibody (AlbudAb™) GSK3128349 in healthy human volunteers, including correct prediction of albumin-like plasma half-life, volume of distribution, and extravasation half-life. The AlbudAb™ used only binds albumin, and hence it also provides information about the tissue distribution kinetics and turnover of that ubiquitous and multifunctional plasma protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sepp
- IVIVT Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline Plc , Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Marie Davies
- Research CPEM, GlaxoSmithKline Plc , Stevenage, UK
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5
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Computer-assembled cross-species/cross-modalities two-pore physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for biologics in mice and rats. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:339-359. [PMID: 31079322 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can be expected to describe the tissue distribution and elimination kinetics of soluble proteins, endogenous or dosed, as function of their size. In this work, we amalgamated our previous two-pore PBPK model for an inert domain antibody (dAb) in mice with the cross-species platform PBPK model for monoclonal antibodies described in literature into a unified two-pore platform that describes protein modalities of different sizes and includes neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediated recycling. This unified PBPK model was parametrized for organ-specific lymph flow rates and the endosomal recycling rate constant using an extended tissue distribution time-course dataset that included an inert dAb, albumin and IgG in rats and mice. The model was evaluated by comparing the ab initio predictions for the tissue distribution and elimination properties of albumin-binding dAbs (AlbudAbsTM) in mice and rats with the experimental observations. Due to the large number of molecular species and reactions involved in large-scale PBPK models, we have also developed and deployed a MatlabTM script for automating the assembly of SimBiologyTM-based two-pore biologics PBPK models which drastically cuts the time and effort required for model building.
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6
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Edhlund I, Lee C. A Petri Net Approach to Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:978-987. [PMID: 30756430 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling enables researchers to predict internal tissue concentrations for various species exposed to exogenous compounds through different routes at varying concentrations without having to run in vivo experiments for each scenario. Parameters for the models may be gathered from in vivo or in vitro measurements, cross-species or cross-chemical extrapolations, literature reviews, or other models. The PBTK models, described using ordinary differential equations (ODEs), are then simulated using these parameters for a given compound/exposure/species scenario. Although they are potentially useful for regulatory toxicology, the complexity of ODE programming and simulation remains a barrier for many would-be researchers. Petri nets, a graphical modeling framework, offers a more intuitive approach to PBTK modeling. To demonstrate their utility and ease of use, we present a model of waterborne fluoranthene exposure to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) written and simulated in Snoopy, a graphical Petri net development and simulation software package. We converted an existing ODE PBTK model and evaluated the Petri net model against the ODE model results. The simulated tissue concentrations of the Petri net model closely mirrored the simulated concentrations of the ODE model. To convert the ODE model to a Petri net model, we introduced a new parameter, blood volume (V BLOOD ). Sensitivity analysis found V BLOOD to be very robust when varied over an order of magnitude. The resulting Petri net PBTK model has a number of advantages over ODE models, while maintaining equivalent predictive functionality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1-10. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Edhlund
- Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy Lee
- Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Mandikian D, Figueroa I, Oldendorp A, Rafidi H, Ulufatu S, Schweiger MG, Couch JA, Dybdal N, Joseph SB, Prabhu S, Ferl GZ, Boswell CA. Tissue Physiology of Cynomolgus Monkeys: Cross-Species Comparison and Implications for Translational Pharmacology. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:107. [PMID: 30298434 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously performed a comparative assessment of tissue-level vascular physiological parameters in mice and rats, two of the most commonly utilized species in translational drug development. The present work extends this effort to non-human primates by measuring tissue- and organ-level vascular volumes (Vv), interstitial volumes (Vi), and blood flow rates (Q) in cynomolgus monkeys. These measurements were accomplished by red blood cell labeling, extracellular marker infusion, and rubidium chloride bolus distribution, respectively, the same methods used in previous rodent measurements. In addition, whole-body blood volumes (BV) were determined across species. The results demonstrate that Vv, Vi, and Q, measured using our methods scale approximately by body weight across mouse, rat, and monkey in the tissues considered here, where allometric analysis allowed extrapolation to human parameters. Significant differences were observed between the values determined in this study and those reported in the literature, including Vv in muscle, brain, and skin and Q in muscle, adipose, heart, thymus, and spleen. The impact of these differences for selected tissues was evaluated via sensitivity analysis using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The blood-brain barrier in monkeys was shown to be more impervious to an infused radioactive tracer, indium-111-pentetate, than in mice or rats. The body weight-normalized total BV measured in monkey agreed well with previously measured value in rats but was lower than that in mice. These findings have important implications for the common practice of scaling physiological parameters from rodents to primates in translational pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Amy Oldendorp
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle G Schweiger
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Noel Dybdal
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 463a, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 463a, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
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Wang YI, Carmona C, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Multiorgan Microphysiological Systems for Drug Development: Strategies, Advances, and Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:10.1002/adhm.201701000. [PMID: 29205920 PMCID: PMC5805562 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cell culture and animal models utilized for preclinical drug screening have led to high attrition rates of drug candidates in clinical trials due to their low predictive power for human response. Alternative models using human cells to build in vitro biomimetics of the human body with physiologically relevant organ-organ interactions hold great potential to act as "human surrogates" and provide more accurate prediction of drug effects in humans. This review is a comprehensive investigation into the development of tissue-engineered human cell-based microscale multiorgan models, or multiorgan microphysiological systems for drug testing. The evolution from traditional models to macro- and microscale multiorgan systems is discussed in regards to the rationale for recent global efforts in multiorgan microphysiological systems. Current advances in integrating cell culture and on-chip analytical technologies, as well as proof-of-concept applications for these multiorgan microsystems are discussed. Major challenges for the field, such as reproducibility and physiological relevance, are discussed with comparisons of the strengths and weaknesses of various systems to solve these challenges. Conclusions focus on the current development stage of multiorgan microphysiological systems and new trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlos Carmona
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Hesperos, Inc., 3259 Progress Dr, Room 158, Orlando, FL 32826
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Hartmanshenn C, Scherholz M, Androulakis IP. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: approaches for enabling personalized medicine. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2016; 43:481-504. [PMID: 27647273 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-016-9492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine strives to deliver the 'right drug at the right dose' by considering inter-person variability, one of the causes for therapeutic failure in specialized populations of patients. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a key tool in the advancement of personalized medicine to evaluate complex clinical scenarios, making use of physiological information as well as physicochemical data to simulate various physiological states to predict the distribution of pharmacokinetic responses. The increased dependency on PBPK models to address regulatory questions is aligned with the ability of PBPK models to minimize ethical and technical difficulties associated with pharmacokinetic and toxicology experiments for special patient populations. Subpopulation modeling can be achieved through an iterative and integrative approach using an adopt, adapt, develop, assess, amend, and deliver methodology. PBPK modeling has two valuable applications in personalized medicine: (1) determining the importance of certain subpopulations within a distribution of pharmacokinetic responses for a given drug formulation and (2) establishing the formulation design space needed to attain a targeted drug plasma concentration profile. This review article focuses on model development for physiological differences associated with sex (male vs. female), age (pediatric vs. young adults vs. elderly), disease state (healthy vs. unhealthy), and temporal variation (influence of biological rhythms), connecting them to drug product formulation development within the quality by design framework. Although PBPK modeling has come a long way, there is still a lengthy road before it can be fully accepted by pharmacologists, clinicians, and the broader industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Megerle Scherholz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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10
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Wang YI, Abaci HE, Shuler ML. Microfluidic blood-brain barrier model provides in vivo-like barrier properties for drug permeability screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:184-194. [PMID: 27399645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutics across the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a formidable challenge for central nervous system drug development. High-fidelity in vitro models of the BBB could facilitate effective early screening of drug candidates targeting the brain. In this study, we developed a microfluidic BBB model that is capable of mimicking in vivo BBB characteristics for a prolonged period and allows for reliable in vitro drug permeability studies under recirculating perfusion. We derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and cocultured them with rat primary astrocytes on the two sides of a porous membrane on a pumpless microfluidic platform for up to 10 days. The microfluidic system was designed based on the blood residence time in human brain tissues, allowing for medium recirculation at physiologically relevant perfusion rates with no pumps or external tubing, meanwhile minimizing wall shear stress to test whether shear stress is required for in vivo-like barrier properties in a microfluidic BBB model. This BBB-on-a-chip model achieved significant barrier integrity as evident by continuous tight junction formation and in vivo-like values of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The TEER levels peaked above 4000 Ω · cm2 on day 3 on chip and were sustained above 2000 Ω · cm2 up to 10 days, which are the highest sustained TEER values reported in a microfluidic model. We evaluated the capacity of our microfluidic BBB model to be used for drug permeability studies using large molecules (FITC-dextrans) and model drugs (caffeine, cimetidine, and doxorubicin). Our analyses demonstrated that the permeability coefficients measured using our model were comparable to in vivo values. Our BBB-on-a-chip model closely mimics physiological BBB barrier functions and will be a valuable tool for screening of drug candidates. The residence time-based design of a microfluidic platform will enable integration with other organ modules to simulate multi-organ interactions on drug response. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 184-194. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 381 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853-7202
| | - Hasan Erbil Abaci
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 381 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853-7202
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 381 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853-7202
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11
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Theoretical approach to local infusion of antibiotics for infected pancreatic necrosis. Pancreatology 2016; 16:719-25. [PMID: 27267056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.05.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Infected pancreatic necrosis is a major complications of acute pancreatitis. If drainage is required, local administration of antibiotics through transmural nasocystic or percutaneous catheter may allow increasing local antibiotic concentrations. Drug diffusion becomes the main factor influencing local drug tissue penetration. The present study aims at providing the rationale for the design of new research protocols evaluating the efficacy of local antibiotics for infected pancreatic necrosis. METHODS A review of microbiological data was performed for the most common organisms causing the infection, antibiotics spectrum and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A search of the physico-chemical properties of antibiotics was performed to calculate the diffusion coefficients. An estimation of the antibiotic concentrations in pancreatic tissue was obtained using a mathematical model. Efficacy factors (EF) were calculated and the stability of the antibiotic solutions were evaluated to optimize the dosing regimen. RESULTS Piperacillin, vancomycin and metronidazole achieve high concentrations in the surrounding tissue very fast. Imipenem, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, linezolid and cloxacillin achieve intermediate concentration values. Tigecycline, showed the lowest concentration values (<2 mg/L). Calculated EF is highest for piperacillin and imipenem short after administration and near to surface diffusion area (0.5 cm), but EF of imipenem is higher at deeper areas and longer time after administration. CONCLUSIONS Considering obtained results, some solutions are proposed using saline as diluent and 25 °C of temperature during administration. Imipenem has the best theoretical results in empiric local treatment. Linezolid and tigecycline solutions are not recommended.
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12
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Offman E, Phipps C, Edginton AN. Population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model incorporating lymphatic uptake for a subcutaneously administered pegylated peptide. In Silico Pharmacol 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26932471 PMCID: PMC4773320 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-016-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models provide a rational mechanistic approach for predicting the time course of macromolecules in plasma. Population PBPK models for large molecules necessitate incorporation of lymphatic circulation to mechanistically account for biodistribution. Moreover, characterization of subcutaneous absorption requires consideration of the microvascular transit from the injection site to the systemic circulation. A PBPK model for a pegylated peptide conjugate, previously developed for primates, was modified to describe the lymphatic uptake in a population of humans by incorporation of interindividual variability in the lymphatic circulation and a unique lymphatic drainage compartment (LDC). The model was then used to simulate the time course of the drug in a population of humans and compared to the same drug administered to a group of human subjects participating in a first-in-human study. METHODS Organ, blood and lymph masses for the population were sampled from either normal or log-normal distributions. Blood flows were calculated for each organ based on mean organ perfusion per gram of organ tissue and lymphatic flow was set as a fixed fraction of blood flow. Interindividual variability in lymphatic volume was assumed to be similar to that of blood volume. The volume of the LDC was parameterzed as a fraction of the injection volume. Sensitivity analysis was performed to study uncertain parameters and distribution assumptions. RESULTS The population generator was capable of simulating a virtual population incorporating the lymphatic circulation. Incorporation of a LDC resulted in similar line shape relative to the observed data and incorporation of anthropometric variability accounted for individual differences in the absorption and elimination phases across all dose cohorts. Line shape was sensitive to the inclusion of LDC while peak and elimination portions of the time course were influenced by the magnitude of variance assumed for blood volume and renal clearance, respectively. CONCLUSION Lymphatic circulation can be incorporated into a population PBPK model assuming similar interindividual variability as observed for blood volume. Incorporation of an LDC, where the volume of this transit compartment is proportional to the SC injection volume may be an important mechanistic means of predicting the transit from the SC depot to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Offman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrea N Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Offman E, Edginton AN. A PBPK workflow for first-in-human dose selection of a subcutaneously administered pegylated peptide. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:135-50. [PMID: 25650156 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the pharmacokinetic (PK) time course of a subcutaneously (SC) administered novel therapeutic protein using in silico approaches offers an opportunity to streamline the drug development process by facilitating selection of starting and target doses in initial human trials. Herein, we propose a workflow for predicting the human exposure time course following SC administration. Leveraging knowledge obtained following both intravenous and SC administration in monkeys, this workflow employs the development of a whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating vascular circulation, lymphatic uptake and both renal and non-specific clearance mechanisms to predict the PK of a novel pegylated peptide. Optimization of the model was initially performed in monkeys, after which the model was scaled up to human proportion. Inclusion of a SC depot compartment allowed for precise simulation of the SC time course in monkeys. Simulated human exposure after SC administration was within approximately 20 % of the observed values and successfully predicted the time course of two subsequent dosing levels. This workflow represents one of the first publications of a PBPK workflow to predict the time course of a SC administered therapeutic protein based off of a single, non-human primate species and shows promise in facilitating the dose selection in first-in-human dose escalation studies for novel protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Offman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada,
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Quignot N. Modeling bioavailability to organs protected by biological barriers. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:8. [PMID: 25505653 PMCID: PMC4230447 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling gives access to drug concentration vs. time profiles in target organs and allows better interpretation of clinical observations of therapeutic or toxic effects. Physiologically-based PK (PBPK) models in particular, based on mechanistic descriptions of the body anatomy and physiology, may also help to extrapolate in vitro or animal data to human. Once in the systemic circulation, a chemical has access to the microvasculature of every organ or tissue. However, its penetration in the brain, retina, thymus, spinal cord, testis, placenta,… may be limited or even fully prevented by dynamic physiological blood-tissue barriers. Those barriers are both physical (involving tight junctions between adjacent cells) and biochemical (involving metabolizing enzymes and transporters). On those cases, correct mechanistic characterization of the passage (or not) of molecules through the barrier can be crucial for improved PBPK modeling and prediction. In parallel, attempts to understand and quantitatively characterize the processes involved in drug penetration of physiological barriers have led to the development of several in vitro experimental models. Data from such assays are very useful to calibrate PBPK models. We review here those in vitro and computational models, highlighting the challenges and perspectives for in vitro and computational models to better assess drug availability to target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Quignot
- Bioengineering Department, Chair of Mathematical Modeling for Systems Toxicology, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Royallieu Research Center, Compiègne, 60200 France ; LA-SER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de la Catalogne, Paris, 75014 France
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Chaudhury S, Abdulhameed MDM, Singh N, Tawa GJ, D’haeseleer PM, Zemla AT, Navid A, Zhou CE, Franklin MC, Cheung J, Rudolph MJ, Love J, Graf JF, Rozak DA, Dankmeyer JL, Amemiya K, Daefler S, Wallqvist A. Rapid countermeasure discovery against Francisella tularensis based on a metabolic network reconstruction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63369. [PMID: 23704901 PMCID: PMC3660459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the future, we may be faced with the need to provide treatment for an emergent biological threat against which existing vaccines and drugs have limited efficacy or availability. To prepare for this eventuality, our objective was to use a metabolic network-based approach to rapidly identify potential drug targets and prospectively screen and validate novel small-molecule antimicrobials. Our target organism was the fully virulent Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis Schu S4 strain, a highly infectious intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of tularemia and is classified as a category A biological agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We proceeded with a staggered computational and experimental workflow that used a strain-specific metabolic network model, homology modeling and X-ray crystallography of protein targets, and ligand- and structure-based drug design. Selected compounds were subsequently filtered based on physiological-based pharmacokinetic modeling, and we selected a final set of 40 compounds for experimental validation of antimicrobial activity. We began screening these compounds in whole bacterial cell-based assays in biosafety level 3 facilities in the 20th week of the study and completed the screens within 12 weeks. Six compounds showed significant growth inhibition of F. tularensis, and we determined their respective minimum inhibitory concentrations and mammalian cell cytotoxicities. The most promising compound had a low molecular weight, was non-toxic, and abolished bacterial growth at 13 µM, with putative activity against pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, encoded by gene coaD. The novel antimicrobial compounds identified in this study serve as starting points for lead optimization, animal testing, and drug development against tularemia. Our integrated in silico/in vitro approach had an overall 15% success rate in terms of active versus tested compounds over an elapsed time period of 32 weeks, from pathogen strain identification to selection and validation of novel antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Diwan M. Abdulhameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Narender Singh
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tawa
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrik M. D’haeseleer
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Adam T. Zemla
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Ali Navid
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Carol E. Zhou
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Franklin
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Rudolph
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Love
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John F. Graf
- Computational Biology and Biostatistics Laboratory, Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, GE Global Research, General Electric Company, Niskayuna, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Rozak
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon Daefler
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Utturkar A, Paul B, Akkiraju H, Bonor J, Dhurjati P, Nohe A. Development of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK) of BMP2 in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 25485286 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6577.1000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic protein 2 holds great promise for potential applications in the clinic. It is a potent growth factor for the use in the cervical spine surgery (FDA approved 2002) and has been marketed as "Infuse" for treating open tibial shaft fractures (FDA approved 2004). However, its use is limited by several significant side effects that maybe due to its potency and effect on different stem cell populations in the spine. BMP2 is expressed throughout the human body in several tissues and at a very high concentration in the blood. BMP receptors, especially BMP receptor type Ia, is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. Currently, it is difficult to determine how BMP2 is physiologically distributed in mice or humans and no quantitative models are available. A Physiologically-Based Pharmaco-Kinetic (PBPK) model has been developed to determine steady-state distribution of BMP2 in mice. The multi-compartmental PBPK model represents relevant organ/tissues with physiological accuracy. The organs/tissue compartments chosen were brain, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, uterus, bone and fat. A blood compartment maintained connectivity among the various organs. Four processes characterized the change in the concentration of the protein in every compartment: blood flow in, blood flow out, protein turnover and receptor binding in the organ. The unique aspects of the model are the determination of elimination using receptor kinetics and generation using protein turnover. The model also predicts steady state concentrations of BMP2 in tissues in mice and may be used for possible scale-up of dosage regimens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Utturkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Bikram Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Bonor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Prasad Dhurjati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
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