1
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Bernardes CP, Lopes Pinheiro E, Ferreira IG, de Oliveira IS, dos Santos NAG, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, dos Santos AC. Fraction of C. d. collilineatus venom containing crotapotin protects PC12 cells against MPP + toxicity by activating the NGF-signaling pathway. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230056. [PMID: 38915449 PMCID: PMC11194915 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. There is no effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Snake venoms are a cocktail of proteins and peptides with great therapeutic potential and might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Crotapotin is the acid chain of crotoxin, the major component of Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. PD is characterized by low levels of neurotrophins, and synaptic and axonal degeneration; therefore, neurotrophic compounds might delay the progression of PD. The neurotrophic potential of crotapotin has not been studied yet. Methods We evaluated the neurotrophic potential of crotapotin in untreated PC12 cells, by assessing the induction of neurite outgrowth. The activation of the NGF signaling pathway was investigated through pharmacological inhibition of its main modulators. Additionally, its neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects were evaluated by assessing neurite outgrowth and cell viability in PC12 cells treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), known to induce Parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Results Crotapotin induced neuritogenesis in PC12 cells through the NGF-signaling pathway, more specifically, by activating the NGF-selective receptor trkA, and the PI3K/Akt and the MAPK/ERK cascades, which are involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. In addition, crotapotin had no cytotoxic effect and protected PC12 cells against the inhibitory effects of MPP+ on cell viability and differentiation. Conclusion These findings show, for the first time, that crotapotin has neurotrophic/neuroprotective/neurorestorative potential and might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the toxicity of crotapotin in other cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Petri Bernardes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Isabela Gobbo Ferreira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Neife Aparecida Guinaim dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Antonio Cardozo dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Salvador GHM, Fernandes CAH, Borges RJ, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural studies with crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom suggest a heterodimeric assembly formed by two new isoforms. Biochimie 2024; 218:46-56. [PMID: 37659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In accidents involving Crotalus snakes, the crotoxin complex (CTX) plays lethal action due to its neurotoxic activity. On the other hand, CTX have potential biotechnological application due to its anti-tumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic and immunomodulatory properties. CTX is a heterodimer composed of Crotoxin A (CA or crotapotin), the acidic nontoxic and non-enzymatic component and; Crotoxin B (CB), a basic, toxic and catalytic PLA2. Currently, there are two classes of CTX isoforms, whose differences in their biological activities have been attributed to features presented in CB isoforms. Here, we present the crystal structure of CB isolated from the Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. It amino acid sequence was assigned using the SEQUENCE SLIDER software, which revealed that the crystal structure is a heterodimer composed of two new CB isoforms (colCB-A and colCB-B). Bioinformatic and biophysical analyses showed that the toxin forms a tetrameric assembly in solution similar to CB from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, despite some differences observed at the dimeric interface. By the previously proposed classification, the colCB-B presents features of the class I isoforms while colCB-A cannot be classified into classes I and II based on its amino acid sequence. Due to similar features observed for other CB isoforms found in the NCBI database and the results obtained for colCB-A, we suggest that there are more than two classes of CTX and CB isoforms in crotalic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; UMR 7590, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rafael J Borges
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Centro de Química Medicina (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Inst Nac. de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Rede de Pesquisa e Conhecimento de Excelência na Amazônia Ocidental (RED-CONEXAO), Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Biological and Medical Aspects Related to South American Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Linnaeus, 1758): A View from Colombia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120875. [PMID: 36548772 PMCID: PMC9784998 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Colombia, South America, there is a subspecies of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus, C. d. cumanensis, a snake of the Viperidae family, whose presence has been reduced due to the destruction of its habitat. It is an enigmatic snake from the group of pit vipers, venomous, with large articulated front fangs, special designs on its body, and a characteristic rattle on its tail. Unlike in Brazil, the occurrence of human envenomation by C. durisus in Colombia is very rare and contributes to less than 1% of envenomation caused by snakes. Its venom is a complex cocktail of proteins with different biological effects, which evolved with the purpose of paralyzing the prey, killing it, and starting its digestive process, as well as having defense functions. When its venom is injected into humans as the result of a bite, the victim presents with both local tissue damage and with systemic involvement, including a diverse degree of neurotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic, and coagulopathic effects, among others. Its biological effects are being studied for use in human health, including the possible development of analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-infection, and antineoplastic drugs. Several groups of researchers in Brazil are very active in their contributions in this regard. In this work, a review is made of the most relevant biological and medical aspects related to the South American rattlesnake and of what may be of importance for a better understanding of the snake C. d. cumanensis, present in Colombia and Venezuela.
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da Silva-Júnior LN, Abreu LDS, Rodrigues CFB, Galizio NDC, Aguiar WDS, Serino-Silva C, Dos Santos VS, Costa IA, Oliveira LVF, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Rodrigues LNDS, de Morais-Zani K. Geographic variation of individual venom profile of Crotalus durissus snakes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200016. [PMID: 32922444 PMCID: PMC7449379 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: South American rattlesnakes are represented in Brazil by a single species,
Crotalus durissus, which has public health importance
due to the severity of its envenomation and to its wide geographical
distribution. The species is subdivided into several subspecies, but the
current classification is controversial. In Brazil, the venoms of C.
d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus are used
for hyperimmunization of horses for antivenom production, even though the
distinction of these two subspecies are mostly by their geographical
distribution. In this context, we described a comparative compositional and
functional characterization of individual C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus venoms from
three Brazilian states. Methods: We compared the compositional patterns of C. d. terrificus
and C. d. collilineatus individual venoms by 1-DE and
RP-HPLC. For functional analyzes, the enzymatic activities of
PLA2, LAAO, and coagulant activity were evaluated. Finally,
the immunorecognition of venom toxins by the crotalic antivenom produced at
Butantan Institute was evaluated using Western blotting. Results: The protein profile of individual venoms from C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus showed a
comparable overall composition, despite some intraspecific variation,
especially regarding crotamine and LAAO. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed
a geographic pattern concerning PLA2. In addition, a remarkable
intraspecific variation was also observed in PLA2, LAAO and
coagulant activities. The immunorecognition pattern of individual venoms
from C. d. collilineatus and C. d.
terrificus by crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute
was similar. Conclusions: The results highlighted the individual variability among the venoms of
C. durissus ssp. specimens. Importantly, our data point
to a geographical variation of C. durissus ssp. venom
profile, regardless of the subspecies, as evidenced by PLA2
isoforms complexity, which may explain the increase in venom neurotoxicity
from Northeastern through Southern Brazil reported for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Norberto da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdomiro Souza Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Isabella Alves Costa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Luis Vicente Franco Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Comparison of biological and biochemical characteristics of venom from rattlesnakes in the southern Baja California Peninsula. Toxicon 2018; 148:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies (VHHs) against Crotoxin: A Basis for Developing Modular Building Blocks for the Enhancement of Treatment or Diagnosis of Crotalic Envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040142. [PMID: 29596324 PMCID: PMC5923308 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic effects triggered by crotalic envenoming are mainly related to crotoxin (CTX), composed of a phospholipase A2 (CB) and a subunit with no toxic activity (CA). Camelids produce immunoglobulins G devoid of light chains, in which the antigen recognition domain is called VHH. Given their unique characteristics, VHHs were selected using Phage Display against CTX from Crotalus durissus terrificus. After three rounds of biopanning, four sequence profiles for CB (KF498602, KF498603, KF498604, and KF498605) and one for CA (KF498606) were revealed. All clones presented the VHH hallmark in FR2 and a long CDR3, with the exception of KF498606. After expressing pET22b-VHHs in E. coli, approximately 2 to 6 mg of protein per liter of culture were obtained. When tested for cross-reactivity, VHHs presented specificity for the Crotalus genus and were capable of recognizing CB through Western blot. KF498602 and KF498604 showed thermostability, and displayed affinity constants for CTX in the micro or nanomolar range. They inhibited in vitro CTX PLA2 activity, and CB cytotoxicity. Furthermore, KF498604 inhibited the CTX-induced myotoxicity in mice by 78.8%. Molecular docking revealed that KF498604 interacts with the CA–CB interface of CTX, seeming to block substrate access. Selected VHHs may be alternatives for the crotalic envenoming treatment.
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7
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Neuromuscular effect of venoms from adults and juveniles of Crotalus durissus cumanensis (Humboldt, 1811) from Guajira, Colombia. Toxicon 2017; 139:41-44. [PMID: 28978413 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A toxinological study was performed to compare the neuromuscular effect of venom from adult and juvenile specimens from Crotalus durissus cumanensis from Guajira, Colombia. Both venoms exhibited neurotoxic activity in chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. In addition, venom from juveniles was faster than adults to produce a neuromuscular blockade. In the contrary to the venom from juvenile's, at high doses, adult's venom affected the ACh and KCl contractures, indicating a myotoxic effect.
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8
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Faure G, Porowinska D, Saul F. Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotoxin-Related Proteins: Structure and Function Relationship. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Fusco LS, Rodríguez JP, Torres-Huaco F, Huancahuire-Vega S, Teibler P, Acosta O, Marangoni S, Ponce-Soto LA, Leiva LC. P9a(Cdt-PLA2) from Crotalus durissus terrificus as good immunogen to be employed in the production of crotalic anti-PLA2 IgG. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Biochemical characterization and pharmacological properties of new basic PLA2 BrTX-I isolated from Bothrops roedingeri (Roedinger's Lancehead) Mertens, 1942, snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:591470. [PMID: 23509747 PMCID: PMC3591238 DOI: 10.1155/2013/591470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BrTX-I, a PLA2, was purified from Bothrops roedingeri venom after only one chromatographic step using reverse-phase HPLC on μ-Bondapak C-18 column. A molecular mass of 14358.69 Da was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids as well as 14 half-cysteine residues. The total amino acid sequence was obtained using SwissProt database and showed high amino acid sequence identity with other PLA2 from snake venom. The amino acid composition showed that BrTX-I has a high content of Lys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and 14 half-Cys residues, typical of a basic PLA2. BrTX-I presented PLA2 activity and showed a minimum sigmoidal behavior, reaching its maximal activity at pH 8.0, 35-45°C, and required Ca(2+). In vitro, the whole venom and BrTX-I caused a neuromuscular blockade in biventer cervicis preparations in a similar way to other Bothrops species. BrTX-I induced myonecrosis and oedema-forming activity analyzed through injection of the purified BrTX-I in mice. Since BrTX-I exerts a strong proinflammatory effect, the enzymatic phospholipid hydrolysis might be relevant for these phenomena; incrementing levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF α were observed at 15 min, 30 min, one, two, and six hours postinjection, respectively.
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11
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Valeriano-Zapana JA, Segovia-Cruz FS, Rojas-Hualpa JM, Martins-de-Souza D, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Functional and structural characterization of a new serine protease with thrombin-like activity TLBan from Bothrops andianus (Andean Lancehead) snake venom. Toxicon 2012; 59:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Purification and inflammatory edema induced by two PLA2 (Anch TX-I and Anch TX-II) from sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Actiniaria: Sagartiidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Fagundes FHR, Oliveira M, Huancahuire-Vega S, Romero-Vargas FF, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. cDNA and deduced primary structure of basic phospholipase A2 with neurotoxic activity from the venom secretion of the Crotalus durissus collilineatus rattlesnake. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:262-70. [PMID: 20401434 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the construction of precursor complementary DNAs, we isolated mRNAs from whole venom samples. After reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we amplified the cDNA coding for a neurotoxic protein, phospholipase A2 D49 (PLA2 D49), from the venom of Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Cdc PLA2). The cDNA encoding Cdc PLA2 from whole venom was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA has high overall sequence identity with the group II PLA2 protein family. Cdc PLA2 has 14 cysteine residues capable of forming seven disulfide bonds that characterize this group of PLA2 enzymes. Cdc PLA2 was isolated using conventional Sephadex G75 column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular mass was estimated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. We tested the neuromuscular blocking activities on chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of Cdc PLA2 showed the existence of two lines of N6-PLA2, denominated F24 and S24. Apparently, the sequences of the New World's N6-F24-PLA2 are similar to those of the agkistrodotoxin from the Asian genus Gloydius. The sequences of N6-S24-PLA2 are similar to the sequence of trimucrotoxin from the genus Protobothrops, found in the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H R Fagundes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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14
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Sampaio SC, Hyslop S, Fontes MR, Prado-Franceschi J, Zambelli VO, Magro AJ, Brigatte P, Gutierrez VP, Cury Y. Crotoxin: Novel activities for a classic β-neurotoxin. Toxicon 2010; 55:1045-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Romero-Vargas FF, Ponce-Soto LA, Martins-de-Souza D, Marangoni S. Biological and biochemical characterization of two new PLA2 isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 from Crotalus durissus cumanensis snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:66-74. [PMID: 19747981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the purification, biological characterization and amino acid sequence of two new basic PLA(2) isoforms, Cdc-9 and Cdc-10, purified from the Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom by one step analytical chromatography reverse phase HPLC. The molecular masses of the PLA(2) were 14,175+/-2.7 Da for Cdc-9 and 14,228+/-3.5 Da for Cdc-10 both deduced by primary structure and confirmed by MALDI-TOF. The isoforms presented an amino acid sequence of 122 amino acid residues, being Cdc-9: SLVQFNKMIK FETRKSGLPF YAAYGCYCGW GGQRPKDATD RCCFVHDCCY GKVAKCNTKW DIYSYSLKSG YITCGKGTWC KEQICECDRV AAECLRRSLS TYKNEYMFYP DSRCREPPEY TC with pI value of 8.25 and Cdc-10: SLLQFNKMIK FETRKSGVPF YAAYGCYCGW GGRRPKDPTD RCCFVHDCCY GKLTKCNTKW DIYSYSLKSG YITCGKGTWC KEQICECDRV AAECLRRSLN TYKNEYMFYP DSRCRGPPEY TC with a pI value of 8.46, showing highly conserved Ca(2+)-binding and catalytic sites. The PLA(2) activity decreased when the isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 were incubated with 4-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), anhydrous acetic acid and p-nitrobenzene sulfonyl fluoride (NBSF) when compared with the activity of both native isoforms. In mice, the PLA(2) isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 induced myonecrosis and edema. Myotoxic and edema activities were reduced after treatment of the isoforms with p-BPB; acetylation of the lysine residues and the treatment of PLA(2) with NBSF have also induced edema reduction. However, p-BPB strongly diminishes the local and systemic myotoxic effects.
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16
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Martins-de-Souza D, Marangoni S. Structural and functional characterization of brazilitoxins II and III (BbTX-II and -III), two myotoxins from the venom of Bothrops brazili snake. Toxicon 2009; 54:818-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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17
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Pereañez JA, Núñez V, Huancahuire-Vega S, Marangoni S, Ponce-Soto LA. Biochemical and biological characterization of a PLA2 from crotoxin complex of Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Toxicon 2009; 53:534-42. [PMID: 19673100 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new PLA2 (Cdcum6) from crotoxin complex of Colombian Crotalus durissus cumanensis rattlesnake was purified using molecular exclusion chromatography and RP-HPLC. The molecular mass of Cdcum6 was determined by SDS-PAGE approximately 14 KDa and confirmed by MALDI-TOF (14321.98 Da). The enzyme showed Km 6.0 mM, Vmax 3.44 nmol/min, optimum pH was 8.0 and temperature was between 30 and 45 degrees C, and it had a strict requirement of Ca2+ for its activity. The N-terminal sequence of PLA2 was SLVQF EKMIK EVAGK NGVPWY. Comparison of amino acid sequence data with other PLA2 from South American Crotalus durissus rattlesnakes showed that Cdcum6 shares the highest sequence identity with Cdr13 an isoform PLA2 from Crotalus durissus ruruima, nevertheless, Cdcum6 showed high content of basic and hydrophobic amino acids. In mice, Cdcum6 presented higher LD50 than crotoxin complex from C d. cumanensis. Additionally, Cdcum6 induced a conspicuous local myotoxic effect and moderate footpad edema; in vitro, it was antigoagulant in doses as low as 0.5 microg/l ml, and it was not cytotoxic on myoblast but Cdcum6 was able to lyse myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Street 62 No. 52-59, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
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Biological and biochemical characterization of new basic phospholipase A2 BmTX-I isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:1509-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Assis EB, Estevão-Costa MI, Carmo Valentim A, Silva-Neto A, Agostini Cotta G, Alvarenga Mudado M, Richardson M, Fortes-Dias CL. Purification and Complete Primary Structure of the First PLA2 from Lachesis stenophrys (the Central American Bushmaster) Snake Venom. Protein J 2008; 27:327-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-008-9141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gutiérrez JM, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S, Lomonte B. Systemic and local myotoxicity induced by snake venom group II phospholipases A2: Comparison between crotoxin, crotoxin B and a Lys49 PLA2 homologue. Toxicon 2008; 51:80-92. [PMID: 17915277 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of myotoxicity induced in mice by crotoxin, crotoxin B and a Lys49 phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) homologue were compared. Lys49 PLA(2)-induced local myotoxicity is reflected by creatine kinase (CK) loss in injected gastrocnemius muscle, and by a profile of CK increase in plasma characterized by a rapid increment and drop after intramuscular injection, and by a lack of CK increase in plasma after intravenous injection. In contrast, crotoxin and crotoxin B, which induce local and systemic myotoxicity, provoked a more prolonged increment in plasma CK activity upon intramuscular injection, and induced increments in plasma CK after intravenous injection. The three toxins promoted a similar extent of local myotoxicity, assessed by the loss of CK in injected gastrocnemius. A method for the quantitative assessment of the ability of toxins to induce systemic myotoxicity is proposed, based on the estimation of the ratio between the area under the curve in the plasma CK activity (total myotoxicity) to the loss of CK in injected gastrocnemius (local myotoxicity). The highest ratio corresponded to crotoxin, and the lowest corresponded to Lys49 PLA(2), the former being a systemic myotoxin and the latter a local myotoxin. Neutralization by antivenoms also differed between the toxins: a drastic reduction in plasma CK, with very poor neutralization of local CK loss, was achieved in the case of crotoxin B when antivenom was injected intravenously, whereas no neutralization was achieved in the case of Lys49 PLA(2). When tested in undifferentiated myoblasts in culture, Lys49 PLA(2) induced cytotoxicity, whereas crotoxin and crotoxin B did not, evidencing that the latter are devoid of widespread cytolytic activity. Molecular modeling analysis showed that Lys49 PLA(2) has a conspicuous cationic face, which is likely to interact with diverse membranes. In contrast, crotoxin B, despite its overall basic pI, has a lower density of positively charged residues at this molecular region. It is suggested that Lys49 PLA(2)s homologues interact, through this cationic face, with many different cell types, thus lacking specificity for muscle cells. In contrast, crotoxin B has a more selective interaction with targets in the muscle cell membrane. This selectivity might be the basis for the ability of crotoxin and crotoxin B to induce systemic myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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