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Liu JJ, Wang ZY, Jiang BB, Gao SQ, Lin YW. Protective effect of thymoquinone on glycation of human myoglobin induced by d-ribose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127016. [PMID: 37741485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation and the subsequent accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in proteins are factors underlying long-term pathogenesis in diabetes. The study of protein glycation is crucial for elucidating their relationship with diabetes mellitus and related disorders. This study explores the interaction between d-ribose and human myoglobin (HMb), as well as the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on glycation. A time-dependent in-vitro glycation study was performed to investigate the mechanism of d-ribose-induced structural interference of HMb in the absence and presence of TQ. Spectroscopic and proteomic analysis indicated that the presence of TQ significantly reduced the total amount of AGEs while maintaining structural characteristics of HMb. 14 glycated sites on HMb were further identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after incubation with d-ribose for 12 h, predominantly interacting with lysine residues. TQ was found to disrupt this interaction, reducing the glycated sites from 14 to 12 sites and the percentage of glycated peptides from 26.50 % to 12.97 %. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the degree of glycation at the same sites. In summary, our findings suggest that TQ has the potential to act as an anti-glycation agent and provide a comprehensive understanding underlying the inhibition mechanism of glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
| | - Zhan-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bin-Bin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Gostomska-Pampuch K, Wiśniewski JR, Sowiński K, Gruszecki WI, Gamian A, Staniszewska M. Analysis of the Site-Specific Myoglobin Modifications in the Melibiose-Derived Novel Advanced Glycation End-Product. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13036. [PMID: 36361822 PMCID: PMC9655033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
MAGE (melibiose-derived advanced glycation end-product) is the glycation product generated in the reaction of a model protein with melibiose. The in vivo analog accumulates in several tissues; however, its origin still needs explanation. In vitro MAGE is efficiently generated under dry conditions in contrast to the reaction carried in an aqueous solvent. Using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, we analyzed the physicochemical properties and structures of myoglobin glycated with melibiose under different conditions. The targeted peptide analysis identified structurally different AGEs, including crosslinking and non-crosslinking modifications associated with lysine, arginine, and histidine residues. Glycation in a dry state was more efficient in the formation of structures containing an intact melibiose moiety (21.9%) compared to glycation under aqueous conditions (15.6%). The difference was reflected in characteristic fluorescence that results from protein structural changes and impact on a heme group of the model myoglobin protein. Finally, our results suggest that the formation of in vitro MAGE adduct is initiated by coupling melibiose to a model myoglobin protein. It is confirmed by the identification of intact melibiose moieties. The intermediate glycation product can further rearrange towards more advanced structures, including cross-links. This process can contribute to a pool of AGEs accumulating locally in vivo and affecting tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gostomska-Pampuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek R. Wiśniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karol Sowiński
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Staniszewska
- Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Proteomic Analysis of Methylglyoxal Modifications Reveals Susceptibility of Glycolytic Enzymes to Dicarbonyl Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073689. [PMID: 35409048 PMCID: PMC8998448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a highly reactive cellular metabolite that glycates lysine and arginine residues to form post-translational modifications known as advanced glycation end products. Because of their low abundance and low stoichiometry, few studies have reported their occurrence and site-specific locations in proteins. Proteomic analysis of WIL2-NS B lymphoblastoid cells in the absence and presence of exogenous MGO was conducted to investigate the extent of MGO modifications. We found over 500 MGO modified proteins, revealing an over-representation of these modifications on many glycolytic enzymes, as well as ribosomal and spliceosome proteins. Moreover, MGO modifications were observed on the active site residues of glycolytic enzymes that could alter their activity. We similarly observed modification of glycolytic enzymes across several epithelial cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes, with modification of fructose bisphosphate aldolase being observed in all samples. These results indicate that glycolytic proteins could be particularly prone to the formation of MGO adducts.
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Banerjee S. Biophysical and mass spectrometry based characterization of methylglyoxal-modified myoglobin: Role of advanced glycation end products in inducing protein structural alterations. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2165-2172. [PMID: 34774865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive α-dicarbonyl compound which reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MG-induced AGE (MAGE) formation is particularly significant in diabetic condition. In the current study, we have undertaken a time-dependant characterization of MG-modified myoglobin following incubation of the heme protein with the α-dicarbonyl compound for different time periods. Interestingly, mass spectrometric studies indicated modifications at two specific lysine residues, Lys-87 and Lys-133. The AGE adducts identified at Lys-87 were carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, while those detected at Lys-133 included pyrraline-carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, respectively. Far-UV CD studies revealed a decrease in the native α-helical content of the heme protein gradually with increasing time of MG incubation. In addition, MG modification was found to induce changes in tertiary structure as well as surface hydrophobicity of the heme protein. MG-derived AGE adducts thus appear to alter the structure of Mb considerably. Considering the increased level of MG in diabetic condition, the current study appears physiologically relevant in terms of understanding AGE-mediated protein modification and subsequent structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Banerjee S. Long-term incubation of myoglobin with glyoxal induces amyloid like aggregation of the heme protein: Implications of advanced glycation end products in protein conformational disorders. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Lin YW. Structure and function of heme proteins regulated by diverse post-translational modifications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 641:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ghelani H, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Pragada RR, Nammi S. Attenuation of Glucose-Induced Myoglobin Glycation and the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) by (R)-α-Lipoic Acid In Vitro. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8010009. [PMID: 29419812 PMCID: PMC5871978 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-carbohydrate containing diets have become a precursor to glucose-mediated protein glycation which has been linked to an increase in diabetic and cardiovascular complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of (R)-α-lipoic acid (ALA) against glucose-induced myoglobin glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Methods: The effect of ALA on myoglobin glycation was determined via the formation of AGEs fluorescence intensity, iron released from the heme moiety of myoglobin and the level of fructosamine. The extent of glycation-induced myoglobin oxidation was measured via the levels of protein carbonyl and thiol. Results: The results showed that the co-incubation of ALA (1, 2 and 4 mM) with myoglobin (1 mg/mL) and glucose (1 M) significantly decreased the levels of fructosamine, which is directly associated with the decrease in the formation of AGEs. Furthermore, ALA significantly reduced the release of free iron from myoglobin which is attributed to the protection of myoglobin from glucose-induced glycation. The results also demonstrated a significant protective effect of ALA on myoglobin from oxidative damage, as seen from the decreased protein carbonyls and increased protein thiols. Conclusion: The anti-glycation properties of ALA suggest that ALA supplementation may be beneficial in the prevention of AGEs-mediated diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Ghelani
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Srinivas Nammi
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Ghelani H, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Pragada RR, Nammi S. (R)-α-Lipoic acid inhibits fructose-induced myoglobin fructation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29334926 PMCID: PMC5769525 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Fructose-mediated protein glycation (fructation) has been linked to an increase in diabetic and cardiovascular complications due to over consumption of high-fructose containing diets in recent times. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of (R)-α-lipoic acid (ALA) against fructose-induced myoglobin fructation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Methods The anti-glycation activity of ALA was determined using the formation of AGEs fluorescence intensity, iron released from the heme moiety of myoglobin and the level of fructosamine. The fructation-induced myoglobin oxidation was examined using the level of protein carbonyl content and thiol group estimation. Results The results showed that co-incubation of myoglobin (1 mg/mL), fructose (1 M) and ALA (1, 2 and 4 mM) significantly inhibited the formation of AGEs during the 30 day study period. ALA markedly decreased the levels of fructosamine, which is directly associated with the reduction of AGEs formation. Furthermore, ALA significantly reduced free iron release from myoglobin which is attributed to the protection of myoglobin from fructose-induced glycation. The results also demonstrated a significant protective effect of ALA on myoglobin oxidative damages, as seen from decreased protein carbonyl content and increased protein thiols. Conclusion These findings provide new insights into the anti-glycation properties of ALA and emphasize that ALA supplementation is beneficial in the prevention of AGEs-mediated diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
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Banerjee S. Glyoxal-induced modification enhances stability of hemoglobin and lowers iron-mediated oxidation reactions of the heme protein: An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:494-501. [PMID: 28888546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal, a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition. It reacts with different proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. Considering the significance of AGE-mediated protein modification by glyoxal, here we have investigated the in vitro effect of the reactive α-oxoaldehyde (10, 20μM) on the heme protein hemoglobin (HbA0) (100μM) after incubation for one week at 25°C. In comparison with HbA0, glyoxal-treated HbA0 exhibited decreased absorbance around 280nm, reduced intrinsic fluorescence and lower surface hydrophobicity. Glyoxal treatment was found to increase the stability of HbA0 without significant perturbation of the secondary structure of the heme protein. In addition, H2O2-mediated iron release and subsequent iron-mediated oxidative (Fenton) reactions were found to be lower in presence of glyoxal-treated HbA0 compared to HbA0. Mass spectrometric studies revealed modification of arginine residues of HbA0 (Arg-31α, Arg-40β) to hydroimidazolone adducts. AGE-induced modifications thus appear to be associated with the observed changes of the heme protein. Considering the increased level of glyoxal in diabetes mellitus as well as its high reactivity, glyoxal-derived AGE adducts might thus be associated with modifications of the protein including physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Bhattacherjee A, Dhara K, Chakraborti AS. Bimolecular interaction of argpyrimidine (a Maillard reaction product) in in vitro non-enzymatic protein glycation model and its potential role as an antiglycating agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:1274-1285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Formation of Pentosidine Cross-Linking in Myoglobin by Glyoxal: Detection of Fluorescent Advanced Glycation End Product. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1213-1219. [PMID: 28299531 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal, a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition and reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. Considering the significance of protein modification by glyoxal-derived AGEs, we investigated the in vitro effect of glyoxal (200 μM) on the monomeric heme protein myoglobin (Mb) (100 μM) after incubation for one week at 25 °C. Glyoxal-treated Mb exhibited increased absorbance around the Soret region, decreased α-helicity and thermal stability compared to control Mb. Intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of the treated Mb showed an additional signal in the 400-500 nm region on excitation at 280 nm that was absent in control Mb. When excited at 335 nm, the glyoxal-treated sample gave a strong fluorescence indicating AGE formation. Mass spectrometric studies revealed formation of glyoxal-derived fluorescent AGE adduct pentosidine between Lys-145 and Arg-139 residues of Mb. Other than pentosidine, additional AGE adducts, namely, carboxymethyllysine at Lys-133, hydroimidazolone at Arg-31 and pyrrolidone-carboxymethyllysine at Lys-145 were also detected. Lys-145 was thus found to contain two different types of AGE adducts, indicating the heterogeneous nature of in vitro glycation reaction. AGE-induced protein modifications might be associated with complications in disease conditions.
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Methylglyoxal modification enhances the stability of hemoglobin and lowers its iron-mediated oxidation reactions: An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Banerjee S. Methyglyoxal administration induces modification of hemoglobin in experimental rats: An in vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Banerjee S, Chakraborti AS. Glyoxal administration induces formation of high molecular weight aggregates of hemoglobin exhibiting amyloidal nature in experimental rats: An in vivo study. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:805-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Banerjee S, Maity S, Chakraborti AS. Methylglyoxal-induced modification causes aggregation of myoglobin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 155:1-10. [PMID: 26554310 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by Maillard reaction, known as glycation, is thought to be the root cause of different complications, particularly in diabetes mellitus and age-related disorders. Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition and reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. We have investigated the in vitro effect of MG (200μM) on the monomeric heme protein myoglobin (Mb) (100μM) in a time-dependent manner (7 to 18days incubation at 25°C). MG induces significant structural alterations of the heme protein, including heme loss, changes in tryptophan fluorescence, decrease of α-helicity with increased β-sheet content etc. These changes occur gradually with increased period of incubation. Incubation of Mb with MG for 7days results in formation of the AGE adducts: carboxyethyllysine at Lys-16, carboxymethyllysine at Lys-87 and carboxyethyllysine or pyrraline-carboxymethyllysine at Lys-133. On increasing the period of incubation up to 14days, additional AGEs namely, carboxyethyllysine at Lys-42 and hydroimidazolone or argpyrimidine at Arg-31 and Arg-139 have been detected. MG also induces aggregation of Mb, which is clearly evident with longer period of incubation (18days), and appears to have amyloid nature. MG-derived AGEs may thus have an important role as the precursors of protein aggregation, which, in turn, may be associated with physiological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Subhajit Maity
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Abhay Sankar Chakraborti
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Structural alterations of hemoglobin and myoglobin by glyoxal: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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