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Bisht V, Ghosh T, Kumar P, Sharma R, Chamoli S, Patodia H, Mohanty AK, Navani NK. Mitigation of acrylamide in fried food systems using a combination of zein-pectin hydrocolloid complex and a food-grade l-asparaginase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133745. [PMID: 38986991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Acrylamide, a Maillard reaction product, formed in fried food poses a serious concern to food safety due to its neurotoxic and carcinogenic nature. A "Green Approach" using L-Asparaginase enzyme from GRAS-status bacteria synergized with hydrocolloid protective coating could be effective in inhibiting acrylamide formation. To fill this void, the present study reports a new variant of type-II L-asparaginase (AsnLb) from Levilactobacillus brevis NKN55, a food-grade bacterium isolated using a unique metabolite profiling approach. The recombinant AsnLb enzyme was characterized to study acrylamide inhibition ability and showed excellent specificity towards L-asparagine (157.2 U/mg) with Km, Vmax of 0.833 mM, 4.12 mM/min respectively. Pretreatment of potato slices with AsnLb (60 IU/mL) followed by zein-pectin nanocomplex led to >70% reduction of acrylamide formation suggesting synergistic effect of this dual component system. The developed strategy can be employed as a sustainable treatment method by food industries for alleviating acrylamide formation and associated health hazard in fried foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Bisht
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
| | - Tamoghna Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rekha Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Shivangi Chamoli
- Department of Life sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Harsh Patodia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle (ICAR-CIRC), Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar Navani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
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Sundaram SS, Kannan A, Chintaluri PG, Sreekala AGV, Nathan VK. Thermostable bacterial L-asparaginase for polyacrylamide inhibition and in silico mutational analysis. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00493-y. [PMID: 38519776 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The L-asparaginase (ASPN) enzyme has received recognition in various applications including acrylamide degradation in the food industry. The synthesis and application of thermostable ASPN enzymes is required for its use in the food sector, where thermostable enzymes can withstand high temperatures. To achieve this goal, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the hot springs of Tapovan for screening the production of thermostable ASPN enzyme. Thus, ASPN with a maximal specific enzymatic activity of 0.896 U/mg and a molecular weight of 66 kDa was produced from the isolated bacteria. The kinetic study of the enzyme yielded a Km value of 1.579 mM and a Vmax of 5.009 µM/min with thermostability up to 100 min at 75 °C. This may have had a positive indication for employing the enzyme to stop polyacrylamide from being produced. The current study has also been extended to investigate the interaction of native and mutated ASPN enzymes with acrylamide. This concluded that the M10 (with 10 mutations) has the highest protein and thermal stability compared to the wild-type ASPN protein sequence. Therefore, in comparison to a normal ASPN and all other mutant ASPNs, M10 is the most favorable mutation. This research has also demonstrated the usage of ASPN in food industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aravind Kannan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pratham Gour Chintaluri
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tsegaye K, Tsehai BA, Getie B. Desirable L-asparaginases for treating cancer and current research trends. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1269282. [PMID: 38591038 PMCID: PMC11001194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1269282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid depletion therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. It exploits the differences in the metabolic processes between healthy and cancerous cells. Certain microbial enzymes induce cancer cell apoptosis by removing essential amino acids. L-asparaginase is an enzyme approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzymes currently employed in clinics come from two different sources: Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Nevertheless, the search for improved enzymes and other sources continues because of several factors, including immunogenicity, in vivo instability, and protease degradation. Before determining whether L-asparaginase is clinically useful, research should consider the Michaelis constant, turnover number, and maximal velocity. The identification of L-asparaginase from microbial sources has been the subject of various studies. The primary goals of this review are to explore the most current approaches used in the search for therapeutically useful L-asparaginases and to establish whether these investigations identified the crucial characteristics of L-asparaginases before declaring their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindu Tsegaye
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Birhan Getie
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Arredondo-Nuñez A, Monteiro G, Flores-Fernández CN, Antenucci L, Permi P, Zavaleta AI. Characterization of a Type II L-Asparaginase from the Halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2145. [PMID: 38004285 PMCID: PMC10672034 DOI: 10.3390/life13112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases from bacterial sources have been used in antineoplastic treatments and the food industry. A type II L-asparaginase encoded by the N-truncated gene ansZP21 of halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11 isolated from Chilca salterns in Peru was expressed using a heterologous system in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS. The recombinant protein was purified using one-step nickel affinity chromatography and exhibited an activity of 234.38 U mg-1 and a maximum catalytic activity at pH 9.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme showed a homotetrameric form with an estimated molecular weight of 155 kDa through gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme half-life at 60 °C was 3 h 48 min, and L-asparaginase retained 50% of its initial activity for 24 h at 37 °C. The activity was considerably enhanced by KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, mercaptoethanol, and DL-dithiothreitol (p-value < 0.01). Moreover, the Vmax and Km were 145.2 µmol mL-1 min-1 and 4.75 mM, respectively. These findings evidence a promising novel type II L-asparaginase for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annsy Arredondo-Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Carol N. Flores-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
| | - Lina Antenucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (L.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amparo Iris Zavaleta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
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Molecular Characterization of a Stable and Robust L-Asparaginase from Pseudomonas sp. PCH199: Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Acrylamide Mitigation Potential. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an important industrial enzyme widely used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and to reduce acrylamide formation in food products. In the current study, a stable and robust L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas sp. PCH199, with a high affinity for L-asparagine, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Recombinant L-asparaginase (Pg-ASNase II) was purified with a monomer size of 37.0 kDa and a native size of 148.0 kDa. During characterization, Pg-ASNase II exhibited 75.8 ± 3.84 U/mg specific activities in 50.0 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) at 50 °C. However, it retained 80 and 70% enzyme activity at 37 °C and 50 °C after 60 min, respectively. The half-life and kd values were 625.15 min and 1.10 × 10−3 min−1 at 37 °C. The kinetic constant Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km values were 0.57 mM, 71.42 U/mg, 43.34 s−1, and 77.90 ± 9.81 s−1 mM−1 for L-asparagine, respectively. In addition, the enzyme has shown stability in the presence of most metal ions and protein-modifying agents. Pg-ASNase II was cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 cell line (breast cancer) with an estimated IC50 value of 0.169 U/mL in 24 h. Further, Pg-ASNase II treatment led to a 70% acrylamide reduction in baked foods. These findings suggest the potential of Pg-ASNase II in therapeutics and the food industry.
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Chi H, Xia B, Shen J, Zhu X, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhu P. Characterization of a novel and glutaminase-free type II L-asparaginase from Corynebacterium glutamicum and its acrylamide alleviation efficiency in potato chips. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1384-1393. [PMID: 36130640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type II L-asparaginase as a pivotal enzyme agent has been applied to treating for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and efficient mitigation of acrylamide formed in fried and baked foods. However, low activity, narrow range of pH stability, as well as undesirable glutaminase activity hinder the applications of this enzyme. In our work, A novel type II L-asparaginase (CgASNase) from Corynebacterium glutamicum with molecular mass of about 35 kDa was chosen to express in E. coli. CgASNase shared only 27 % structural identity with the reported L-asparaginase from Helicobacter pylori. The purified CgASNase showed the highest specific activity of 1979.08 IU mg-1 to L-asparagine, compared with reported type II ASNases in the literature. CgASNase displayed superior stability at a wide pH range from 5.0 to 11.0, and retained about 76 % of its activity at 30 °C for 30 min. The kinetic parameters Km (Michaelis constant), kcat (turnover number), and kcat/Km (catalytic efficiency) values of 4.66 mM, 79,697.40 min-1, and 17,102.45 mM-1 min-1, respectively. More importantly, CgASNase exhibited strict substrate specificity towards L-asparagine, no detectable activity to l-glutamine. To explore its ability to catalyze L-asparagine, CgASNase was supplied in frying potato chips, which produced the fries with 84 % less acrylamide content compared with no supply. These findings suggest that CgASNase presents excellent properties for chemotherapy against diseases and great potential in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Chi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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In silico and biochemical analysis on a newly isolated Trichoderma asperellum l-asparaginase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Heterologous expression and molecular modelling of L-asparaginase from Bacillus subtilis ETMC-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:28-37. [PMID: 34610352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-asparaginase is the key therapeutic enzyme in cancer therapy and is also witnessing demand as a food processing aid. In this study, L-asparaginase of newly isolated Bacillus subtilis ETMC-2 was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli as an active soluble protein using ligation independent cloning strategy. The molecular mass was estimated to be 40 kDa and was optimally active at 50 °C. Zymography revealed that the enzyme was active in homo-tetramer state (~160 KDa). The encoded protein after BLASTp analysis on NCBI showed 99.73% similarity with L-ASNase that of Bacillus sp. Physico-chemical properties were predicted using Protparam leading to categorization of the enzyme as a stable protein with an instability index (II) of 19.02. The calculated aliphatic index (85.44) indicated the high thermal stability of the protein with GRAVY value of -0.317. Protein-Ligand docking revealed that the residues Thr89, Thr121, and Asp122 were fundamental in protein-ligand complexation. After homology modelling, model validation was performed using Ramachandran plot, VERIFY3D, and RMSD. The paper describes cloning, heterologous expression, catalytic characteristics and physico-chemical properties of the type II B. subtilis L-ASNase.
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Chi H, Chen M, Jiao L, Lu Z, Bie X, Zhao H, Lu F. Characterization of a Novel L-Asparaginase from Mycobacterium gordonae with Acrylamide Mitigation Potential. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112819. [PMID: 34829099 PMCID: PMC8617759 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) is a well-known agent that prevents the formation of acrylamide both in the food industry and against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in clinical settings. The disadvantages of L-asparaginase, which restrict its industrial application, include its narrow range of pH stability and low thermostability. In this study, a novel L-asparaginase from Mycobacterium gordonae (GmASNase) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). GmASNase was found to be a tetramer with a monomeric size of 32 kDa, sharing only 32% structural identity with Helicobacter pylori L-asparaginases in the Protein Data Bank database. The purified GmASNase had the highest specific activity of 486.65 IU mg−1 at pH 9.0 and 50 °C. In addition, GmASNase possessed superior properties in terms of stability at a wide pH range of 5.0–11.0 and activity at temperatures below 40 °C. Moreover, GmASNase displayed high substrate specificity towards L-asparagine with Km, kcat, and kcat/Km values of 6.025 mM, 11,864.71 min−1 and 1969.25 mM−1min−1, respectively. To evaluate its ability to mitigate acrylamide, GmASNase was used to treat potato chips prior to frying, where the acrylamide content decreased by 65.09% compared with the untreated control. These results suggest that GmASNase is a potential candidate for applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengxia Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0086-25-84395963
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Jia R, Wan X, Geng X, Xue D, Xie Z, Chen C. Microbial L-asparaginase for Application in Acrylamide Mitigation from Food: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081659. [PMID: 34442737 PMCID: PMC8400838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, which has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microbes have advantages for L-asparaginase production, and there are several commercially available forms of L-asparaginase, all of which are derived from microbes. Generally, L-asparaginase has an optimum pH range of 5.0-9.0 and an optimum temperature of between 30 and 60 °C. However, the optimum temperature of L-asparaginase from hyperthermophilic archaea is considerable higher (between 85 and 100 °C). The native properties of the enzymes can be enhanced by using immobilization techniques. The stability and recyclability of immobilized enzymes makes them more suitable for food applications. This current work describes the classification, catalytic mechanism, production, purification, and immobilization of microbial L-asparaginase, focusing on its application as an effective reducer of acrylamide in fried potato products, bakery products, and coffee. This highlights the prospects of cost-effective L-asparaginase, thermostable L-asparaginase, and immobilized L-asparaginase as good candidates for food application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Jia
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wan
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xu Geng
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Deming Xue
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
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