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Shettar SS, Bagewadi ZK, Yunus Khan T, Mohamed Shamsudeen S, Kolvekar HN. Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104009. [PMID: 38766505 PMCID: PMC11101740 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This pioneering research explores the transformative potential of recombinant subtilisin, emphasizing its strategic immobilization and nanoparticle synthesis to elevate both stability and therapeutic efficacy. Achieving an impressive 95.25 % immobilization yield with 3 % alginate composed of sodium along with 0.2 M CaCl2 indicates heightened pH levels and thermal resistance, with optimal action around pH 10 as well as 80 °C temperature. Notably, the Ca-alginate-immobilized subtilisin exhibits exceptional storage longevity and recyclability, affirming its practical viability. Comprehensive analyses of the recombinant subtilisin under diverse conditions underscore its adaptability, reflected in kinetic enhancements with increased Vmax (10.7 ± 15 × 103 U/mg) and decreased Km (0.19 ± 0.3 mM) values post-immobilization using N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA. UV-visible spectroscopy confirms the successful capping of nanoparticles made of Ag and ZnO by recombinant subtilisin, imparting profound antibacterial efficacy against diverse organisms and compelling antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity was detected against the MCF-7 breast cancer line of cells, exhibiting IC50 concentrations at 8.87 as well as 14.52 µg/mL of AgNP as well as ZnONP, correspondingly, indicating promising anticancer potential. Rigorous characterization, including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and AFM robustly validate the properties of the capped nanoparticles. Beyond therapeutic implications, the investigation explores industrial applications, revealing the versatility of recombinant subtilisin in dehairing, blood clot dissolution, biosurfactant activity, and blood stain removal. In summary, this research unfolds the exceptional promise of recombinant subtilisin and its nanoparticles, presenting compelling opportunities for diverse therapeutic applications in medicine. These findings contribute substantively to biotechnology and healthcare and stimulate avenues for further innovation and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S. Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Zabin K. Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - T.M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harsh N. Kolvekar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
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Shettar SS, Bagewadi ZK, Yaraguppi DA, Das S, Mahanta N, Singh SP, Katti A, Saikia D. Gene expression and molecular characterization of recombinant subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis with antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125960. [PMID: 37517759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the multifunctional attributes such as, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer potential of recombinant subtilisin. A codon-optimized subtilisin gene was synthesized from Bacillus subtilis and was successfully transformed into E. coli DH5α cells which was further induced for high level expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). An affinity purified ~40 kDa recombinant subtilisin was obtained that revealed to be highly alkali-thermostable based on the thermodynamic parameters. The kinetic parameters were deduced that indicated higher affinity of N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA substrate towards subtilisin. Recombinant subtilisin demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against several pathogens and showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.06 μg/mL against B. licheniformis and also revealed high stability under the influence of several biochemical factors. It also displayed antioxidant potential in a dose dependent manner and exhibited cell cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cancerous cell lines with IC50 of 5 μM and 12 μM respectively. The identity of recombinant subtilisin was established by MALDI-TOF mass spectrum depicting desired mass peaks and N-terminal sequence as MRSK by MALDI-TOF-MS. The deduced N- terminal amino acid sequence by Edman degradation revealed high sequence similarity with subtilisins from Bacillus strains. The structural and functional analysis of recombinant antibacterial subtilisin was elucidated by Raman, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results contribute to the development of highly efficient subtilisin with enhanced catalytic properties making it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications in healthcare industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Zabin K Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India.
| | - Deepak A Yaraguppi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Simita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Aditi Katti
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Dimple Saikia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
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Pyrogallol downregulates the expression of virulence-associated proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii and showing anti-infection activity by improving non-specific immune response in zebrafish model. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:853-869. [PMID: 36526063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii, a virulent uropathogen with widespread antibiotic resistance, has arisen as a critical scientific challenge, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic agents. This is the first study reveal the proteomic changes in A. baumannii upon pyrogallol treatment for understanding the mechanisms using nano-LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics and qPCR analysis. The obtained results found that pyrogallol treatment dramatically downregulated the expression level of several key proteins such as GroEL, DnaK, ClpB, SodB, KatE, Bap, CsuA/B, PgaA, PgaC, BfmR, OmpA, and SecA in A. baumannii, which are involved in chaperone-mediated oxidative stress responses, antioxidant defence system, biofilm formation, virulence enzyme production, bacterial adhesion, capsule formation, and antibiotic resistance. Accordingly, the pyrogallol dramatically enhanced the lifespan of A. baumannii-infected zebrafish by inhibiting bacterial colonization, demonstrating the anti-infective potential of pyrogallol against A. baumannii. Further, the histopathological results also demonstrated the disease protection efficacy of pyrogallol against the pathognomonic sign of A. baumannii infection. In addition, the pyrogallol treatment effectively improved the immune parameters such as serum myeloperoxidase activity, leukocyte respiratory burst activity, and serum lysozyme activity in zebrafish against A. baumannii infection. Based on the results, the present study strongly proposes pyrogallol as a promising therapeutic agent for treating A. baumannii infection.
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Li Q. Perspectives on Converting Keratin-Containing Wastes Into Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918262. [PMID: 35794912 PMCID: PMC9251476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin-containing wastes become pollution to the environment if they are not treated properly. On the other hand, these wastes can be converted into value-added products applicable to many fields. Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers are important for sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients to enhance the growth speed of the plant and production. Keratin-containing wastes, therefore, will be an important resource to produce organic fertilizers. Many microorganisms exhibit capabilities to degrade keratins making them attractive to convert keratin-containing wastes into valuable products. In this review, the progress in microbial degradation of keratins is summarized. In addition, perspectives in converting keratin into bio- and organic fertilizers for agriculture are described. With proper treatment, feather wastes which are rich in keratin can be converted into high-value fertilizers to serve as nutrients for plants, reduce environmental pressure and improve the quality of the soil for sustainable agriculture.
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Dakheel KH, Abdul Rahim R, Al-Obaidi JR, Neela VK, Hun TG, Mat Isa MN, Razali N, Yusoff K. Proteomic analysis revealed the biofilm-degradation abilities of the bacteriophage UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:513-522. [PMID: 35122191 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The degradation activity of two bacteriophages UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus phages were examined using gel zymography. METHODS The analysis was done using BLASTP to detect peptides catalytic domains. Many peptides that are related to several phage proteins were revealed. RESULTS UPMK_1 and UPMK_2 custom sequence database were used for peptide identification. The biofilm-degrading proteins in the bacteriophage UPMK_2 revealed the same lytic activity towards polysaccharide intercellular adhesin-dependent and independent of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm producers in comparison to UPMK_1, which had lytic activity restricted solely to its host. CONCLUSION Both bacteriophage enzymes were involved in MRSA biofilm degradation during phage infection and they have promising enzybiotics properties against MRSA biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulood Hamid Dakheel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Palestine Street, PO Box 14022, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tan Geok Hun
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute (MGI), Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhanani Razali
- Membranology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-kun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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