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Harvey P, Jones E, Copulsky D. The Relational Nature of Gender, the Pervasiveness of Heteronormative Sexual Scripts, and the Impact on Sexual Pleasure. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1195-1212. [PMID: 36810636 PMCID: PMC10102097 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how gender shapes sexual interactions and pleasure outcomes. We highlight varying expectations people have in regard to sex by combining questions about orgasm frequency and sexual pleasure. Our analysis was driven from a sample of 907 survey responses from cis women, cis men, trans women, trans men, non-binary, and intersex millennial respondents, 324 of which had gender-diverse sexual histories. The findings built upon previous literature about the orgasm gap by including those with underrepresented gender identities and expanding our conceptualization of gender's role in the gap beyond gender identity. Qualitative results indicated that individuals change their behavior based on their partner's gender and follow strong gendered scripts. Participants also relied upon heteronormative scripts and cis normative roles to set their interactions for the sexual encounter. Our findings support previous research on how gender identity impacts pleasure outcomes and has implications for how we might make gender progress in the arena of sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Harvey
- Human Sexuality Department, California Institute of Integral Studies, 1453 Mission St., San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA.
| | - Erielle Jones
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Copulsky
- Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Shared genetic basis between reproductive behaviors and anxiety-related disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4103-4112. [PMID: 35750798 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive behaviors are associated with risks for psychiatric disorders. Reproductive phenotypes are moderately heritable and have genetic overlaps with risks for psychiatric disorders. However, the genetic and causal relationships between anxiety-related disorders or specific anxiety disorders and reproductive phenotypes remain unknown. We utilized large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) results (n = 9537-542,901) for five reproductive phenotypes [age at menarche, age at first sexual intercourse (AFS), age at first birth (AFB), number of children ever born (NEB), and age at menopause] and five anxiety-related disorders [panic disorder, anxiety disorders from the ANGST and the UK biobank (UKBB), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)]. To assess genetic correlations and causal associations, linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization analyses, respectively, were performed. We found that AFS and AFB were negatively correlated with anxiety disorders ANGST (AFS: rg ± SE = -0.28 ± 0.08, p = 6.00 × 10-4; AFB: -0.45 ± 0.11, p = 3.26 × 10-5), anxiety disorders UKBB (AFS: -0.18 ± 0.03, p = 9.64 × 10-9; AFB; -0.25 ± 0.03, p = 2.90 × 10-13) and PTSD (AFS: -0.42 ± 0.12, p = 4.00 × 10-4; AFB: -0.44 ± 0.12, p = 2.00 × 10-4) and positively correlated with OCD (AFS: 0.25 ± 0.05, p = 2.46 × 10-6; AFB: 0.25 ± 0.05, p = 3.92 × 10-7). Conversely, NEB was negatively correlated with OCD (-0.28 ± 0.08, p = 6.00 × 10-4). We revealed bidirectional effects between earlier AFS and AFB and anxiety disorders (odds ratios: ORearlier AFS→Anxiety = 1.64, p = 2.27 × 10-8; ORearlier AFB→Anxiety = 1.15, p = 2.28 × 10-3; ORAnxiety→earlier AFS = 1.02, p = 6.62 × 10-8; ORAnxiety→earlier AFB = 1.08, p = 1.60 × 10-4). In contrast, we observed unidirectional effects of later AFS and AFB on OCD (ORlater AFS→OCD = 2.18, p = 2.16 × 10-6; ORlater AFB→OCD = 1.22, p = 0.016). We suggest that those who have earlier sexual debut and childbirth are prone to risk for anxiety disorders and vice versa, while those who have later sexual debut and childbirth are genetically prone to risk for OCD. Our findings further support revising the diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) such that OCD is independent from anxiety disorders.
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Pires R, Araújo-Pedrosa A, Pereira J, Canavarro MC. How Can Unintended Pregnancies Be Prevented among Adolescents Who Engaged in Sexual Intercourse at Earlier Ages? The Role of Female Education and Partner Age Difference. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10631. [PMID: 34682377 PMCID: PMC8535923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified explicative factors for adolescents' sexual risk behaviors and related outcomes such as unintended pregnancy; however, less is known about the mechanisms through which such factors act. Our study explored the role of female education and partner age difference as explicative mechanisms of the association between age at first sexual intercourse (AFSI) and unintended pregnancy while controlling for the role of other contextual factors (i.e., socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religious beliefs, and place of residence) and sexual-related mechanisms (i.e., number of sexual partners) that are known to be associated with adolescent pregnancy. The sample consisted of 613 sexually experienced female adolescents who did not intend to become pregnant: 349 were pregnant for the first time, and 264 had never been pregnant. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed. An earlier AFSI was associated with unintended pregnancy 1-6 years after first sexual intercourse by increasing the adolescents' likelihood of having less education and being involved with partners older than themselves. There was no significant direct effect of AFSI on pregnancy occurrence after controlling for the mediators. Our findings bring to light nonsexual mechanisms that must be considered in public health interventions aimed at preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents who engaged in sexual intercourse at early ages. Specific implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pires
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.A.-P.); (J.P.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Anabela Araújo-Pedrosa
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.A.-P.); (J.P.); (M.C.C.)
- Clinical Psychology Service Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3030-165 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.A.-P.); (J.P.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.A.-P.); (J.P.); (M.C.C.)
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Ineffective Pregnancy Prevention During Adolescence: Assisting Healthcare Providers in Portugal With Individualized Risk Assessment. J Prim Prev 2021; 42:385-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Canavarro MC, Silva N, Diniz E, Pereira M, Koller SH, Pires R. Sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive variables associated with pregnancy among adolescents from low socioeconomic background. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1732-1750. [PMID: 32330310 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health-related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country-specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture-specific characteristics of high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza Silva
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eva Diniz
- Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Pereira
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia H Koller
- Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pires
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Emerging adulthood is a developmental period with high rates of sexual risk behavior. Effective parenting practices can reduce the likelihood of this behavior, but most research on the protective effects of parenting focuses on mothers. Research is needed to assess the role of paternal parenting in regards to their children's sexual risk behavior, particularly for children of teen mothers, who show a greater likelihood of risky sexual behaviors than those with older mothers. We investigated associations between residential fathers' parenting processes-communication, disapproval of teen sexual behavior, parental presence, and closeness-during adolescence and sexual risk behaviors reported by their children in emerging adulthood. Using multiple group structural equation modeling with data from 7399 participants at Wave I and Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we examined whether and how residential fathers' parenting relates to their children's sexual risk behavior independent of mothers' parenting processes, and whether these associations differ across children's sex and for children of teen and older mothers. We found that adolescents' perceptions of higher father disapproval of teen sexual behavior predicted lower levels of sexual risk behavior during emerging adulthood with no significant differences across emerging adults' sex or for children of teen relative to older mothers. Our findings suggest that teens' relationships with their fathers during adolescence are important for their future sexual health, despite a general understanding of emerging adulthood as a period characterized by independence and separation from parents. Additionally, our results suggest that even though children of teen mothers show greater likelihood of risky sexual behaviors than those of older parents, the processes through which fathers can support teens' sexual health may be similar.
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Xavier C, Benoit A, Brown HK. Teenage pregnancy and mental health beyond the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:451-457. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundTeenage mothers are at increased risk for adverse social outcomes and short-term health problems, but long-term impacts on mental health are poorly understood. The aims of our systematic review were to determine the association between teenage pregnancy and mental health beyond the postpartum period, critically appraise the literature’s quality and guide future research.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science from inception to June 2017 for peer-reviewed articles written in English or French. Data were collected using a modified Cochrane Data Extraction Form. Study quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project critical appraisal tool. Heterogeneity of studies permitted only a qualitative synthesis.ResultsNine quantitative studies comprising the results from analyses of 11 cohorts met our criteria and were rated as strong (n=5), moderate (n=2) or weak (n=2). Three cohorts found a statistically significant association between teenage pregnancy and poor long-term mental health after adjustment, three found a statistically significant association before but not after adjustment and five did not find a statistically significant association. Studies observed varying degrees of attenuation after considering social context. Studies with statistically significant findings tended to comprise earlier cohorts, with outcomes measured at older ages.ConclusionsThe association between teenage pregnancy and mental health beyond the postpartum period remains unclear. Future studies should employ age–period–cohort frameworks to disentangle effects of normative patterns and stress accumulation. Social factors are important in determining long-term mental health of teenage mothers and should be prioritised in prevention and intervention strategies.
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Lourenço B, Kozu KT, Leal GN, Silva MF, Fernandes EG, França CM, Souza FH, Silva CA. Contracepção para adolescentes com doenças reumáticas crônicas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Mendez Rojas B, Beogo I, Owili PO, Adesanya O, Chen CY. Community social capital on the timing of sexual debut and teen birth in Nicaragua: a multilevel approach. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:991. [PMID: 27634382 PMCID: PMC5025572 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community attributes have been gradually recognized as critical determinants shaping sexual behaviors in young population; nevertheless, most of the published studies were conducted in high income countries. The study aims to examine the association between community social capital with the time to sexual onset and to first birth in Central America. Methods Building upon the 2011/12 Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Nicaragua, we identified a sample of 2766 community-dwelling female adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Multilevel survival analyses were performed to estimate the risks linked with three domains of community social capital (i.e., norms, resource and social network). Results Higher prevalence of female sexual debut (norms) and higher proportion of secondary school or higher education (resource) in the community are associated with an earlier age of sexual debut by 47 % (p < 0.05) and 16 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Living in a community with a high proportion of females having a child increases the hazard of teen birth (p < 0.001) and resource is negatively associated with teen childbearing (p < 0.05). Residential stability and community religious composition (social network) were not linked with teen-onset sex and birth. Conclusions The norm and resource aspects of social capital appeared differentially associated with adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviors. Interventions aiming to tackle unfavorable sexual and reproductive outcomes in young people should be devised and implemented with integration of social process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomar Mendez Rojas
- International Health Program, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Idrissa Beogo
- École Nationale de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Medical Building, Rm 210, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan.
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Lourenço B, Kozu KT, Leal GN, Silva MF, Fernandes EGC, França CMP, Souza FHC, Silva CA. Contraception for adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 57:73-81. [PMID: 28137405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraception is an important issue and should be a matter of concern in every medical visit of adolescent and young patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. This narrative review discusses contraception methods in adolescents with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Barrier methods are safe and their use should be encouraged for all adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases. Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are strictly prohibited for JSLE and APS patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies. Reversible long-acting contraception can be encouraged and offered routinely to the JSLE adolescent patient and other rheumatic diseases. Progestin-only pills are safe in the majority of rheumatic diseases, although the main concern related to its use by adolescents is poor adherence due to menstrual irregularity. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections every three months is a highly effective contraception strategy, although its long-term use is associated with decreased bone mineral density. COC or other combined hormonal contraceptive may be options for JIA and JDM patients. Oral levonorgestrel should be considered as an emergency contraception method for all adolescents with chronic rheumatic diseases, including patients with contraindication to COC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Lourenço
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade do Adolescente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Katia T Kozu
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Leal
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Radiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco F Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth G C Fernandes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M P França
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando H C Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Divisão de Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clovis A Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade do Adolescente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Divisão de Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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