Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)-Exploring Psychometric Properties in India

Validation of the Transpersonal Gratitude Scale (TGS) and the Relationship between Transpersonal Gratitude, Spiritual Well-Being and Distress in India

This study explores the psychometric properties of the transpersonal gratitude scale (TGS) in the Indian context. It also examines the relationship between transpersonal gratitude, spiritual well-being, and distress. The psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the TGS were evaluated with the help of two studies. In the first study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reported a four-factor solution. These four factors- expression of gratitude, value of gratitude, transcendent gratitude, and spiritual connection- explained 74.1% of the total variance. Further, CFA results indicated an excellent model fit of four-factor structure derived from EFA. These findings recommended appropriate factorial validity of TGS in the Indian context. In the second study, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values recommended reliability of TGS among Indians. Also, the average variance explained (AVE) values and the Fornell-Larcker test concluded convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. In addition, positive correlations were reported between TGS, GRAT-16 (gratitude resentment and appreciation scale), and spiritual well-being scale scores. Also, a negative linkage was reported between TGS and distress score. These associations established criterion validity of the scale. Overall, the scale reported acceptable psychometric properties in the Indian context.

Development and Validation of Hindu Gratitude Scale (HGS-15): A Rnas Perspective

Researchers have proposed culture- and religion-based variations in experience and expression of gratitude. Accordingly, the present study developed and validated a Hindu Gratitude Scale (HGS) based on Hindu notion of rnas. The rnas are sacred obligations (duties) that every Hindu is supposed to fulfil during their lifetime. These pious obligations are practised to acknowledge, honour, and appreciate others' contribution in one's life. These five holy duties are Pitṛ-yajna, Bhūta-yajna, Manuṣya-yajna, Deva-yajna, and Brahma-yajna. The study started with rnas-based conceptualisation of gratitude followed by item generation using both inductive and deductive approaches. These statements were subjected to content validity and pretesting, which resulted in nineteen items. The psychometric properties of proposed HGS (with nineteen items) were analysed with the help of three studies. The first study evaluated factorial validity of the proposed HGS using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a sample of 1032 respondents. Poor factor loading in EFA suggested removal of three statements. The EFA recommended five dimensions of the HGS-appreciation for family, ancestors, and cultural values (AFF), appreciation for family, ancestors, and cultural values (AFF), appreciation for God, appreciation for knowledge, skills, and talents, and appreciation for ecosystem. Further, CFA also suggested removal of one statement. Lastly, the EFA and CFA result suggested adequate factorial validity of a fifteen-itemed five-factored HGS. The second study examined the reliability and validity of the HGS derived from CFA with the help of a sample of 644 participants. And, in the third study, the test-retest reliability was investigated by collecting the data twice. The results revealed significant positive correlations in two sets of data, thereby concluding test-retest reliability of the HGS. The study offered a novel fifteen-item Hindu Gratitude Scale, which could be used in future studies to explore gratitude level of Hindus.

Does workplace toxicity influence turnover intentions among Indian healthcare employees? Investigating the moderating role of gratitude

PURPOSE

The study examined the relationship between workplace toxicity and turnover intentions among Indian healthcare employees. It also explored the role of gratitude as a moderator in the workplace toxicity-turnover intentions relationship.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH

The study is based on a cross-sectional research design. The sample comprises 315 employees from the Indian healthcare sector. Approximately, 400 employees are approached both through email and office visits. Responses were received from 336 participants, and 21 incomplete questionnaires were discarded. The relationships between four variables of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions are examined using correlation and hierarchical regression. The moderation effect of gratitude is studied using the PROCESS macro in SPSS 21.

FINDINGS

The results revealed that workplace toxicity could explain 45.8% variations in employees' turnover intentions. It also reported significant negative regression coefficients between all four dimensions of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions. It suggested that toxic health organizations may promote turnover intentions among healthcare employees. Also, findings recommended a significant moderating effect of gratitude amid the relationships of four dimensions of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Hospital administrators must ensure that health professionals have the necessary support to remain effective in the field by providing a conducive working environment emerging from sound human resource practices that promote respect, collegial relationships, teamwork and collaboration. The present research demonstrates gratitude as one such factor that could act as a catalyst within the workplace. Practitioners could achieve a healthy work environment by developing complementary relief measures that build organizational capacities and improve its culture while sponsoring programs for individual employees that instill positivity through awareness of gratitude in everyday life.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE

This study offered a comprehensive understanding of workplace toxicity by investigating its four dimensions. Also, it is one of the pioneer studies that evaluate the role of gratitude in restricting workplace toxicity-induced turnover intentions.

Exploring the relationship between gratitude and depression among older adults with chronic low back pain: a sequential mediation analysis

Introduction

Gratitude has been identified as a key factor in a number of positive health-related outcomes; however, the mechanisms whereby gratitude is associated with well-being among older adults with chronic pain are poorly understood. Using the Positive Psychological Well-Being Model as a theoretical framework, the objective of the present study was to examine the serial mediating effects of social support, stress, sleep, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on the relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms.

Methods

A total sample of 60 community-dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain (cLBP) provided blood samples for high-sensitivity TNF-α and completed the Gratitude Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, and the PROMIS Emotional Support, Sleep Disturbance, and Depression forms. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and serial mediation analyses were performed.

Results

Gratitude was negatively associated with perceived stress, sleep disturbance, and depression, and was positively associated with social support. No significant association was observed between gratitude and TNF-α. After controlling for age and marital status, analyses revealed that perceived stress and sleep disturbance sequentially mediated the association between gratitude and depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

Perceived stress and sleep disturbance may be potential mechanistic pathways by which gratitude impacts negative well-being. Targeting gratitude as a protective resource may be a potential therapeutic tool to improve psychological and behavioral outcomes in older adults with cLBP.

Exploring the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale (CBAS) and its relation with teasing and gratitude in Indian collegiates

Purpose

This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale (CBAS) in Indian college students with the help of two independent studies.

Design/methodology/approach

The first study investigated the factorial validity of the scale using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), resulting in a seven-item, two-component model of CBAS. Two statements were excluded owing to inadequate factor loading. The second study evaluated the reliability and criterion validity of the model extracted after CFA using the Weight-Based Teasing Scale (WBTS), PhQ9 as convergent indices and Gratitude Questionnaire 6 (GQ6) as divergent indices.

Findings

It was observed that the Indian version of the scale differs from the original version in two ways. First, the Indian CBAS comprised seven items, while the original CBAS consisted of nine items. Second, in the original CBAS, two factors of cyberbullying, i.e. hostile cyberbullying attitudes (HCA) and general cyberbullying characteristics (GCC), contained five and four statements, respectively. However, the Indian CBAS comprised five and two statements, respectively. Further, the Indian CBAS showed convergence with WBTS and PhQ9 and divergence with GQ6.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to explore the psychometric properties of Indian CBAS and its relations with teasing and gratitude.