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Mandal PK, Guha Roy R, Kalyani A. Distribution Pattern of Closed and Extended Forms of Glutathione in the Human Brain: MR Spectroscopic Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:270-276. [PMID: 36595311 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a potent antioxidant synthesized de novo in cells and helps to detoxify free radicals in the brain and other organs. In vitro NMR studies from various research groups have reported primarily two sets of chemical shifts (2.80 or 2.96 ppm) of Cys-βCH2 depending on GSH sample preparation in either inert or oxygenated environments. A multi-center in vivo MRS human study has also validated the presence of two types of GSH conformer in the human brain. Our study is aimed at investigating the distribution patterns of the two GSH conformers from five brain regions, namely, ACC (anterior cingulate cortex), PCC (posterior cingulate cortex), LPC (left parietal cortex), LH (left hippocampus), and CER (cerebellum). GSH was measured using a 3T MRI scanner using MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence in healthy young male and female populations (M/F = 5/9; age 32.8 ± 5.27 years). We conclude that the closed GSH conformer (characteristic NMR shift signature: Cys Hα 4.40-Hβ 2.80 ppm) is more abundant than the extended GSH form (characteristic NMR shift signature Cys Hα 4.56-Hβ 2.95 ppm). Closed conformer has a non-uniform distribution (ACC < CER < LH < PCC < LPC) in the healthy brain. On the contrary, the extended form of GSH has a uniform distribution in various anatomical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Avinash Kalyani
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
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Dwivedi D, Megha K, Mishra R, Mandal PK. Glutathione in Brain: Overview of Its Conformations, Functions, Biochemical Characteristics, Quantitation and Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Disorders. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1461-1480. [PMID: 32297027 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant found abundantly and synthesized intracellularly in the cytosol in a tightly regulated fashion. It has diverse physiological functions, including protection against reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species, antioxidant defense as well as maintenance of cellular thiol status. The human brain due to the high oxygen consumption is extremely susceptible to the generation of reactive oxygen species. GSH plays a paramount role in brain antioxidant defense, maintaining redox homeostasis. The depletion of brain GSH has also been observed from both autopsies as well as in vivo MRS studies with aging and varied neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.). Therefore, GSH enrichment using supplementation is a promising avenue in the therapeutic development for these neurological disorders. This review will enrich the information on the importance of GSH synthesis, metabolism, functions, compartmentation and inter-organ transport, structural conformations and its quantitation via different techniques. The transportation of GSH in the brain via different interventional routes and its potential role in the development of therapeutic strategies for various brain disorders is also addressed. Very recent study found significant improvement of behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, in APP (NL-G-F/NL-G-FG-) mice due to oral GSH administration. This animal model study put an emergent need to complete GSH supplementation trial in MCI and AD patients for cognitive improvement as proposed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dwivedi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kanu Megha
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ritwick Mishra
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Mandal PK, Ersland L. Editorial: Predictive Imagable Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Front Neurol 2019; 10:583. [PMID: 31263443 PMCID: PMC6585100 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORMENT Center of Excellence, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Mandal PK, Shukla D, Govind V, Boulard Y, Ersland L. Glutathione Conformations and Its Implications for in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:537-541. [PMID: 28527221 PMCID: PMC5523836 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant in humans that is involved in the detoxification of reactive radicals and peroxides. The molecular structural conformations of GSH depend on the surrounding micro-environment, and it has been experimentally evaluated using NMR and Raman spectroscopic techniques as well as by molecular dynamics simulation studies. The converging report indicates that GSH exists mainly in two major conformations, i.e., “extended” and “folded”. The NMR-derived information on the GSH conformers is essential to obtain optimal acquisition parameters in in vivo MRS experiments targeted for GSH detection. To further investigate the implications of GSH conformers in in vivo MRS studies and their relative proportions in healthy and pathological conditions, a multi-center clinical research study is necessary with a common protocol for GSH detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory, National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon, India.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory, National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon, India
| | - Varan Govind
- Department of Radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yves Boulard
- Department of Integrated Biology and Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Integrated Biology, Saclay Institute of Biology and Technology, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Shukla D, Mandal PK, Ersland L, Grüner ER, Tripathi M, Raghunathan P, Sharma A, Chaithya G, Punjabi K, Splaine C. A Multi-Center Study on Human Brain Glutathione Conformation using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:517-532. [PMID: 30198874 PMCID: PMC6218146 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies on glutathione (GSH) indicated existence of closed and extended conformations. The present work in a multi-center research setting reports in-depth analysis of GSH conformers in vivo using a common magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol and signal processing scheme. MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence was applied on healthy subjects using 3T Philips MRI scanner (India) and 3T GE MRI scanner (Norway) using the same experimental parameters (echo time, repetition time, and selective 180° refocusing ON-pulse at 4.40 ppm and 4.56 ppm). All MRS data were processed at one site National Brain Research Center (NBRC) using in-house MRS processing toolbox (KALPANA) for consistency. We have found that both the closed and extended GSH conformations are present in human brain and the relative proportion of individual conformer peak depends on the specific selection of refocusing ON-pulse position in MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence. It is important to emphasize that in vivo experiments with different refocusing and inversion pulse positions, echo time, and voxel size, clearly evidence the presence of both the GSH conformations. The GSH conformer peak positions for the closed GSH (Cys-Hβ) peak at ∼2.80 ppm and extended GSH (Cys-Hβ) peak at ∼2.95 ppm remain consistent irrespective of the selective refocusing OFF-pulse positions. This is the first in vivo study where both extended and closed GSH conformers are detected using the MEGA-PRESS sequence employing the parameters derived from the high resolution in vitro NMR studies on GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Renate Grüner
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ankita Sharma
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - G.R. Chaithya
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Khushboo Punjabi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Christopher Splaine
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Perticaroli S, Nakanishi M, Pashkovski E, Sokolov AP. Dynamics of Hydration Water in Sugars and Peptides Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7729-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403665w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Perticaroli
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Masahiro Nakanishi
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Eugene Pashkovski
- Unilever R&D Trumbull, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, Connecticut 06611, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
- Joint Institute
for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
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