Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution by Cross-linked Starch Phosphate Carbamate

Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Starch

In this study, two types of modified cassava starch samples (MCS and MWS) prepared from commercially available native cassava starch (NCS) and native cassava starch extracted using the wet method (NWS) were investigated for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. MCS and MWS samples were synthesized under acidic conditions using Pluronic 123 as the structure-directing agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the chemical modifying agent. Modified starch samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and a nitrogen (N2) gas adsorption–desorption analyser. MCS and MWS showed enhanced thermal stabilities upon acid hydrolysis and chemical modification. The effects of contact time and initial Pb(II) concentration were studied through batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were analysed and compared by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The coefficient correlation (R2) was employed as a measure of the fit. The Langmuir model fitted well with equilibrium adsorption data, giving a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 370.37 and 294.12 mg/g for MWS and MCS, respectively. Modified samples exhibited a higher desorption efficiency of over 97%. This study demonstrated that modified starch could be utilized for Pb(II) removal from industrial wastewater.

Cross-linked-substituted (esterified/etherified) starch derivatives as aqueous heavy metal ion adsorbent: a review

Starch is a biopolymer with outstanding economic and environmentally friendly attributes which has driven technological innovations to enhance its applications in food and non-food industries. Starch is constituted by O-H groups with valency and electronic characteristics that can initiate adsorption of aqueous heavy metal ions (AHMIs). However, this can be enhanced using various modification sequences. A common procedure is the cross-linking and substitution of the O-H groups via esterification and/or etherification reactions to produce starch derivative adsorbents (SDAs) with improved structural and functional properties for adsorption of AHMIs. The efficiency of SDAs developed using these procedures depends on the botanical source of the native starch base, porosity and structural stability of the derivative (i.e. degree of cross-linking), substituted functional group(s), degree of substitution and the steric/conformation effects of the substituted groups. Many works have been done to optimize these factors, and this review highlighted some of the tailored procedures and the results obtained.

Enhanced and Selective Adsorption of Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) Ions by a Dumbbell- and Flower-Shaped Potato Starch Phosphate Polymer: A Combined Experimental and DFT Calculation Study

Microwave-ultrasound-assisted facile synthesis of a dumbbell- and flower-shaped potato starch phosphate (PSP) polymer, hereafter PSP, was carried out by cross-linking the hydroxyl groups of native potato starch (NPS) using phosphoryl chloride as a cross-linking agent. Structural and morphological analysis manifested the successful formation of the dumbbell- and flower-shaped PSP biosorbent with enhanced specific surface area and thermal stability. Viscoelastic behavior of NPS and PSP suggested increased rigidity in PSP, which helped the material to store more deformation energy in an elastic manner. The synthesized PSP biosorbent material was successfully tested for efficient and quick uptake of Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) ions from aqueous medium under competitive and noncompetitive batch conditions with q m values of 130.54, 106.25, 91.84, and 51.38 mg g-1, respectively. The adsorption selectivity was in consonance with Pearson's hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory in addition to their order of hydrated radius. Adsorption of Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) followed a second-order kinetics and the adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Quantum computations using density functional theory (DFT) further supported the experimental adsorption selectivity, Zn(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Hg(II), in terms of metal-oxygen binding energy measurements. What was more intriguing about PSP was its reusability over multiple adsorption cycles by treating the metal(II)-complexed PSP with 0.1 M HCl without any appreciable loss of its adsorption capacity.

Selective sorption of Fe(II) ions over Cu(II) and Cr(VI) ions by cross-linked graft copolymers of chitosan with acrylic acid and binary vinyl monomer mixtures

Low-cost and environment-friendly polymeric adsorbents for sorption of heavy metal ions were synthesized by simultaneous graft copolymerization and cross-linking of acrylic acid alone and with comonomers glycidyl methacrylate, acrylamide and acrylonitrile onto chitosan using free radical initiator and cross-linker in aqueous medium. Structural aspects of cross-linked graft copolymers have been characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA/DTA, XRD and swelling behavior at pH 2.2, 7.0 and 9.4. An attempt has been made to study sorption of Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions on cross-linked graft copolymers by equilibration method and to establish a relationship between structural aspects of graft copolymers and metal ion uptake efficiency and selectivity. Solutions of individual ions were used for non-competitive sorption onto synthesized bio-adsorbents as a function of change in contact time, temperature, pH and metal ion concentration in feed. Competitive sorption investigation was performed from an aqueous solution of ternary metal ions by batch equilibration at 25°C and at 7.0pH. Cross-linked graft copolymers showed better results than unmodified chitosan and showed preferential sorption of Fe(II) ions than Cu(II) and Cr(VI) ions.

Absorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ Ions in Water by Cross-Linked Starch Xanthate

A cross-linked starch xanthate was prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide and sodium acrylate onto starch xanthate using potassium persulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite initiating system and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linker. As this kind of cross-linked potato starch xanthate can effectively absorb heavy metal ions, it was dispersed in aqueous solutions of divalent heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) to investigate their absorbency by the polymer. Factors that can influence absorbency were investigated, such as the ratio of matrix to monomers, the amount of initiator and cross-linker, pH, and the concentration of metal ions. Results were reached and conclusion was drawn that the best synthetic conditions for the polymer adsorbing Pb2+ and Cd2+ were as follows: the quality ratio of matrix to monomers was 1 : 12 and 1 : 11, the amount of initiator was 2.4% and 3.2% of matrix, and the amount of cross-linker was 12 mg and 13 mg. When the initial concentration of ions was 10 mg/L, the highest quantities of adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 47.11 mg/g and 36.55 mg/g. Adsorption mechanism was discussed by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) test, and adsorption kinetic simulation.

Chemical modification of starch and its application as an adsorbent material

Starch is a biopolymer of plant origin which is cheap, abundant and has many applications in food and non-food industries.

Highly effective adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by macroporous xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel

Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel was developed as a novel porous bioadsorbent by graft co-polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and xylan-rich hemicelluloses for adsorption of heavy metal ions (Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+)) from aqueous solutions. The chemical structure, the interaction between the hydrogel and metal ions, and the porous structure of xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of AA and cross-linker dosage, pH value, contacting time, and initial concentration of metal ion on the adsorption capacity were studied. The adsorption equilibrium time was about 60 min from the adsorption kinetics study. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) were 859, 495, and 274 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel also exhibited highly efficient regeneration and metal ion recovery efficiency and can be reused without noticeable loss of adsorption capacity for Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) after quite a number of repeated adsorption/desorption cycles.

Heavy metal removal from industrial effluents by sorption on cross-linked starch: chemical study and impact on water toxicity

Batch sorption experiments using a starch-based sorbent were carried out for the removal of heavy metals present in industrial water discharges. The influence of contact time, mass of sorbent and pollutant load was investigated. Pollutant removal was dependent on the mass of sorbent and contact time, but independent of the contaminant load. The process was uniform, rapid and efficient. Sorption reached equilibrium in 60 min irrespective of the metal considered (e.g. Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe and Cd), reducing concentrations below those permitted by law. The material also removed residual turbidity and led to a significant decrease in the residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in the industrial water discharge. The germination success of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was used as a laboratory indicator of phytotoxicity. The results show that the sorption using a starch-based sorbent as non-conventional material, is a viable alternative for treating industrial wastewaters.

A novel method for amino starch preparation and its adsorption for Cu(II) and Cr(VI)

A novel method was proposed to prepare amino starch by reacting ethylenediamine with previously synthesized dialdehyde starch. Different factors affecting the preparation, i.e., ethylenediamine concentration, ethylenediamine:dialdehyde starch molar ratio, pH, duration and temperature have been studied. The modified starch was characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The amino starch derivatives were evaluated as adsorbents. The adsorption activity for heavy metals such as Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by crosslinked amino starch was studied in terms of adsorption amount, kinetics and isotherm; and adsorbent reuse were also studied. Adsorption processes for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) on crosslinked amino starch fit a Langmuir isotherm, and adsorption for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was endothermic reactions. Crosslinked amino starch was very effective for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cr(VI), and efficient in capacity, recycled.

Thermodynamics and kinetics of Zn(II) adsorption on crosslinked starch phosphates

Crosslinked starch phosphates (CSP) with different contents of phosphate groups were used to adsorb Zn(II) from aqueous solution. Effects of adsorption time, initial concentration of Zn(II) ion, and temperature on the adsorption of Zn(II) by CSP were studied, and the equilibrium, thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process were further investigated. It showed that crosslinked starch phosphates can effectively remove Zn(II) from the solution. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2.00mmolg(-1). The adsorption of Zn(II) on CSP is endothermic in nature. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided a better correlation of the experimental data in comparison with the pseudo-first-order model.