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Alosime EM, Basfar AA. A Systematic Investigation on the Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardants on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)/Liner Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Blends. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031023. [PMID: 36770690 PMCID: PMC9921819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their high filler loadings, commercial-grade clean flame-retardant materials have unstable mechanical properties. To address this issue, intumescent polymers can be used to develop clean flame retardants with very low levels of smoke and toxicity generation. An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system composed of red phosphorus (RP), zinc borate (ZB), and a terpolymer of ethylene, butyl acrylate, and maleic anhydride (EBM) was used to prepare EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) and EVA/LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) composites; their mechanical and flammability properties were systematically investigated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EVA/LLDPE (as base material) composite containing RP and ZB mixed with nonhalogenated flame retardant, mainly magnesium hydroxide (MH) and coadditives, including processing aids and thermal stabilizers, was established. RP was found to have little effect on the tensile properties of EVA/LLDPE 118W/120 phr flame-retardant (MH + RP) composites. There was a minute difference in the effective trend of RP between tensile strength and elongation at break. Following the addition of ZB, the elongation at break of the composites gradually decreased with increasing RP content and then leveled off when the RP content was over 10 phr. Mechanical properties (elongation at break and tensile strength) can be best maintained at below 10 phr content of RP. The mechanical properties decreased with lower amounts of EBM content. In addition, flame retardancy increased when the EBM content decreased. The findings further revealed that MH and RP have poor compatibility, yielding poor mechanical properties. The LOI greatly increased with RP content, even though the total content of flame retardants (main + intumescent flame retardant) was the same in all formulations. Only over 5 phr RP content formulations passed V-0 of the UL-94 test. When under 5 phr, the RP content formulations did not pass V-0 of the UL-94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid M. Alosime
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed A. Basfar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Study on Fire Behavior, Thermal Stability and Degradation Kinetics of Thiol-Ene with Poly(aminopropyl/phenyl)silsesquioxane. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061142. [PMID: 35335473 PMCID: PMC8955198 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, the flame retardant poly(aminopropyl/phenyl)silsesquioxane (PA) was incorporated into thiol-ene (TE), to obtain a flame-retardant thiol-ene (FRTE) composite. The cone calorimeter (CONE) measurement results showed that, compared with neat TE, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of FRTE have decreased by almost 23.7% and 14.5%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results further confirmed that the flame retardant PA could induce the initial thermal degradation of TE, and increased the amounts of residual char. Moreover, the activation energies of FRTE were calculated through the Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. Compared with the neat TE, the activation energies of FRTE were raised by the addition of PA. It indicated that the flame retardant PA promoted cross-linking reactions of TE, to form a compact char layer and retarded further the thermal degradation of the polymer matrix.
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Chaudhary V, Sharma S. Study of ethylbenzene oxidation over polymer-silica hybrid supported Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Baby A, Tretsiakova-McNally S, Arun M, Joseph P, Zhang J. Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance. Molecules 2020; 25:E3779. [PMID: 32825185 PMCID: PMC7504409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloshy Baby
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
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5
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Zhu X, Pang H, Zheng N, Tian P, Ning G. High effects of smoke suppression and char formation of NiMo/Mg(OH)
2
for polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hongchang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Guiling Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
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6
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Chaudhary V, Sharma S. Synthesis of polymer‐silica hybrid‐supported catalysts for solvent‐free oxidation of ethylbenzene with TBHP. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi India
| | - Sweta Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi India
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Kang F, Wang C, Deng J, Yang K, Ma L, Pang Q. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of silicone foams with microcapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and zinc borate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Ru Kang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Cai‐Ping Wang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Qing‐Tao Pang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
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8
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Savas LA, Dogan M. Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Thermal Stability, Combustion Behavior, and Mechanical Property in a Flame-Retardant Polypropylene System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Shao ZB, Zhang MX, Han Y, Yang XD, Jin J, Jian RK. A highly efficient gas-dominated and water-resistant flame retardant for non-charring polypropylene. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09868e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel mono-component and gas-dominated flame retardant, named DPPIP, was prepared through an amidation reaction of diphenylphosphinyl chloride and piperazine, and used to flame retard PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Bao Shao
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Ming-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Ye Han
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xu-Dong Yang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Technology
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Rong-Kun Jian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
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11
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Xu J, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen X, Yang X, Zhang W, Yang L. Modified polyaniline and its effects on the microstructure and antistatic properties of PP/PANI-APP/CPP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Jie Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xiushan Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
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12
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Sheng Y, Li P, Chen Y. The Synergistic Effect of Transition Metal Nitrate in Polypropylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retarded Composite. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
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13
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Effects of microencapsulated APP-II on the microstructure and flame retardancy of PP/APP–II/PER composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zhou J, Yang L, Wang X, Fu Q, Sun Q, Zhang Z. Microencapsulation of APP-I and influence of microencapsulated APP-I on microstructure and flame retardancy of PP/APP-I/PER composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Li L, Qian Y, Jiao CM. Influence of red phosphorus on the flame-retardant properties of ethylene vinyl acetate/layered double hydroxides composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-012-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Li YL, Kuan CF, Hsu SW, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Lee FM, Yip MC, Chiang CL. Preparation, thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of halogen-free polypropylene composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008312443391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was prepared. This halogen-free flame retardant was blended with polypropylene (PP) by hot melting to improve the flame-retardant capability and thermal stability of the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, and UL-94 measurements were applied to characterize the structure and thermal and flame-retardant properties of the composites. When the flame-retardant concentration was 40 wt%, the LOI value of the composite was 40, passing the V-0 rating of the UL-94 test. The LOI and UL-94 data showed the composites have an excellent flame-retardant property. For a kinetic study of thermal degradation, Ozawa’s method was applied to calculate the activation energies of pure PP and the composites. Analytical results indicate that the composites had higher values, meaning they have better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Luen Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Feng Kuan
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chiang Kuan
- Department of Energy Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mei Lee
- Department of Child Care and Education, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuen Yip
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
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17
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Effects of mesoporous SBA-15 contents on the properties of polystyrene composites via in-situ emulsion polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Tai Q, Song L, Feng H, Tao Y, Yuen RKK, Hu Y. Investigation of a combination of novel polyphosphoramide and boron-containing compounds on the thermal and flame-retardant properties of polystyrene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Zhao K, Xu W, Song L, Wang B, Feng H, Hu Y. Synergistic effects between boron phosphate and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate in flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wenzong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Architecture; Hefei Anhui 230022 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products; China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute; Guangzhou 510300 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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Chen X, Yu J, Luo Z, Guo S, He M, Zhou Z. Study on mechanical properties and phase morphology of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer/magnesium hydroxide ternary composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Qian J, Cheng G, Zhang H, Xu Y. Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/silica nanocomposites by gamma irradiation via ultrafine blend. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Synthesis of a novel intumescent flame retardant and its flame retardancy in polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Chen X, Yu J, Luo Z, Hu S, Zhou Z, Guo S, Lu S. Kinetics of thermo-oxidative degradation of zinc borate/microcapsulated red phosphorus with magnesium hydroxide in flame retarded polypropylene composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-009-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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