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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Zhang C, Wan L, Gu H, Hu Q, Ding Y, Ying S. Preparation and properties of foamed cellulose acetate/polylactic acid blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Han Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Qipeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yajun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials (Nanjing University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Sanjiu Ying
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials (Nanjing University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education Nanjing China
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Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC)-A New Generation of High-Temperature Engineering Bead Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102314. [PMID: 33050426 PMCID: PMC7601122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead foams serve in a wide variety of applications, from insulation and packaging to midsoles in shoes. However, the currently used materials are limited to somewhat low temperature or exhibit significant changes in modulus in the temperature range of many applications due to their glass transition. By comparison, polycarbonate (PC) exhibits almost constant mechanics for temperatures up to 130 °C. Therefore, it appears as an advantageous base material for bead foams. The aim of the publication is to provide comprehensive data on the properties of expanded PC (EPC) in comparison to already commercially available expanded polypropylene, EPP, and expanded polyethylene-terephthalate, EPET. A special focus is set on the thermo-mechanical properties as these are the most lacking features in current materials. In this frame, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile, bending, compression and impact tests at room temperature (RT), 80 °C, and 110 °C are conducted for the three materials of the same density. Already at RT, EPC exhibits superior mechanics compared to its peers, which becomes more pronounced toward higher temperature. This comes from the low sensitivity of properties to temperature as EPC is used below its glass transition. In summary, EPC proves to be an outstanding foam material over a broad range of temperatures for structural applications.
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4
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Mechanical study and molecular dynamics simulation on polycarbonate nanocomposite with carbon black and SnO2. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Yin D, Mi J, Zhou H, Wang X, Yu K. Simple and feasible strategy to fabricate microcellular poly(butylene succinate) foams by chain extension and isothermal crystallization induction. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Yin
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐textilesMinistry of Education, Jiangnan University Jiangsu, 214122 People's Republic of China
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Jeong EJ, Park CK, Kim SH. Fabrication of microcellular polylactide/modified silica nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, College of EngineeringHanyang University, 222 Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, College of EngineeringHanyang University, 222 Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, College of EngineeringHanyang University, 222 Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04763 Korea
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8
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Lu Y, Yang M, Liu J. Morphology and properties of thin-walled microcellular polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blend foam. J CELL PLAST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x19841048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Mengjin Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jianren Liu
- Fujian Academy of Mechanical Sciences, Fuzhou, PR China
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Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
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Walallavita AS, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC. Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Itaconic Anhydride Grafted Poly(lactic acid) and Thermoplastic Protein Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Blends between Novatein thermoplastic protein and polylactic acid (PLA) have been prepared by reactive extrusion using itaconic anhydride grafted PLA. At equal proportions of Novatein and PLA, the absence of a compatibilizer formed a dispersed phase morphology of Novatein in PLA and the incorporation of compatibilizer formed a co-continuous morphology. Incorporating PLA in Novatein can improve the tensile strength of Novatein by 42% and the impact strength by 36% at an equal proportion blend (50/50) in the presence of a compatibilizer. Thermal analysis revealed that 50/50 was the phase inversion point, above and below this composition the material behaved similarly. The effect of compatibilizer was evident in wide-angle X-ray scattering. In the absence of compatibilizer three phases were detected: crystalline Novatein, amorphous Novatein, and amorphous PLA phases. With compatibilizer, the blend was moving towards two phases: crystalline Novatein, and an amorphous blend of Novatein and PLA. Itaconic anhydride grafted PLA improved miscibility between Novatein and PLA, and its use can potentially lead to the production of Novatein/PLA foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Walallavita
- Department of Engineering , School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - C. J. R. Verbeek
- Department of Engineering , School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - M. C. Lay
- Department of Engineering , School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton , New Zealand
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Wen N, Lei Y, Luo S. Porous Structural Transformation from Closed Microcellular to Bicontinuous Nanoporous Based on Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) Containing Biphenyl Moieties by Carbon Dioxide Foaming. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China, 621900
- Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China, 621010
| | - Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China, 621900
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China, 621900
- Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China, 621010
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12
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Wang X, Mi J, Wang J, Zhou H, Wang X. Multiple actions of poly(ethylene octene) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate on the performance of poly(lactic acid). RSC Adv 2018; 8:34418-34427. [PMID: 35548650 PMCID: PMC9087122 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene octene) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA) was employed to improve the rheological and thermal properties, toughness, and foaming behaviors of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through a chain extension effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Applied Chemistry Department
- Yuncheng University
- Yuncheng 044000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
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13
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Role of high-density polyethylene in the crystallization behaviors, rheological property, and supercritical CO2 foaming of poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Walallavita AS, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC. Biopolymer foams from Novatein thermoplastic protein and poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Christopher Lay
- Department of Engineering; School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato; Hamilton 3240 New Zealand
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15
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Ngo MT, Dickmann JS, Hassler JC, Kiran E. A new experimental system for combinatorial exploration of foaming of polymers in carbon dioxide: The gradient foaming of PMMA. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Xu H, He Y, Liao X, Luo T, Li G, Yang Q, Zhou C. A Green and Structure-Controlled Approach to the Generation of Silicone Rubber Foams by Means of Carbon Dioxide. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931603500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicone rubber foams were successfully generated by environmentally friendly blowing agent, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), in this research. Firstly, the effect of the saturation time on the cellular structure was investigated. The diffusion of scCO2 into the rubber matrix would be enhanced thus decreasing the viscosity as increasing the saturation time. It would further promote the cell growth, which has a close connection with the cellular structure. After that, the effect of pre-curing time on cellular morphology of silicone rubber foams was further researched in detail. When increasing pre-curing time in the short time range, cell nucleation would be affected more than cell growth in the foaming process. If continuously increasing pre-curing time, both cell nucleation and growth would be restricted thus resulting in the formation of silicone rubber foams with small cell density and small cell size. This investigation not only provided a green way to produce silicone rubber foams, but also guided us to control cellular morphology via the saturation time and pre-curing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yunchuan He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Tinggang Luo
- China Bluestar Chengrand Research Institute of Chemistry Industry Co. Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Current Issues and Challenges in Polypropylene Foaming: A Review. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic foams have several advantages in comparison with unfoamed polymers such as lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent insulation property, high thermal stability, high impact strength and toughness, as well as high fatigue life. These outstanding properties lead cellular plastics to various industrial applications in packaging, automotive parts, absorbents, and sporting equipment. Nowadays, polypropylene (PP), because of its outstanding characteristics such as low material cost, high service temperature, high melting point, high tensile modulus, low density, and excellent chemical resistance, is a major resin in the foaming industry. However, foaming of conventional PP is limited by its low melt strength leading to poor cell morphology, cell rupture/coalescence and limited density reduction. To improve PP melt strength, several strategies including particle addition as nucleating agent, introduction of long chain branching, blending with high melt strength polymers and crosslinking have been proposed. In this review, these issues are discussed and analyzed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Wu W, Cao X, Lin H, He G, Wang M. Preparation of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/halloysite nanotube nanocomposite foams using supercritical CO2 as blowing agent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Ring-banded spherulites of six-arm star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) with different arm length via CO2. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Liao X, Xu H, Li S, Zhou C, Li G, Park CB. The effects of viscoelastic properties on the cellular morphology of silicone rubber foams generated by supercritical carbon dioxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica content, saturation temperature and pressure all have an effect on silicone rubbers' viscoelastic properties, which further has a close connection with the cellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- 5 King's College Road
- Toronto
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21
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Liao X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu L, Li G. Unique interfacial and confined porous morphology of PLA/PS blends in supercritical carbon dioxide. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Costeux
- The Dow Chemical Company; Dow Building Solutions, 1605 Joseph Dr., 200 Larkin Center Midland Michigan 48674
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23
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Bao D, Liao X, He G, Huang E, Yang Q, Li G. Effects of enhanced compatibility by transesterification on the cell morphology of poly(lactic acid)/ polycarbonate blends using supercritical carbon dioxide. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14537661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blends were prepared by melt mixing. The transesterification reaction between poly(lactic acid) and polycarbonate was promoted by using tetrabutyl titanate as a catalyst. For poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate (weight ratio of 75/25) blend with catalyst content up to 0.5 wt%, polycarbonate particles finely dispersed in the poly(lactic acid) matrix and the adhesion between the phases were improved, due to the enhanced compatibility by transesterification reaction. The blends were foamed by using batch-foaming process with CO2 as the blowing agent. Cell density of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend increased at low-catalyst content, while decreased at high-catalyst content, which was due to the changes of interfacial properties of blend phases through transesterification reaction and crystallinity of polycarbonate component. Cell types of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blends were transferred from submicro-sized and even nanoscale cells to microscale cells by the deceased crystallinity of poly(lactic acid) component, which was caused by the increased degree of transesterification reaction and temperature. The declined viscosity of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend because of degradation during blend processing led to large cell size and low-cell density. However, the improvement of elasticity and viscosity of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend by transesterification reaction could decrease the cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangjian He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xie L, Xu H, Wang ZP, Li XJ, Chen JB, Zhang ZJ, Yin HM, Zhong GJ, Lei J, Li ZM. Toward faster degradation for natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by enhancing the hydrolysis-induced surface erosion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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