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Zhou L, Wang R, Ren H, Wang P, Cao Y. Detection of Polonium-210 in Environmental, Biological and Food Samples: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6268. [PMID: 37687097 PMCID: PMC10488615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of polonium-210 from environmental media and food can cause serious health hazards (e.g., gastrointestinal symptoms, tumours, etc.) and has been a public health concern worldwide since the 2006 poisoning of Agent Litvinenko 210Po in Russia. With the development of uranium mining and applications of nuclear technology in recent decades, the radioactive hazards posed by 210Po to living organisms and the environment have become increasingly prominent. In order to strengthen the monitoring of environmental 210Po and protect both the environment and human health, a series of explorations on the methods of 210Po determination have been ongoing by researchers across the globe. However, previous reviews have focused on individual sample types and have not provided a comprehensive account of environmental, food, and biological samples that are closely related to human health. In this work, the sources, health hazards, chemical purification, and detection methods of trace 210Po in different sample types are systematically reviewed. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment methods are compared, and relevant domestic and international standards are integrated, which puts forward a new direction for the subsequent establishment of rapid, simple, and efficient measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (L.Z.); (R.W.); (H.R.); (P.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (L.Z.); (R.W.); (H.R.); (P.W.)
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (L.Z.); (R.W.); (H.R.); (P.W.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (L.Z.); (R.W.); (H.R.); (P.W.)
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (L.Z.); (R.W.); (H.R.); (P.W.)
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Lee HW, Chae JS. Experimental optimization of physicochemical factors for spontaneous deposition of 210Po using newly designed deposition kit. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110835. [PMID: 37146468 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple spontaneous deposition kit for 210Po determination using alpha spectrometry was newly designed, and polonium deposition characteristics under various physicochemical conditions were evaluated using it. The high-purity silver disc (99.99%) showed high deposition efficiencies of over 85.1% in the HCl concentration range of 0.01-6 M. Optimal physicochemical factors were determined to be a temperature of 90 °C, deposition time of 90 min, and the use of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in an amount similar to that of the interfering element (Fe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34142, South Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Chae
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34142, South Korea.
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3
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Rapid separation method for the determination of TENORM and TRU radionuclides in environmental and wastewater samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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The alpha sources based on adsorbed 214Pb on thin-layer manganese dioxide sorbents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Assessing the potential of online ICP–MS analysis to optimize Ca/matrix separation using DGA Resin for subsequent isotopic analysis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCa isotopes have gained increasing interest as a diagnostic tool for bone diseases due to the variations in abundances as a consequence of changes in bone-mineral balance. Optimized Ca/matrix separation prior to analysis is a prerequisite for reliable isotope ratio measurements in complex biological matrices such as blood, serum, or urine. The online analysis of analyte/matrix separation by ICP-MS enables direct assessment of elution profiles supporting the optimization process. The integration of transient signals and signal suppression challenge the quantification and interpretation of the elution profiles. Mn and Co remain unretained by the DGA Resin (TrisKem International) from nitric acid. Hence, in the present study, these elements were investigated for their application as standards to monitor signal suppression. Successful analyte quantification was accomplished using a dynamic correction strategy applying a linear gradient of a suppression factor based on Mn and Co intensities. An optimized Ca/matrix separation procedure using DGA Resin is proposed based on the results during online ICP-MS analysis.
Graphic abstract
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Blanchet-Chouinard G, Larivière D. Determination of polonium-210 in environmental samples using diglycolamide-based cloud point extraction coupled to alpha spectrometry analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 168:109549. [PMID: 33307441 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel cloud point extraction (CPE) methodology for the separation and enrichment of polonium-210 prior to alpha-spectrometric quantification in water, urine and digested samples. The extractive behaviour of diglycolamide-based ligands towards Po by CPE was determined and optimised in various acidic conditions. The extraction efficiency and selectivity of the CPE systems depend greatly on the choice of the extracting agent and acidic conditions. The thorough optimisation of those specific parameters has led to the development of a suitable cloud point extraction system for the determination of polonium-210 at ultra-trace levels compatible with alpha-spectrometry. To facilitate this coupling, a back-extraction procedure was optimised and performed on the surfactant-rich phase to enable the spontaneous deposition of polonium-210 onto a silver disk; this also avoids making the matrix transfer step mandatory due to the presence of a nitric medium. Method detection and quantification limits of 3.5 and 12 mBq L-1, respectively, were determined by alpha spectrometry. The robustness of the proposed methodology was demonstrated by the determination of polonium ions concentration in various environmental and biological samples and solid certified reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Blanchet-Chouinard
- Laboratoire de radioécologie, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominic Larivière
- Laboratoire de radioécologie, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Thakur P, Ward AL. 210Po in the environment: insight into the naturally occurring polonium isotope. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Maxwell SL, McAlister DR, Sudowe R. Novel rapid oxidizing fusion method to determine Polonium-210 in air filters. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 153:108833. [PMID: 31415911 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the determination of polonium-210 in air filters has been developed for use following a radiological event and for routine environmental monitoring. Air filter samples, including cellulose and glass fiber, are fused with a sodium or potassium nitrate/sodium hydroxide flux material. The alkaline matrix minimizes polonium volatility during sample digestion steps, while efficiently dissolving the air filter and inorganic matter implanted on the filter. The addition of nitrate to the flux destroys organic material which can decrease Polonium recovery during precipitation, extraction and source preparation steps. Polonium is concentrated and separated from the sample matrix using an iron hydroxide precipitation and extraction chromatography with DGA Resin. Polonium-210 is subsequently measured by alpha spectrometry following rapid microprecipitation with bismuth phosphate. The new method employs extraction chromatographic purification to remove alpha emitting interferences and sample matrix constituents which can interfere with 210Po measurements using alpha spectrometry. The novel blend of sodium hydroxide and alkali metal nitrate digests the air filters quickly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrod L Maxwell
- Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC, Building 735-B, Aiken, SC, 29808, USA.
| | | | - Ralf Sudowe
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Comparison of two methods for the rapid radiochemical analysis of air dust samples in emergency situations. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 150:120-126. [PMID: 31132612 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reliable determination of airborne radionuclides in air is a key aspect in decision-making for the protection against public exposure in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency. Nowadays, this needs to be done in real time and at the international level. These needs require the development of fast response protocols and the harmonisation of results. This work presents two fast radiochemical methods for the simultaneous separation of alpha and beta emitters in aerosols and their performance in a series of samples.
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Lemons B, Khaing H, Ward A, Thakur P. A rapid method for the sequential separation of polonium, plutonium, americium and uranium in drinking water. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 136:10-17. [PMID: 29448060 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new sequential separation method for the determination of polonium and actinides (Pu, Am and U) in drinking water samples has been developed that can be used for emergency response or routine water analyses. For the first time, the application of TEVA chromatography column in the sequential separation of polonium and plutonium has been studied. This method utilizes a rapid Fe+3 co-precipitation step to remove matrix interferences, followed by plutonium oxidation state adjustment to Pu4+ and an incubation period of ~ 1 h at 50-60 °C to allow Po2+ to oxidize to Po4+. The polonium and plutonium were then separated on a TEVA column, while separation of americium from uranium was performed on a TRU column. After separation, polonium was micro-precipitated with copper sulfide (CuS), while actinides were micro co-precipitated using neodymium fluoride (NdF3) for counting by the alpha spectrometry. The method is simple, robust and can be performed quickly with excellent removal of interferences, high chemical recovery and very good alpha peak resolution. The efficiency and reliability of the procedures were tested by using spiked samples. The effect of several transition metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, and Ni2+) on the performance of this method were also assessed to evaluate the potential matrix effects. Studies indicate that presence of up to 25 mg of these cations in the samples had no adverse effect on the recovery or the resolution of polonium alpha peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lemons
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, United States
| | - H Khaing
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, United States
| | - A Ward
- US Department of Energy, Carlsbad Field Office, 4021 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM 88220, United States
| | - P Thakur
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, United States.
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Song L, Ma Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Luo M, Dai X. Method of Polonium Source Preparation Using Tellurium Microprecipitation for Alpha Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13651-13657. [PMID: 29172441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A thin-layer source for the counting of polonium isotopes by alpha spectrometry can be rapidly prepared using microprecipitation with tellurium. Polonium was first coprecipitated with the reduction of tellurium by stannous chloride, followed by microfiltration onto a membrane filter for counting. This microprecipitation method is faster, cheaper, and more convenient than the traditional spontaneous deposition method, with an excellent Po recovery (>90%) under optimal conditions. The influences of several experimental parameters, including Te(IV) quantity, reaction time, and HCl molarity, were examined to determine the optimal conditions for Te microprecipitation. The decontamination factors of potential interferences from various radionuclides (Ra, Th, U, Pu, Am) for the counting of long-lived polonium isotopes (208Po, 209Po, and 210Po) were also evaluated, and the results confirmed a good selectivity on polonium by this microprecipitation method. Due to its strong resistance to high acidity up to 12 M HCl, the method would be particularly suitable for rapid determination of 210Po in acid leaching solution of solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Song
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Wang
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyi Luo
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongxin Dai
- China Institute for Radiation Protection , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Arginelli D, Battisti P, Giardina I. Extraction chromatography with DGA resin for the determination of americium and curium in biological samples by high resolution alpha spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sadi BB, Chen J, Kochermin V, Tung G, Chiorean S. A faster sample preparation method for determination of polonium-210 in fish. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Maxwell SL, Culligan BK, Hutchison JB, Utsey RC, McAlister DR. Rapid determination of actinides in seawater samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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