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De Angelis A, Johnson ED, Sutharsan S, Aliberti S. Exacerbations of bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240085. [PMID: 39048130 PMCID: PMC11267293 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0085-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis presents a significant challenge due to its rising prevalence, associated economic burden and clinical heterogeneity. This review synthesises contemporary understanding and literature of bronchiectasis exacerbations, addressing the transition from stable state to exacerbations, underlining the importance of early and precise recognition, rigorous severity assessment, prompt treatment, and prevention measures, as well as emphasising the need for strategies to assess and improve early and long-term patient outcomes. The review highlights the interplay between stable state phases and exacerbations in bronchiectasis, introducing the concept of "exogenous and endogenous changes in airways homeostasis" and the "adapted island model" with a particular focus on "frequent exacerbators", a group of patients associated with specific clinical characteristics and worse outcomes. The pathophysiology of exacerbations is explored through the lens of microbial and nonmicrobial triggers and the presence and the activity of comorbidities, elaborating on the impact of both exogenous insults, such as infections and pollution, and endogenous factors such as inflammatory endotypes. Finally, the review proposes a multidisciplinary approach to care, integrating advancements in precision medicine and biomarker research, paving the way for tailored treatments that challenge the traditional antibiotic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro De Angelis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Respiratory Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma D Johnson
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Sivagurunathan Sutharsan
- Division of Cystic Fibrosis, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medicine Essen -Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Respiratory Unit, Milan, Italy
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2
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Johnson E, Long MB, Chalmers JD. Biomarkers in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230234. [PMID: 38960612 PMCID: PMC11220624 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0234-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous disease with multiple aetiologies and diverse clinical features. There is a general consensus that optimal treatment requires precision medicine approaches focused on specific treatable disease characteristics, known as treatable traits. Identifying subtypes of conditions with distinct underlying biology (endotypes) depends on the identification of biomarkers that are associated with disease features, prognosis or treatment response and which can be applied in clinical practice. Bronchiectasis is a disease characterised by inflammation, infection, structural lung damage and impaired mucociliary clearance. Increasingly there are available methods to measure each of these components of the disease, revealing heterogeneous inflammatory profiles, microbiota, radiology and mucus and epithelial biology in patients with bronchiectasis. Using emerging biomarkers and omics technologies to guide treatment in bronchiectasis is a promising field of research. Here we review the most recent data on biomarkers in bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Johnson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Merete B Long
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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3
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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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4
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Jakimiuk K, Gesek J, Atanasov AG, Tomczyk M. Flavonoids as inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1016-1028. [PMID: 33980119 PMCID: PMC8128182 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1927006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase is a proteolytic enzyme belonging to the family of hydrolases produced by human neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Human neutrophil elastase is known to play multiple roles in the human body, but an increase in its activity may cause a variety of diseases. Elastase inhibitors may prevent the development of psoriasis, chronic kidney disease, respiratory disorders (including COVID-19), immune disorders, and even cancers. Among polyphenolic compounds, some flavonoids and their derivatives, which are mostly found in herbal plants, have been revealed to influence elastase release and its action on human cells. This review focuses on elastase inhibitors that have been discovered from natural sources and are biochemically characterised as flavonoids. The inhibitory activity on elastase is a characteristic of flavonoid aglycones and their glycoside and methylated, acetylated and hydroxylated derivatives. The presented analysis of structure-activity relationship (SAR) enables the determination of the chemical groups responsible for evoking an inhibitory effect on elastase. Further study especially of the in vivo efficacy and safety of the described natural compounds is of interest in order to gain better understanding of their health-promoting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jakimiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Gesek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, Student’s Scientific Association, Białystok, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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5
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the expression and regulation of mucin in CRS and discusses its clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is common chronic nasal disease; one of its main manifestations and important features is mucus overproduction. Mucin is the major component of mucus and plays a critical role in the pathophysiological changes in CRS. The phenotype of CRS affects the expression of various mucins, especially in nasal polyps (NP). Corticosteroids(CS), human neutrophil elastase (HNE), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are closely related to the tissue remodeling of CRS and regulate mucin expression, mainly MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC5B. "It is expected that CS, HNE and TGF - β could be used to regulate the expression of mucin in CRS." However, at present, the research on mucin is mainly focused on mucin 5AC and mucin 5B, which is bad for finding new therapeutic targets. Investigating the expression and location of mucin in nasal mucosa and understanding the role of various inflammatory factors in mucin expression are helpful to figure out regulatory mechanisms of airway mucin hypersecretion. It is of great significance for the treatment of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provinicial People's Hospital & Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingjia Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provinicial People's Hospital & Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Polarization of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) signaling is altered during airway epithelial remodeling and deciliation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6721-6740. [PMID: 32241907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by secreted proteases from immune cells or fungi. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. We hypothesized that epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by cilial loss and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Here, using a fluorescent arrestin assay, we confirmed that the common fungal airway pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus activates heterologously-expressed PAR-2. Endogenous PAR-2 activation in submerged airway RPMI 2650 or NCI-H520 squamous cells increased intracellular calcium levels and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. RPMI 2650 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) responded to apically or basolaterally applied PAR-2 agonists. However, well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial ALIs responded only to basolateral PAR-2 stimulation, indicated by calcium elevation, increased cilia beat frequency, and increased fluid and cytokine secretion. We exposed primary cells to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency, at concentrations and times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier to model early disease states. These altered primary cultures responded to both apical and basolateral PAR-2 stimulation. Imaging nasal polyps and control middle turbinate explants, we found that nasal polyps, but not turbinates, exhibit apical calcium responses to PAR-2 stimulation. However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintained basolateral PAR-2 polarization, suggesting that the calcium responses originated from nonciliated cells. Altered PAR-2 polarization in disease-remodeled epithelia may enhance apical responses and increase sensitivity to inhaled proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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8
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Tong X, Liang R, Jia Y, Qin W, Guo C, Wu X, Wang Z, Chen D, Tan N. Suhuang Antitussive Capsules-Ameliorative Effects on LPS-Induced Sputum Obstruction in Mice Through Promoting HGF Secretion. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1422. [PMID: 31920638 PMCID: PMC6930918 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sputum obstruction is one of common cough complications, which is tightly associated with airway inflammation. Suhuang antitussive capsule (SH Capsule), a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been used for the treatment of post-cold cough and cough variant asthma in the long clinical application. This study aims to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of SH Capsule on LPS-induced sputum obstruction in mice. The results showed that SH Capsule effectively promoted the tracheal phenol red output and mucociliary clearance. SH Capsule also alleviated airway inflammation-mediated mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) level through EGFR-ERK signaling. A further in vivo analysis showed that HGF inhibitor SU11274 abrogated the effects of SH Capsule on MUC5AC, well demonstrating that HGF was required for the beneficial effects of SH Capsule on expectoration in vivo. Moreover, SH Capsule promoted HGF secretion in a colon-dependent manner, which reached lung tissues via blood circulation. Collectively, this study provided new pharmacological data for clinical use of SH Capsule, and proposed a novel mechanism by which SH Capsule was pharmacologically promising for treating sputum obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongyao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuning Jia
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Beijing Haiyan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingdong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Beijing Haiyan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ninghua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Haraden CA, Huebner JL, Hsueh MF, Li YJ, Kraus VB. Synovial fluid biomarkers associated with osteoarthritis severity reflect macrophage and neutrophil related inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:146. [PMID: 31196179 PMCID: PMC6567574 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify a synovial fluid (SF) biomarker profile characteristic of individuals with an inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA) endotype. METHODS A total of 48 knees (of 25 participants) were characterized for an extensive array of SF biomarkers quantified by Rules Based Medicine using the high-sensitivity multiplex immunoassay, Myriad Human InflammationMAP® 1.0, which included 47 different cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors related to inflammation. Multivariable regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) and false discovery rate (FDR) correction was used to assess associations of SF RBM biomarkers with etarfolatide imaging scores reflecting synovial inflammation; radiographic knee OA severity (based on Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade, joint space narrowing, and osteophyte scores); knee joint symptoms; and SF biomarkers associated with activated macrophages and knee OA progression including CD14 and CD163 (shed by activated macrophages) and elastase (shed by activated neutrophils). RESULTS Significant associations of SF biomarkers meeting FDR < 0.05 included soluble (s)VCAM-1 and MMP-3 with synovial inflammation (FDR-adjusted p = 0.025 and 1.06 × 10-7); sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, TIMP-1, and VEGF with radiographic OA severity (p = 1.85 × 10-5 to 3.97 × 10-4); and VEGF, MMP-3, TIMP-1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and MCP-1 with OA symptoms (p = 2.72 × 10-5 to 0.050). All these SF biomarkers were highly correlated with macrophage markers CD163 and CD14 in SF (r = 0.43 to 0.90, FDR < 0.05); all but MCP-1 were also highly correlated with neutrophil elastase in SF (r = 0.62 to 0.89, FDR < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A subset of six SF biomarkers was related to synovial inflammation in OA, as well as radiographic and symptom severity. These six OA-related SF biomarkers were specifically linked to indicators of activated macrophages and neutrophils. These results attest to an inflammatory OA endotype that may serve as the basis for therapeutic targeting of a subset of individuals at high risk for knee OA progression. TRIAL REGISTRATION Written informed consent was received from participants prior to inclusion in the study; the study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01237405 ) on November 9, 2010, prior to enrollment of the first participant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin A Haraden
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104775, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Janet L Huebner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104775, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Hsueh
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104775, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104775, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104775, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC, 27701, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Chen ACH, Burr L, McGuckin MA. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in respiratory disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1019. [PMID: 29928501 PMCID: PMC5999202 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are related states that can occur in cells as part of normal physiology but occur frequently in diseases involving inflammation. In this article, we review recent findings relating to the role of oxidative and ER stress in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic nonmalignant diseases of the lung, including infections, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. We also explore the potential of drugs targeting oxidative and ER stress pathways to alleviate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C-H Chen
- Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Department of Cell and Molecular Therapy Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lucy Burr
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Mater Adult Hospital and Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Raymond Tce, South Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group Translational Research Institute Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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11
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Xu R, Zhou J, Zhou XD, Li Q, Perelman JM, Kolosov VP. Munc13‑4 mediates human neutrophil elastase‑induced airway mucin5AC hypersecretion by interacting with syntaxin2. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1015-1024. [PMID: 29767240 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression and hypersecretion of mucus is a hallmark of chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease. Mucin5AC (MUC5AC) is a major component of airway gel‑forming mucin. Members of the Unc13 (Munc13) protein family act as important activators of granule exocytosis from various types of mammalian cells. The present study aimed to determine the role of Munc13 family proteins in MUC5AC secretion via an in vitro study with BEAS‑2B and Calu‑3 cell lines. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting indicated that stimulation of the cells with 100 nM human neutrophil elastase (hNE) for 1 h did not affect the expression of either unc13 homolog B (Munc13‑2) or unc13 homolog D (Munc13‑4), but immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that hNE treatment was associated with the recruitment of Munc13‑4 to the plasma membrane. Co‑immunoprecipitation analysis indicated increased binding between Munc13‑4 and syntaxin2 followingh NE stimulation; however, Munc13‑2 formed a stable interaction with syntaxin2 with or without hNE stimulation. Subsequently, Munc13‑2 and Munc13‑4 expression levels were downregulated in BEAS‑2B and Calu‑3 cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA). ELISAs and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to assess MUC5AC secretion and intracellular retention, respectively. Munc13‑2 siRNA transfection did not alter the expression levels of intracellular or secreted MUC5AC following hNE stimulation in either cell line; however, it increased the baseline intracellular levels of MUC5AC and decreased the amount of secreted MUC5AC. Conversely, Munc13‑4 siRNA transfection increased the intracellular levels of MUC5AC and decreased the amount of secreted MUC5AC following hNE stimulation, but did not affect their baseline quantities. The results of the present study indicate that Munc13‑2 may be an essential regulator of basal MUC5AC exocytosis, while Munc13‑4 appears to be a Munc13 protein subtype that may to be sensitive to hNE stimulation during airway MUC5AC hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Dong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Juliy M Perelman
- Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Blagoveshchensk 675000, Russia
| | - Victor P Kolosov
- Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Blagoveshchensk 675000, Russia
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12
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Soto AS, Fenoy IM, Sanchez VR, March F, Perrone Sibilia MD, Aldirico MDLA, Picchio MS, Arcon N, Acosta PL, Polack FP, Martin V, Goldman A. Toxoplasma gondii serine-protease inhibitor-1: A new adjuvant candidate for asthma therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187002. [PMID: 29073215 PMCID: PMC5658115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-proteases are important players in the pathogenesis of asthma, promoting inflammation and tissue remodeling. It’s also known that many serine protease inhibitors display immunomodulatory properties. TgPI-1 is a Toxoplasma gondii protein that exhibits broad spectrum inhibitory activity against serine proteases. In view of the increased prevalence of atopic disorders and the need to develop new treatment strategies we sought to investigate the potential of TgPI-1 for treating respiratory allergies. For this purpose, we developed a therapeutic experimental model. BALB/c mice were rendered allergic by intraperitoneal ovalbumin-alum sensitization and airway-challenged. Once the asthmatic phenotype was achieved, mice were intranasally treated with rTgPI-1 alone or with a mixture of rTgPI-1 and ovalbumin (OVA). A week later mice were given a secondary aerosol challenge. Treatment with rTgPI-1 alone or co-administered with OVA diminished bronchoalveolar eosinophilia, mucus production and peribronchial lung infiltration. This effect was accompanied by a lung resistance reduction of 26.3% and 50.3% respectively. Both treatments resulted in the production of lower levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ and regulatory IL-10 by thoracic lymph node cells stimulated with OVA. Interestingly, significant decreases in OVA specific IgE and T cell proliferation, and increases in FoxP3+ T cells at local and systemic levels were only detected when the inhibitor was administered along with OVA. These results show that both rTgPI-1 treatments reduced asthma hallmarks. However, co-administration of the inhibitor with the allergen was more effective. Hence, rTgPI-1 emerges as a novel adjuvant candidate for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna S. Soto
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M. Fenoy
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa R. Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia March
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías D. Perrone Sibilia
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de los Angeles Aldirico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano S. Picchio
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Arcon
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio L. Acosta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Infant, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Valentina Martin
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Goldman
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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13
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Samuels TL, Yan JC, Khampang P, Dettmar PW, MacKinnon A, Hong W, Johnston N, Papsin BC, Chun RH, McCormick ME, Kerschner JE. Association of Gel-Forming Mucins and Aquaporin Gene Expression With Hearing Loss, Effusion Viscosity, and Inflammation in Otitis Media With Effusion. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 143:810-817. [PMID: 28594978 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Persistent, viscous middle ear effusion in pediatric otitis media (OM) contributes to increased likelihood of anesthesia and surgery, conductive hearing loss, and subsequent developmental delays. Biomarkers of effusion viscosity and hearing loss have not yet been identified despite the potential that such markers hold for targeted therapy and screening. Objective To investigate the association of gel-forming mucins and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) gene expression with inflammation, effusion viscosity, and hearing loss in pediatric OM with effusion (OME). Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study of 31 pediatric patients (aged 6 months to 12 years) with OME undergoing tympanostomy tube placement and control individuals (aged 1 to 10 years) undergoing surgery for cochlear implantation from February 1, 2013, through November 30, 2014. Those with 1 or more episodes of OM in the previous 12 months, immunologic abnormality, anatomical or physiologic ear defect, OM-associated syndrome (ie, Down syndrome, cleft palate), chronic mastoiditis, or history of cholesteatoma were excluded from the study. All patients with OME and 1 control were recruited from Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. The remainder of the controls were recruited from Sick Kids Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Main Outcomes and Measures Two to 3 middle ear biopsy specimens, effusions, and preoperative audiometric data (obtained <3 weeks before surgery) were collected from patients; only biopsy specimens were collected from controls. Expression of the mucin 2 (MUC2), mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), mucin 5B (MUC5B), and AQP5 genes were assayed in middle ear biopsy specimens by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. One middle ear biopsy specimen was sectioned for histopathologic analysis. Reduced specific viscosity of effusions was assayed using rheometry. Results Of the 31 study participants, 24 patients had OME (mean [SD] age, 50.4 [31.9] months; 15 [62.5%] male; 16 [66.7%] white) and 7 acted as controls (mean [SD] age, 32.6 [24.4] months; 2 [26.6%] male; 6 [85.7%] white). Mucins and AQP5 gene expression were significantly higher in patients with OME relative to controls (MUC2: ratio, 127.6 [95% CI, 33.7-482.7]; MUC5AC: ratio, 3748.8 [95% CI, 558.1-25 178.4]; MUC5B: ratio, 471.1 [95% CI, 130.7-1697.4]; AQP5: ratio, 2.4 [95% CI, 1.1-5.6]). A 2-fold increase in MUC5B correlated with increased hearing loss (air-bone gap: 7.45 dB [95% CI, 2.65-12.24 dB]; sound field: 6.66 dB [95% CI, 6.63-6.69 dB]), effusion viscosity (2.75 mL/mg; 95% CI, 0.89-4.62 mL/mg), middle ear epithelial thickness (3.5 μm; 95% CI, 1.96-5.13 μm), and neutrophil infiltration (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72). A 2-fold increase in AQP5 correlated with increased effusion viscosity (1.94 mL/mg; 95% CI, 0.08-3.80 mL/mg). Conclusions and Relevance Further exploration of the role of MUC5B in the pathophysiology of OME holds promise for development of novel, targeted therapies to reduce effusion viscosity, facilitation of effusion clearance, and prevention of disease chronicity and hearing loss in patients with OME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Justin C Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | | | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Michael E McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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14
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McMahon DB, Workman AD, Kohanski MA, Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Chen B, Doghramji LJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Lee RJ. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating. FASEB J 2017; 32:155-167. [PMID: 28874459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700114rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, driven by the engine of ciliary beating, is the primary physical airway defense against inhaled pathogens and irritants. A better understanding of the regulation of ciliary beating and mucociliary transport is necessary for identifying new receptor targets to stimulate improved clearance in airway diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic rhinosinusitis. In this study, we examined the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a GPCR previously shown to regulate airway cell cytokine and mucus secretion, and transepithelial Cl- current. PAR-2 is activated by proteases secreted by airway neutrophils and pathogens. We cultured various airway cell lines, primary human and mouse sinonasal cells, and human bronchial cells at air-liquid interface and examined them using molecular biology, biochemistry, and live-cell imaging. We found that PAR-2 is expressed basolaterally, where it stimulates both intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx, which activates low-level nitric oxide production, increases apical membrane Cl- permeability ∼3-5-fold, and increases ciliary beating ∼20-50%. No molecular or functional evidence of PAR-4 was observed. These data suggest a novel and previously overlooked role of PAR-2 in airway physiology, adding to our understanding of the role of this receptor in airway Ca2+ signaling and innate immunity.-McMahon, D. B., Workman, A. D., Kohanski, M. A., Carey, R. M., Freund, J. R., Hariri, B. M., Chen, B., Doghramji, L. J., Adappa, N. D., Palmer, J. N., Kennedy, D. W., Lee, R. J. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel J Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Muley MM, Krustev E, Reid AR, McDougall JJ. Prophylactic inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents the development of chronic neuropathic pain in osteoarthritic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:168. [PMID: 28835277 PMCID: PMC5569523 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of osteoarthritis (OA) patients experience joint pain with neuropathic characteristics. Mediators such as neutrophil elastase, a serine proteinase, may be released during acute OA inflammatory flares. We have previously shown that local administration of neutrophil elastase causes joint inflammation and pain via activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of endogenous neutrophil elastase and PAR2 to the development of joint inflammation, pain, and neuropathy associated with monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced experimental OA. Methods MIA (0.3 mg/10 μl) was injected into the right knee joint of male C57BL/6 mice (20–34 g). Joint inflammation (edema, leukocyte kinetics), neutrophil elastase proteolytic activity, tactile allodynia, and saphenous nerve demyelination were assessed over 14 days post-injection. The effects of inhibiting neutrophil elastase during the early inflammatory phase of MIA (days 0 to 3) were determined using sivelestat (50 mg/kg i.p.) and serpinA1 (10 μg i.p.). Involvement of PAR2 in the development of MIA-induced joint inflammation and pain was studied using the PAR2 antagonist GB83 (5 μg i.p. days 0 to 1) and PAR2 knockout animals. Results MIA caused an increase in neutrophil elastase proteolytic activity on day 1 (P < 0.0001), but not on day 14. MIA also generated a transient inflammatory response which peaked on day 1 (P < 0.01) then subsided over the 2-week time course. Joint pain appeared on day 1 and persisted to day 14 (P < 0.0001). By day 14, the saphenous nerve showed signs of demyelination. Early treatment with sivelestat and serpinA1 blocked the proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase on day 1 (P < 0.001), and caused lasting improvements in joint inflammation, pain, and saphenous nerve damage (P < 0.05). MIA-induced synovitis was reversed by early treatment with GB83 and attenuated in PAR2 knockout mice (P < 0.05). PAR2 knockout mice also showed reduced MIA-induced joint pain (P < 0.0001) and less nerve demyelination (P = 0.81 compared to saline control). Conclusions Neutrophil elastase and PAR2 contribute significantly to the development of joint inflammation, pain, and peripheral neuropathy associated with experimental OA, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eugene Krustev
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Allison R Reid
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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16
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Tian Y, Li M, Wu S, Wang D, Sun B, Xie J, Wang H. Neutrophil elastase stimulates MUC5AC expression in human biliary epithelial cells: a possible pathway of PKC/Nox/ROS. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:677-685. [PMID: 28507586 PMCID: PMC5420639 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.67286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial infection and bile flow retardation form a vicious cycle which promotes stone formation and recurrence, and it seems that mucin overexpression plays an important role in this process. However, the mechanism of increased mucus secretion in the biliary tract by bacterial infection and its treatment remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human biliary epithelial cells were induced by neutrophil elastase (NE), and H2O2 production in the cell supernatants was detected by a specific kit, and then cells were pretreated with a H2O2 inhibitor, and expression of MUC5AC was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, selective PKC and Nox inhibitors, apocynin and bisindolylmaleimide I, were used to pretreat cells and detect H2O2, MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression. Then, we pretreated cells with selective inhibitors or NE, and detected transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) using an ELISA kit. RESULTS H2O2 production increased in an NE dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001), and NE upregulated MUC5AC expression at both mRNA and protein levels, while DMTU, could reduce this high expression (p < 0.01 at mRNA level, p < 0.001 at grey analysis for western blot and p < 0.01 at mean density for immunohistochemical staining at protein level). Moreover, apocynin and bisindolylmaleimide I could reduce the H2O2 production stimulated by NE (p < 0.05), and reduce MUC5AC high expression (p < 0.01 at mRNA level, p < 0.001 at both grey analysis for western blot and mean density for immunohistochemical staining at protein level). In addition, NE induced TGF-α production, and any of the three selective inhibitors could reduce it (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NE-induced reactive oxygen species participated in the upregulation of MUC5AC production. Moreover, protein kinase C and NADPH oxidase (Nox) regulate MUC5AC production in NE-challenged human biliary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Duoliang Wang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ben Sun
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junqing Xie
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Val S, Poley M, Brown K, Choi R, Jeong S, Colberg-Poley A, Rose MC, Panchapakesan KC, Devaney JC, Perez-Losada M, Preciado D. Proteomic Characterization of Middle Ear Fluid Confirms Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as a Predominant Innate Immune Response in Chronic Otitis Media. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152865. [PMID: 27078692 PMCID: PMC4831838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is characterized by middle ear effusion (MEE) and conductive hearing loss. MEE reflect mucus hypersecretion, but global proteomic profiling of the mucosal components are limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at characterizing the proteome of MEEs from children with COM with the goal of elucidating important innate immune responses. METHOD MEEs were collected from children (n = 49) with COM undergoing myringotomy. Mass spectrometry was employed for proteomic profiling in nine samples. Independent samples were further analyzed by cytokine multiplex assay, immunoblotting, neutrophil elastase activity, next generation DNA sequencing, and/or immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS 109 unique and common proteins were identified by MS. A majority were innate immune molecules, along with typically intracellular proteins such as histones and actin. 19.5% percent of all mapped peptide counts were from proteins known to be released by neutrophils. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in every MEE, along with MUC5B colocalization. DNA found in effusions revealed unfragmented DNA of human origin. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis of MEEs revealed a predominantly neutrophilic innate mucosal response in which MUC5B is associated with NET DNA. NETs are a primary macromolecular constituent of human COM middle ear effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Val
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marian Poley
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kristy Brown
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rachel Choi
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Jeong
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Annie Colberg-Poley
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Karuna C. Panchapakesan
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joe C. Devaney
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marcos Perez-Losada
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Diego Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kawata J, Yamaguchi R, Yamamoto T, Ishimaru Y, Sakamoto A, Aoki M, Kitano M, Umehashi M, Hirose E, Yamaguchi Y. Human Neutrophil Elastase Induce Interleukin-10 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells through Protein Kinase C Theta/Delta and Phospholipase Pathways. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 17:692-700. [PMID: 26862528 PMCID: PMC4746419 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neutrophils have an important role in the rapid innate immune response,
and the release or active secretion of elastase from neutrophils is linked to various
inflammatory responses. Purpose of this study was to determine how the human
neutrophil elastase affects the interleukin-10 (IL-10) response in peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Materials and Methods In this prospective study, changes in IL-10 messenger RNA
(mRNA) and protein expression levels in monocytes derived from human PBMCs
were investigated after stimulation with human neutrophil elastase (HNE). A set of
inhibitors was used for examining the pathways for IL-10 production induced by HNE.
Results Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that
stimulation with HNE upregulated IL-10 mRNA expression by monocytes, while the
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed an increase of IL-10 protein
level in the culture medium. A phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122) partially blunt-
ed the induction of IL-10 mRNA expression by HNE, while IL-10 mRNA expression
was significantly reduced by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (Rottlerin). A calcium
chelator (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester: TMB-8) inhibited
the response of IL-10 mRNA to stimulation by HNE. In addition, pretreatment with
a broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor (Ro-318425) partly blocked the response to HNE.
Finally, an inhibitor of PKC theta/delta abolished the increased level of IL-10 mRNA
expression.
Conclusion These results indicate that HNE mainly upregulates IL-10 mRNA ex-
pression and protein production in moncytes via a novel PKC theta/delta, although
partially via the conventional PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kawata
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuji Ishimaru
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Arisa Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kitano
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Misako Umehashi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Hirose
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Muley MM, Reid AR, Botz B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z, McDougall JJ. Neutrophil elastase induces inflammation and pain in mouse knee joints via activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:766-77. [PMID: 26140667 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in arthritis. Here, its potential in triggering joint inflammation and pain was assessed, and whether these effects were mediated by proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neutrophil elastase (5 μg) was injected into the knee joints of mice and changes in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and paw withdrawal threshold were assessed. Similar experiments were performed in animals pretreated with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat, the PAR2 antagonist GB83, the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126 and in PAR2 receptor knockout (KO) mice. Neutrophil elastase activity was also evaluated in arthritic joints by fluorescent imaging and sivelestat was assessed for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. KEY RESULTS Intra-articular injection of neutrophil elastase caused an increase in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and a decrease in paw withdrawal threshold. Sivelestat treatment suppressed this effect. The PAR2 antagonist GB83 reversed neutrophil elastase-induced synovitis and pain and these responses were also attenuated in PAR2 KO mice. The MAPK inhibitor U0126 also blocked neutrophil elastase-induced inflammation and pain. Active neutrophil elastase was increased in acutely inflamed knees as shown by an activatable fluorescent probe. Sivelestat appeared to reduce neutrophil elastase activity, but had only a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in this model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Neutrophil elastase induced acute inflammation and pain in knee joints of mice. These changes are PAR2-dependent and appear to involve activation of a p44/42 MAPK pathway. Blocking neutrophil elastase, PAR2 and p44/42 MAPK activity can reduce inflammation and pain, suggesting their utility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Allison R Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA NAP B Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Tsai YF, Hwang TL. Neutrophil elastase inhibitors: a patent review and potential applications for inflammatory lung diseases (2010 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1145-58. [PMID: 26118988 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase (NE) not only destroys pathogens but also degrades host matrix tissues by generating a localized protease-antiprotease imbalance. In humans, NE is well known to be involved in various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, asthma, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The regulation of NE activity is thought to represent a promising therapeutic approach, and NE is considered as an important target for the development of novel selective inhibitors to treat these diseases. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes and analyzes patents on NE inhibitors and their therapeutic potential based on a review of patent applications disclosed between 2010 and 2014. EXPERT OPINION According to this review of recent NE inhibitor patents, all of the disclosed inhibitors can be classified into peptide- and non-peptide-based groups. The non-peptide NE inhibitors include heterocyclics, uracil derivatives and deuterium oxide. Among the heterocyclic analogs, derivatives of pyrimidinones, tetrahydropyrrolopyrimidinediones, pyrazinones, benzoxazinones and hypersulfated disaccharides were introduced. The literature has increasingly implicated NE in the pathogenesis of various diseases, of which inflammatory destructive lung diseases remain a major concern. However, only a few agents have been validated for therapeutic use in clinical settings to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,b 2 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology , Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,c 3 Chang Gung University, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,d 4 Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Department of Cosmetic Science and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,e 5 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan +88 6 3211 8506 ; +88 6 3211 8506 ;
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Non-Cationic Proteins Are Associated with HIV Neutralizing Activity in Genital Secretions of Female Sex Workers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130404. [PMID: 26090884 PMCID: PMC4475052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cationic proteins found in cervicovaginal secretions (CVS) are known to contribute to the early antiviral immune response against HIV-infection in vitro. We here aimed to define additional antiviral factors that are over-expressed in CVS from female sex workers at high risk of infection. Methods CVS were collected from Kenyan HIV-seronegative (n = 34) and HIV-seropositive (n = 12) female sex workers, and were compared with those from HIV-seronegative low-risk women (n = 12). The highly exposed seronegative (HESN) sex workers were further divided into those with less (n = 22) or more (n = 12) than three years of documented sex work. Cationic protein-depleted CVS were assessed for HIV-neutralizing activity by a PBMC-based HIV-neutralizing assay, and then characterized by proteomics. Results HIV neutralizing activity was detected in all unprocessed CVS, however only CVS from the female sex worker groups maintained its HIV neutralizing activity after cationic protein-depletion. Differentially abundant proteins were identified in the cationic protein-depleted secretions including 26, 42, and 11 in the HESN>3yr, HESN<3yr, and HIV-positive groups, respectively. Gene ontology placed these proteins into functional categories including proteolysis, oxidation-reduction, and epidermal development. The proteins identified in this study include proteins previously associated with the HESN phenotype in other cohorts as well as novel proteins not yet associated with anti-HIV activities. Conclusion While cationic proteins appear to contribute to the majority of the intrinsic HIV neutralizing activity in the CVS of low-risk women, a broader range of non-cationic proteins were associated with HIV neutralizing activity in HESN and HIV-positive female sex workers. These results indicate that novel protein factors found in CVS of women with high-risk sexual practices may have inherent antiviral activity, or are involved in other aspects of anti-HIV host defense, and warrant further exploration into their mode of action.
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Macha MA, Krishn SR, Jahan R, Banerjee K, Batra SK, Jain M. Emerging potential of natural products for targeting mucins for therapy against inflammation and cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:277-88. [PMID: 25624117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated mucin expression is a hallmark of several inflammatory and malignant pathologies. Emerging evidence suggests that, apart from biomarkers, these deregulated mucins are functional contributors to the pathogenesis in inflammation and cancer. Both overexpression and downregulation of mucins in various organ systems is associated with pathobiology of inflammation and cancer. Restoration of mucin homeostasis has become an important goal for therapy and management of such disorders has fueled the quest for selective mucomodulators. With improved understanding of mucin regulation and mechanistic insights into their pathobiological roles, there is optimism to find selective non-toxic agents capable of modulating mucin expression and function. Recently, natural compounds derived from dietary sources have drawn attention due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and low toxicity. Considerable efforts have been directed towards evaluating dietary natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents; identification, characterization and synthesis of their active compounds; and improving their delivery and bioavailability. We describe the current understanding of mucin regulation, rationale for targeting mucins with natural products and discuss some natural products that modulate mucin expression and functions. We further discuss the approaches and parameters that should guide future research to identify and evaluate selective natural mucomodulators for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shiv Ram Krishn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kasturi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Evaluation on potential contributions of protease activated receptors related mediators in allergic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:829068. [PMID: 24876677 PMCID: PMC4021743 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been recognized as a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be cleaved by certain serine proteases. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the role of PARs in allergic inflammation, the fundamental pathologic changes of allergy, but the potential roles of PARs in allergy remain obscure. Since many of these proteases are produced and actively involved in the pathologic process of inflammation including exudation of plasma components, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue damage and repair, PARs appear to make important contribution to allergy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expression of PARs in inflammatory and structural cells, the influence of agonists or antagonists of PARs on cell behavior, and the involvement of PARs in allergic disorders, which will help us to better understand the roles of serine proteases and PARs in allergy.
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Xu R, Li Q, Zhou X, Perelman JM, Kolosov VP. Annexin II mediates the neutrophil elastase-stimulated exocytosis of mucin 5ac. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:299-304. [PMID: 24247640 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression and hypersecretion of mucus is a hallmark of several chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and cystic fibrosis. Mucin 5ac (MUC5AC) is a major component of airway mucus. Annexin II (ANXII) has been reported to be expressed in various cells and is associated with the fusion of secretory vesicles. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is present at high concentrations in the airway surface fluid in patients with cystic fibrosis and various other severe diseases. However, the role of ANXII in NE-induced secretion of MUC5AC granules remains unclear. It was determined that NE upregulates the transcription and protein synthesis of ANXII in 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells. Following stimulation with NE, ANXII is recruited to the cell membrane, as visualised by cell immunochemistry and laser confocal microscopy, and the redistribution of ANXII is inhibited by the protein kinase-C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Conversely, depleting endogenous ANXII decreases MUC5AC secretion into the cell culture supernatant and increases the levels of intracellular MUC5AC protein. The data indicated that ANXII is associated with the secretion of MUC5AC granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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