1
|
Rzepka Z, Rok J, Zdybel M, Pilawa B, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. Streptomycin generates oxidative stress in melanin-producing cells: In vitro study with EPR spectroscopy evidence. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105844. [PMID: 38740103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Streptomycin (STR) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a broad-spectrum of activity and ototoxic potential. The mechanism of STR-induced inner ear damage has not been fully elucidated. It was previously found that STR binds to melanin, which may result in the accumulation of the drug in melanin-containing tissues. Melanin pigment is present in various parts of the inner ear, including the cochlea and vestibular organ. The present study aimed to assess if streptomycin generates oxidative stress and affects melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes. Moreover the variation of free radical concentration in STR-treated melanocytes was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). We found that STR decreases cell metabolic activity and reduces melanin content. The observed changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes activity in HEMn-DPs treated with streptomycin may suggest that the drug affects redox homeostasis in melanocytes. In this work EPR study expanded knowledge about free radicals in interactions of STR and melanin in melanocytes. The results may help elucidate the mechanisms of STR toxicity on pigment cells, including melanin-producing cells in the inner ear. This is important because understanding the mechanism of STR-induced ototoxicity would be helpful in developing new therapeutic strategies to protect patients' hearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zdybel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jedności Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hong SW, Wang YF, Chen YJ, Zhang KY, Chen PY, Hang HX, Yin HL, Xu P, Tan C. Integrative pharmacology reveals the mechanisms of Erzhi pills, A traditional Chinese formulation, stimulating melanogenesis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117617. [PMID: 38142876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erzhi pills (EZP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula prescribed for the treatment of vitiligo, has shown promising efficacy. However, the oral bioactive components and mechanisms underlying the promotion of melanogenesis by EZP remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological basis and mechanism of EZP in promoting melanogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS UHPLC-TOF-MS analysis was used to identify absorbed phytochemicals in serum after oral administration of EZP. Network pharmacology methods were used to predict potential targets and pathways involved in the melanogenic activity of EZP, resulting in the construction of a "compound-target-pathway" network. Zebrafish and B16F10 cells were used to evaluate the effects of EZP on tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Western blot and ELISA analyses were used to validate the effects of EZP on melanogenesis-related proteins, including MITF, TYR, CREB, p-CREB, and cAMP. RESULTS UHPLC-TOF-MS analysis identified 36 compounds derived from EZP in serum samples. Network pharmacology predictions revealed 89 target proteins associated with the identified compounds and closely related to vitiligo. GO and KEGG analyses indicated the involvement of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in the promotion of melanogenesis by EZP. Experimental results showed that EZP increased tyrosinase activity and melanin content in zebrafish and B16F10 cells without inducing toxicity. Western blot and ELISA results suggested that the melanogenic effect of EZP may be related to the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These results confirm the feasibility of combining serum pharmacological and network pharmacological approaches. CONCLUSIONS EZP have the potential to increase tyrosinase activity and melanin content in zebrafish and cells possibly through activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China; The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China; The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China; The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Kai-Yu Zhang
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Pei-Yao Chen
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hua-Xi Hang
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hui-Lin Yin
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China.
| | - Cheng Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Jin M, Lu Z, Li T, Wang H, Yuan Z, Wei C. Whole Genome Resequencing Reveals Selection Signals Related to Wool Color in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3265. [PMID: 37893989 PMCID: PMC10603731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool color is controlled by a variety of genes. Although the gene regulation of some wool colors has been studied in relative depth, there may still be unknown genetic variants and control genes for some colors or different breeds of wool that need to be identified and recognized by whole genome resequencing. Therefore, we used whole genome resequencing data to compare and analyze sheep populations of different breeds by population differentiation index and nucleotide diversity ratios (Fst and θπ ratio) as well as extended haplotype purity between populations (XP-EHH) to reveal selection signals related to wool coloration in sheep. Screening in the non-white wool color group (G1 vs. G2) yielded 365 candidate genes, among which PDE4B, GMDS, GATA1, RCOR1, MAPK4, SLC36A1, and PPP3CA were associated with the formation of non-white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes yielded 21 significant GO terms and 49 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), among which 17 GO terms and 21 KEGG pathways were associated with the formation of non-white wool. Screening in the white wool color group (G2 vs. G1) yielded 214 candidate genes, including ABCD4, VSX2, ITCH, NNT, POLA1, IGF1R, HOXA10, and DAO, which were associated with the formation of white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes revealed 9 significant GO-enriched pathways and 19 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), including 5 GO terms and 12 KEGG pathways associated with the formation of white wool. In addition to furthering our understanding of wool color genetics, this research is important for breeding purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Taotao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Huihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Caihong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bouchard KV, Costin GE. Promoting New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for research on skin color changes in response to environmental stress factors: tobacco and air pollution. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1256399. [PMID: 37886123 PMCID: PMC10598764 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1256399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the most dynamic biological processes in the human body and is known to carry significant impacts on individuals' self-esteem. Skin pigmentation is a highly heritable trait made possible by complex, strictly controlled cellular and molecular mechanisms. Genetic, environmental and endocrine factors contribute to the modulation of melanin's amount, type and distribution in the skin layers. One of the hallmarks of extrinsic skin aging induced by environmental stress factors is the alteration of the constitutive pigmentation pattern clinically defined as senile lentigines and/or melasma or other pigmentary dyschromias. The complexity of pollutants and tobacco smoke as environmental stress factors warrants a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which they impact skin pigmentation through repeated and long-term exposure. Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated that pollutants are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory events that lead directly or indirectly to skin hyperpigmentation. Another mechanistic direction is provided by Aryl hydrocarbon Receptors (AhR) which were shown to mediate processes leading to skin hyperpigmentation in response to pollutants by regulation of melanogenic enzymes and transcription factors involved in melanin biosynthesis pathway. In this context, we will discuss a diverse range of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) capable to provide mechanistic insights of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in the action of environmental stress factors on skin pigmentation and to support the design of raw ingredients and formulations intended to counter their impact and of any subsequently needed clinical studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Berg SZ, Berg J. Melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Lewy body dementia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228530. [PMID: 37841274 PMCID: PMC10570809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a ubiquitous dark pigment, plays important roles in the immune system, including scavenging reactive oxygen species formed in response to ultraviolet radiation absorption, absorbing metals, thermal regulation, drug uptake, innate immune system functions, redox, and energy transduction. Many tissue types, including brain, heart, arteries, ovaries, and others, contain melanin. Almost all cells contain precursors to melanin. A growing number of diseases in which there is a loss of melanin and/or neuromelanin are increasingly thought to have infectious etiologies, for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and vitiligo. AD, PD, LBD, and vitiligo have been linked with herpesvirus, which enters melanosomes and causes apoptosis, and with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. Herpesvirus is also linked with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. We theorize that under normal healthy states, melanin retains some of the energy it absorbs from electromagnetic radiation, which is then used to fuel cells, and energy from ATP is used to compliment that energy supply. We further theorize that loss of melanin reduces the energy supply of cells, which in the case of AD, PD, and LBD results in an inability to sustain immune system defenses and remove the plaques associated with the disease, which appear to be part of the immune system's attempt to eradicate the pathogens seen in these neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in an attempt to explain why removing these plaques does not result in improvements in cognition and mood and why cognitions and moods in these individuals have ebbs and flows, we postulate that it is not the plaques that cause the cognitive symptoms but, rather, inflammation in the brain resulting from the immune system's response to pathogens. Our theory that energy retained in melanin fuels cells in an inverse relationship with ATP is supported by studies showing alterations in ATP production in relationship to melanin levels in melanomas, vitiligo, and healthy cells. Therefore, alteration of melanin levels may be at the core of many diseases. We propose regulating melanin levels may offer new avenues for treatment development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Z. Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Świątkowski W, Budzyńska B, Maciąg M, Świątkowska A, Tylżanowski P, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Stachurski P, Chałas R. Nicotine and Cytisine Embryotoxicity in the Experimental Zebrafish Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12094. [PMID: 37569468 PMCID: PMC10419251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the most serious health problems. Potentially lethal effects of nicotine for adults can occur with as little as 30 to 60 mg, although severe symptoms can arise with lower doses. Furthermore, the route of administration also influences the toxicity. Cytisine is one of the most popular medications in nicotinism treatment. Like nicotine, cytisine is a plant alkaloid, signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Our study evaluated the effects of cytisine in nicotine-induced embryotoxic effects using zebrafish larvae. We examined the teratogenicity of nicotine and cytisine alone or in combination. Nicotine increased mortality and delayed hatching of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Cytisine did not affect mortality in a wide range of concentrations, and hatching delay was observed only at the highest concentrations, above 2 mM. Administering compounds together partially reduced the adverse teratogenic effect induced by nicotine alone. The protective effect of cytisine against the nicotine effect, observed in zebrafish, will contribute to future studies or treatments related to nicotine addiction or prenatal nicotine exposure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Świątkowski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Maciąg
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Świątkowska
- Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Przemko Tylżanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Piotr Stachurski
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Chałas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alam MB, Park NH, Song BR, Lee SH. Antioxidant Potential-Rich Betel Leaves ( Piper betle L.) Exert Depigmenting Action by Triggering Autophagy and Downregulating MITF/Tyrosinase In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020374. [PMID: 36829933 PMCID: PMC9952209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a unique skin tone based on the types and quantities of melanin pigment, and oxidative stress is a key element in melanogenesis regulation. This research sought to understand the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and depigmenting properties of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) extract (PBL) and the underlying mechanism. Ethyl acetate fractions of PBL (PBLA) demonstrated excellent phenolic content (342 ± 4.02 mgGAE/g) and strong DPPH, ABTS radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 41.52 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 45.60 ± 0.56 μg/mL, and 51.42 ± 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. Contrarily, ethanolic extract of PBL (PBLE) showed potent mushroom, mice, and human tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 = 7.72 ± 0.98 μg/mL, 20.59 ± 0.83 μg/mL and 24.78 ± 0.56 μg/mL, respectively). According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, PBL is abundant in caryophyllene, eugenol, O-eugenol, 3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenyl acetate, and chavicol. An in vitro and in vivo investigation showed that PBLE suppressed tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2 (Trp-1 and Trp-2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factors (MITF), decreasing the formation of melanin in contrast to the untreated control. PBLE reduced the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to an element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by preventing the synthesis of cAMP. Additionally, it activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), destroying Tyr and MITF and avoiding melanin production. Higher levels of microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC3-II), autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), Beclin 1, and lower levels of p62 demonstrate that PBLE exhibits significant anti-melanogenic effects via an autophagy-induction mechanism, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, PBLE significantly reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation while increasing the activity of several antioxidant enzymes in vivo, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and thioredoxin. PBLE can therefore be employed in topical formulations as a potent skin-whitening agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Rim Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-053-950-7754
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparative Study of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Melanogenesis in Human Epidermal Melanocytes from Different Pigmentation Phototypes: A Pilot Study. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:131-144. [PMID: 35736025 PMCID: PMC9224588 DOI: 10.3390/jox12020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the primary ingredients of cannabis plants and is responsible for the psychoactive properties of cannabis. While cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive compound from cannabis, has been shown to stimulate human epidermal melanogenesis, the effects of THC have not been addressed in human epidermal melanocytes. Moreover, to date, no study has tested the effects of these compounds on melanocytes differing in pigmentation, representative of different skin phototypes, which would be significant as different ethnicities are known to differentially metabolize these xenobiotics. Herein, the effects of THC were studied and compared alongside CBD in human epidermal melanocytes derived from lightly-pigmented (HEMn-LP; Caucasian) and darkly-pigmented (HEMn-DP; African-American) cells over a chronic exposure of 6 d. Results demonstrated that both compounds displayed cytotoxicity at 4 µM but stimulated melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a similar manner in LP and DP cells at nontoxic concentrations of 1–2 µM. However, THC and CBD showed a differential effect on dendricity in both cells; THC and CBD reversibly increased dendricity in LP cells while there was no significant change in DP cells. THC and CBD induced higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LP cells while there was no change in the ROS levels in DP cells. In summary, although THC was relatively less cytotoxic as compared to CBD to both LP and DP cells, it exhibited a similar capacity as CBD to stimulate melanin synthesis and export in LP cells which was accompanied by a significant oxidative stress. DP cells were relatively resistant to the effects of both THC and CBD which might implicate the protective effects conferred by melanin in dark-skinned individuals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Delijewski M, Radad K, Krewenka C, Kranner B, Moldzio R. The Reassessed Impact of Nicotine against Neurotoxicity in Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Cell Cultures and Neuroblastoma N18TG2 Cells. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:548-558. [PMID: 34229355 DOI: 10.1055/a-1527-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective effects of nicotine are still under debate, so further studies on its effectiveness against Parkinson's disease are required. In our present study, we used primary dopaminergic cell cultures and N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells to investigate the effect of nicotine and its neuroprotective potential against rotenone toxicity. Nicotine protected dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive) neurons against rotenone. This effect was not nAChR receptor-dependent. Moreover, the alkaloid at a concentration of 5 µM caused an increase in neurite length, and at a concentration of 500 µM, it caused an increase in neurite count in dopaminergic cells exposed to rotenone. Nicotine alone was not toxic in either cell culture model, while the highest tested concentration of nicotine (500 µM) caused growth inhibition of N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells. Nicotine alone increased the level of glutathione in both cell cultures and also in rotenone-treated neuroblastoma cells. The obtained results may be helpful to explain the potential neuroprotective action of nicotine on neural cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Khaled Radad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Christopher Krewenka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kranner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Modulating skin colour: role of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in regulating melanogenesis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228417. [PMID: 33871027 PMCID: PMC8112849 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Different skin colour among individuals is determined by the varying amount and types of melanin pigment. Melanin is produced in melanocytes, a type of dendritic cell located in the basal layer of the epidermis, through the process of melanogenesis. Melanogenesis consists of a series of biochemical and enzymatic reactions catalysed by tyrosinase and other tyrosinase-related proteins, leading to the formation of two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Melanogenesis can be regulated intrinsically by several signalling pathways, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit and wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signalling pathways. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major extrinsic factor in the regulation of melanogenesis, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants or antioxidant systems, with the ability to scavenge ROS, may decrease melanogenesis. This review focuses on the two main cellular antioxidant systems, the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, and discusses their roles in melanogenesis. In the Trx system, high levels/activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are correlated with melanin formation. The GSH system is linked with regulating pheomelanin formation. Exogenous addition of GSH has been shown to act as a depigmenting agent, suggesting that other antioxidants may also have the potential to act as depigmenting agents for the treatment of human hyperpigmentation disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chiang TC, Koss B, Su LJ, Washam CL, Byrum SD, Storey A, Tackett AJ. Effect of Sulforaphane and 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine on Melanoma Cell Growth. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6030071. [PMID: 31252639 PMCID: PMC6789461 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: UV exposure-induced oxidative stress is implicated as a driving mechanism for melanoma. Increased oxidative stress results in DNA damage and epigenetic dysregulation. Accordingly, we explored whether a low dose of the antioxidant sulforaphane (SFN) in combination with the epigenetic drug 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (DAC) could slow melanoma cell growth. SFN is a natural bioactivated product of the cruciferous family, while DAC is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Methods: Melanoma cell growth characteristics, gene transcription profiles, and histone epigenetic modifications were measured after single and combination treatments with SFN and DAC. Results: We detected melanoma cell growth inhibition and specific changes in gene expression profiles upon combinational treatments with SFN and DAC, while no significant alterations in histone epigenetic modifications were observed. Dysregulated gene transcription of a key immunoregulator cytokine—C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL-5)—was validated. Conclusions: These results indicate a potential combinatorial effect of a dietary antioxidant and an FDA-approved epigenetic drug in controlling melanoma cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Chin Chiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Brian Koss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - L Joseph Su
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Program & Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Charity L Washam
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Aaron Storey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Delijewski M, Wrześniok D, Beberok A, Rok J, Otręba M, Buszman E. The effect of simultaneous exposure of HEMn-DP and HEMn-LP melanocytes to nicotine and UV-radiation on the cell viability and melanogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:44-49. [PMID: 27450998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a main compound of tobacco plants and may affect more than a billion people all over the world that are permanently exposed to nicotine from cigarettes, various forms of smoking cessation therapies, electronic cigarettes or second-hand smoke. It is known that nicotine forms complexes with melanin what may lead to accumulation of this alkaloid in tissues of living organisms containing the pigment. This may affect the viability of cells and process of melanin biosynthesis that takes place in melanocytes. Although UV radiation is known to be a particular inductor of melanin biosynthesis, its simultaneous effect with nicotine on this process as well as the viability of human cells containing melanin have not been assessed so far. The aim of this study was to examine the simultaneous impact of nicotine and UV radiation on viability and melanogenesis in cultured normal human melanocytes dark (HEMn-DP) and light (HEMn-LP) pigmented. Nicotine together with UV radiation induced concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The higher cell loss was observed in dark pigmented melanocytes in comparison to light pigmented cells. Simultaneous exposure of cells to nicotine and UV radiation also caused changes in melanization process in both tested cell lines. The data suggest that simultaneous exposure of melanocytes to nicotine and UV radiation up-regulates melanogenesis and affects cell viability. Observed processes are more pronounced in dark pigmented cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pigmentation in African American skin decreases with skin aging. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:782-787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Beberok A, Wrześniok D, Rzepka Z, Rok J, Delijewski M, Otręba M, Respondek M, Buszman E. Effect of fluoroquinolones on melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes HEMn-DP: a comparative in vitro study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2016; 36:169-175. [PMID: 27572617 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2016.1229674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluoroquinolones are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics. However, their use is often connected with high risk of phototoxic reactions that lead to various skin or eye disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin and fluoroquinolone derivatives with different phototoxic potential, on the viability and melanogenesis in melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human epidermal melanocytes, dark pigmented (HEMn-DP) were used as an in vitro model system. The effect of the tested antibiotics on cell viability and melanization in pigmented cells was investigated using a spectrophotometric method. The WST-1 assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of antibiotics. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin induced the concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The values of EC50 for the tested fluoroquinolone derivatives were found to be 2.0 mM for ciprofloxacin, 0.51 mM for lomefloxacin and 0.27 mM for moxifloxacin. The exposure of cells to different concentrations of the analyzed drugs resulted in decrease in melanin content and tyrosinase activity. The highest decrease was observed for lomefloxacin which may explain its high phototoxic potential in vivo. The role of melanin in the mechanism of the toxicity of fluoroquinolones was discussed and the obtained results were compared with the previously obtained data concerning light-pigmented melanocytes (HEMa-LP). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in vitro suggest that the phototoxic potential of fluoroquinolones in vivo depends on specific drug-melanin interaction, the ability of drugs to affect melanogenesis as well as on the degree of melanocytes pigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Beberok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Michalina Respondek
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rok J, Buszman E, Beberok A, Delijewski M, Otręba M, Wrześniok D. Modulation of Melanogenesis and Antioxidant Status of Melanocytes in Response to Phototoxic Action of Doxycycline. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1429-34. [PMID: 26189561 DOI: 10.1111/php.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Doxycycline is a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic showing the broad spectrum of antibacterial action. However, the use of this antibiotic is often connected with the risk of phototoxic reactions that lead to various skin disorders. One of the factors influencing the photosensitivity reactions is the melanin content in melanocytes. In this study, the impact of doxycycline and UVA irradiation on cell viability, melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in cultured normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-DP) was examined. The exposure of cells to doxycycline and UVA radiation resulted in concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability and induced melanin biosynthesis. Significant changes were stated in cellular antioxidant enzymes activity: SOD, CAT and GPx, which indicates alterations of antioxidant defense system. The results obtained in vitro may explain the mechanisms of phototoxic reactions that occur in normal human epidermal melanocytes in vivo after exposure of skin to doxycycline and UVA radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rok J, Buszman E, Delijewski M, Otręba M, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. Effect of tetracycline and UV radiation on melanization and antioxidant status of melanocytes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:168-173. [PMID: 25935746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetracycline is a semisynthetic antibiotic and is used in several types of infections against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This therapy is often associated with phototoxic reactions that occur after exposure to UV radiation and lead to photo-onycholysis, pseudoporphyria, solar urticaria and the fixed drug eruption in the skin. The phototoxic reactions may be related to the melanin content which, on one side may bind drugs - leading to their accumulation, and on the other side, they have photoprotective and antioxidant properties. In this study the effect of tetracycline and UVA irradiation on cell viability, biosynthesis of melanin and antioxidant defense system in cultured normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-DP) was analyzed. The viability of the cells treated with tetracycline and exposed to UVA radiation decreased in a drug concentration-dependent manner. At the same time, the induction of the melanization process was observed. The significant alterations in antioxidant defense system, on the basis of changes in SOD, CAT and GPx activities, were stated. The obtained results may give explanation for the phototoxic effects of tetracycline therapy observed in skin cells exposed to UVA radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|