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Tauchen J, Frankova A, Manourova A, Valterova I, Lojka B, Leuner O. Garcinia kola: a critical review on chemistry and pharmacology of an important West African medicinal plant. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023:1-47. [PMID: 37359709 PMCID: PMC10205037 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is a tree indigenous to West and Central Africa. All plant parts, but especially the seeds, are of value in local folklore medicine. Garcinia kola is used in treatment of numerous diseases, including gastric disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, malaria and is used to induce a stimulating and aphrodisiac effect. The plant is now attracting considerable interest as a possible source of pharmaceutically important drugs. Several different classes of compounds such as biflavonoids, benzophenones, benzofurans, benzopyran, vitamin E derivatives, xanthones, and phytosterols, have been isolated from G. kola, of which many appears to be found only in this species, such as garcinianin (found in seeds and roots), kolanone (fruit pulp, seeds, roots), gakolanone (stem bark), garcinoic acid, garcinal (both in seeds), garcifuran A and B, and garcipyran (all in roots). They showed a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g. analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects), though this has only been confirmed in animal models. Kolaviron is the most studied compound and is perceived by many studies as the active principle of G. kola. However, its research is associated with significant flaws (e.g. too high doses tested, inappropriate positive control). Garcinol has been tested under better conditions and is perhaps showing more promising results and should attract deeper research interest (especially in the area of anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activity). Human clinical trials and mechanism-of-action studies must be carried out to verify whether any of the compounds present in G. kola may be used as a lead in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Frankova
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Manourova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Valterova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Lojka
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Adoga JO, Channa ML, Nadar A. Type-2 diabetic rat heart: The effect of kolaviron on mTOR-1, P70S60K, PKC-α, NF-kB, SOD-2, NRF-2, eNOS, AKT-1, ACE, and P38 MAPK gene expression profile. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112736. [PMID: 35202911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that genetic factors partially contribute to type-2 diabetes and vascular disease development. This study determined the effect of kolaviron on the expression profile of genes associated with the insulin signaling pathway and involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular functions, pro-survival and the apoptosis pathway in the heart of type-2 diabetic rats. After induction and confirmation of type-2 diabetes seven days after, the rats were treated with kolaviron for twenty-eight days before being euthanized. Organs were harvested and stored at - 80 °C in a biofreezer. Total RNA was extracted from the ventricle, reverse transcribed to cDNA followed by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of the expression of mTOR-1, P70S60K, PKC-α, NF-kB, SOD-2, NRF-2, eNOS, AKT-1, ACE, p38 MAPK and the reference gene (GAPDH), after which they were normalized/standardized. The results show an increase in the relative mRNA expression of mTOR/P70S60K/PKCα /P38MAPK/NF-KB/ACE and a decrease in the relative mRNA expression of NRF2/SOD/AKT/eNOS in the heart of the diabetic rats. Nevertheless, kolaviron modulated the expression profile of these genes, which suggest a therapeutic effect and target for vascular dysfunction and complications in type-2 diabetes through the activation of the NRF-2/AKT-1/eNOS signaling pathway and suppression of the NF-kB/PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Adoga
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | - Mahendra L Channa
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Anand Nadar
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Abarikwu SO, Njoku RCC, John IG, Amadi BA, Mgbudom-Okah CJ, Onuah CL. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of rutin and kolaviron against busulfan-induced testicular injuries in rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 68:151-161. [PMID: 34753368 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1989727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are few treatment options, including the use of natural phenolics-based combination therapy for mitigating male infertility conditions associated with chemotherapy. Busulfan is an anti-cancer drug that leads to testicular problems in humans. Here, we studied the effect of co-treatment of rutin and kolaviron against busulfan-induced testis damage. Young adult male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected busulfan (4 mg/kg b.w), and then orally administered rutin (30 mg/kg b.w), and kolaviron (50 mg/kg b.w) alone and combined for 60 days. Results revealed that rutin and kolaviron alone or in combination reversed busulfan-induced increase in oxidative stress along with sperm quality of treated animals. However, kolaviron and rutin separately improved the concentrations of MDA and GSH and sperm quality more than when they were combined. Similarly, rutin and kolaviron separately or in combination preserved spermatogenesis and relieved busulfan-induced increase in nitric oxide concentration, myeloperoxidase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. Co-supplementation with kolaviron but not rutin nor when rutin was combined with kolaviron also improved the testicular level of tumor necrosis-alpha. Finally, the histological features in the testes caused by busulfan were reversed by rutin, whereas treatment with kolaviron alone or in combination with rutin partially protected the testis from busulfan-induced injury as demonstrated by the appearance of few germ cells, damaged tubules, loss of round spermatids and defoliation of the seminiferous epithelium. Thus, the combined treatment regimen of rutin and kolaviron sparingly prevented busulfan-induced testicular injuries in rats.Abbreviations: CAT: Catalase; GSH: Glutathione; 3β-HSD: 3β- hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis-alpha; BUS: Busulfan; RUT: Rutin; KV: Kolaviron; TBARS: Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay; NAD: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (oxidized); ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny O Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Rex-Clovis C Njoku
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alex Ekwueme-Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma G John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin A Amadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | | | - Chigozie L Onuah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
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Arooj M, Imran S, Inam‐ur‐Raheem M, Rajoka MSR, Sameen A, Siddique R, Sahar A, Tariq S, Riaz A, Hussain A, Siddeeg A, Aadil RM. Lotus seeds ( Nelumbinis semen) as an emerging therapeutic seed: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3971-3987. [PMID: 34262752 PMCID: PMC8269573 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelumbinis semen is commonly known as lotus seeds that have been used as a vegetable, functional food, and medicine for 7,000 years. These are low caloric, a rich source of multiple nutrients and bioactive constituents, which make it a unique therapeutic food. N. semen plays an important part in the physiological functions of the body. Nowadays, people are more conscious about their health and desire to treat disease naturally with minimal side effects. So, functional foods are getting popularity due to a wide range of essential constituents, which are associated to decrease the risk of chronic diseases. These bioactive compounds from seeds are involved in anti-adipogenic, antioxidant, antitumor, cardiovascular, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-microbial, anti-viral, hypoglycemic, etc. Moreover, the relationship between functional compounds along with their mechanism of action in the body, their extraction from the seeds for further research would be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzalfa Arooj
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Saira Imran
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Inam‐ur‐Raheem
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Aysha Sameen
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Amna Sahar
- Department of Food EngineeringUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Shiza Tariq
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ayesha Riaz
- Institute of Home SciencesUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of GeziraWad MedaniSudan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
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Moon SW, Ahn CB, Oh Y, Je JY. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed protein isolate exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways, and upregulating catalase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:791-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jin M, Lou J, Yu H, Miao M, Wang G, Ai H, Huang Y, Han S, Han D, Yu G. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes inflammation in mouse testes: The critical role of Klotho in Sertoli cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kolawole AN, Akinladejo VT, Elekofehinti OO, Akinmoladun AC, Kolawole AO. Experimental and computational modeling of interaction of kolaviron-kolaflavanone with aldehyde dehydrogenase. Bioorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Asenuga ER, Abiola JO, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA. Kolaviron attenuated arsenic acid induced-cardiorenal dysfunction via regulation of ROS, C-reactive proteins (CRP), cardiac troponin I (CTnI) and BCL2. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:396-409. [PMID: 29992111 PMCID: PMC6035312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic acid is one of the abundant environmental pollutants present in soil, water and the air. Undoubtedly, it has found its way to the food chain in which humans and animals are the final targets thereby causing arrays of disease conditions including cardiovascular and renal dysfunction. Hence, the use of phytochemicals present in medicinal plants has gained global acceptance as chemotherapeutic agents that can prevent, ameliorate, reverse or treat diseases. From our study, arsenic acid intoxication led to significant increase in heart rate (HR), QRS, together with prolonged QT and QTc interval. However, Kolaviron (KV) at the dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight reversed the aforementioned electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. KV pre-treatment also ameliorated cardiorenal dysfunction via significant reduction in cardiac and renal markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide generation, myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide contents. Immunohistochemistry revealed expressions of renal C-reactive proteins (CRP) and expressions of anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in KV treated rats. Furthermore, cardiac troponin I (CTnI) expressions were lower in KV treated rats. Taken together, KV mitigated arsenic-acid induced cardiovascular dysfunction via up-regulation of antioxidant defense system and down-regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - John Olusoji Abiola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, NSB303, Vascular Biology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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Oyagbemi AA, Bester D, Esterhuyse J, Farombi EO. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seed mitigates ischemic/reperfusion injury by modulation of pro-survival and apoptotic signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:42-49. [PMID: 28163959 PMCID: PMC5289087 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160923100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of Kolaviron (KV) on ischemic/reperfusion injury in experimental animal models. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 received corn oil as a vehicle and rats in Group 2 were administered KV at 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The rats were fed with rat standard chow pellet and water administered ad libitum. After 4 weeks of KV administration, hearts were excised and mounted on the working heart perfusion system. Western blot analysis for protein expression was carried out on frozen heart samples. Results: There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase with concomitant reduction in oxygen radical absorbance capacity in ischemic rat heart of control compared to group pre-treated with KV, respectively. Similarly, intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were significantly elevated in control compared to KV pre-treated rats. KV significantly increased total Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), phosphorylated Akt/PKB at serine 473 and also caused a significant reduction in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Caspase 3, and cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase. Conclusion: Taken together, KV offered significant cardioprotection via free radical scavenging activity and upregulation of pro-survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Bester
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Johan Esterhuyse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Onasanwo SA, Velagapudi R, El-Bakoush A, Olajide OA. Inhibition of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia by the biflavonoid kolaviron is dependent on the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant protective mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 414:23-36. [PMID: 26838169 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Kolaviron is a mixture of biflavonoids found in the nut of the West African edible seed Garcinia kola, and it has been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of kolaviron in neuroinflammation. The effects of kolaviron on the expression of nitric oxide/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/cyclooxygenase-2, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Molecular mechanisms of the effects of kolaviron on NF-κB and Nrf2/ARE signalling pathways were analysed by immunoblotting, binding assays and reporter assays. RNA interference was used to investigate the role of Nrf2 in the anti-inflammatory effect of kolaviron. Neuroprotective effect of kolaviron was assessed in a BV2 microglia/HT22 hippocampal neuron co-culture. Kolaviron inhibited the protein levels of NO/iNOS, PGE2/COX-2, cellular ROS and the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated microglia. Further mechanistic studies showed that kolaviron inhibited neuroinflammation by inhibiting IκB/NF-κB signalling pathway in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. Kolaviron produced antioxidant effect in BV2 microglia by increasing HO-1 via the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway. RNAi experiments revealed that Nrf2 is needed for the anti-inflammatory effects of kolaviron. Kolaviron protected HT22 neurons from neuroinflammation-induced toxicity. Kolaviron inhibits neuroinflammation through Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. This compound may therefore be beneficial in neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Onasanwo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Abdelmeneim El-Bakoush
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
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