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Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Montes P, Ortíz-Islas E, Rodríguez-Pérez CE, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Silva-Adaya D, Pichardo-Rojas P, Campos-Peña V. Neuroprotective-Neurorestorative Effects Induced by Progesterone on Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2697. [PMID: 38140038 PMCID: PMC10747486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) is a neuroactive hormone having pleiotropic effects, supporting its pharmacological potential to treat global (cardiac-arrest-related) cerebral ischemia, a condition associated with an elevated risk of dementia. This review examines the current biochemical, morphological, and functional evidence showing the neuroprotective/neurorestorative effects of P4 against global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Experimental findings show that P4 may counteract pathophysiological mechanisms and/or regulate endogenous mechanisms of plasticity induced by GCI. According to this, P4 treatment consistently improves the performance of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, impaired by GCI. This functional recovery is related to the significant morphological preservation of brain structures vulnerable to ischemia when the hormone is administered before and/or after a moderate ischemic episode; and with long-term adaptive plastic restoration processes of altered brain morphology when treatment is given after an episode of severe ischemia. The insights presented here may be a guide for future basic research, including the study of P4 administration schemes that focus on promoting its post-ischemia neurorestorative effect. Furthermore, considering that functional recovery is a desired endpoint of pharmacological strategies in the clinic, they could support the study of P4 treatment for decreasing dementia in patients who have suffered an episode of GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montes
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Emma Ortíz-Islas
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.O.-I.); (C.E.R.-P.)
| | - Citlali Ekaterina Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.O.-I.); (C.E.R.-P.)
| | - Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Pavel Pichardo-Rojas
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
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3
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Fushimi M, Takeda Y, Mizoue R, Sato S, Kawase H, Takasugi Y, Murai S, Morimatsu H. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation May Not Stop Glutamate Release in the Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2023; 35:341-346. [PMID: 35275099 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may not be sufficient to halt the progression of brain damage. Using extracellular glutamate concentration as a marker for neuronal damage, we quantitatively evaluated the degree of brain damage during resuscitation without return of spontaneous circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracellular cerebral glutamate concentration was measured with a microdialysis probe every 2 minutes for 40 minutes after electrical stimulation-induced cardiac arrest without return of spontaneous circulation in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 3 groups (7 per group) according to the treatment received during the 40 minutes observation period: mechanical ventilation without chest compression (group V); mechanical ventilation and chest compression (group VC) and; ventilation, chest compression and brain hypothermia (group VCH). Chest compression (20 min) and hypothermia (40 min) were initiated 6 minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest. RESULTS Glutamate concentration increased in all groups after cardiac arrest. Although after the onset of chest compression, glutamate concentration showed a significant difference at 2 min and reached the maximum at 6 min (VC group; 284±48 μmol/L vs. V group 398±126 μmol/L, P =0.003), there was no difference toward the end of chest compression (513±61 μmol/L vs. 588±103 μmol/L, P =0.051). In the VCH group, the initial increase in glutamate concentration was suddenly suppressed 2 minutes after the onset of brain hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS CPR alone reduced the progression of brain damage for a limited period but CPR in combination with brain cooling strongly suppressed increases in glutamate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshimasa Takeda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuji Takasugi
- Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
| | - Satoshi Murai
- Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
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4
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Lewczuk A, Boratyńska-Jasińska A, Zabłocka B. Validation of the Reference Genes for Expression Analysis in the Hippocampus after Transient Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Gerbil Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032756. [PMID: 36769080 PMCID: PMC9917415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient brain ischemia in gerbils is a common model to study the mechanisms of neuronal changes in the hippocampus. In cornu ammonnis 2-3, dentate gyrus (CA2-3,DG) regions of the hippocampus, neurons are resistant to 5-min ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult, while cornu ammonnis 1 (CA1) is found to be I/R-vulnerable. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is widely used to study the expression of genes involved in these phenomena. It requires stable and reliable genes for normalization, which is crucial for comparable and reproducible analyses of expression changes of the genes of interest. The aim of this study was to determine the best housekeeping gene for the I/R gerbil model in two parts of the hippocampus in controls and at 3, 48, and 72 h after recanalization. We selected and tested six reference genes frequently used in central nervous system studies: Gapdh, Actb, 18S rRNA, Hprt1, Hmbs, Ywhaz, and additionally Bud23, using RefFinder, a comprehensive tool based on four commonly used algorithms: delta cycle threshold (Ct), BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm, while Hprt1 and Hmbs were the most stable ones in CA2-3,DG. Hmbs was the most stable in the whole hippocampal formation. This indicates that the general use of Hmbs, especially in combination with Gapdh, a highly expressed reference gene, seems to be suitable for qRT-PCR normalization in all hippocampal regions in this model.
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Emektar E, Karaarslan F, Öztżrk C, Ramadan S. Is gray-white matter ratio in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients' really early predictor of neurological outcome? Turk J Emerg Med 2023; 23:104-110. [PMID: 37169030 PMCID: PMC10166289 DOI: 10.4103/tjem.tjem_255_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between neurological outcome and gray-white ratio (GWR) in brain computed tomography (CT) in patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) who were brought to the emergency department (ED) due to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS This study has a retrospective design. Patients with ROSC who were brought to the ED due to OHCA and who underwent brain CT in the first 24 h were included in the study. Demographic data, brain CT results (intensities of gray matter and white matter in Hounsfield units and calculated GWR), and hospital outcome were recorded. The cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) score was used as the outcome of the study. RESULTS A total of 160 patients were included in the study. 55% of the patients were male and the median age was 75.5. The median brain CT time of the patients was 120 min. 16.3% of the patients were in the good neurological outcome group. When attenuation values and GWRs of the patients were compared according to CPC of patients (good-poor), no statistically significant difference was detected in any parameter except MC2 attenuation (P > 0.05 for all values). The patients were separated into groups geriatric and nongeriatric and GWRs were compared. GWRs were lower in the geriatric groups (P < 0.05 for all values). CONCLUSION Although it is emphasized in the literature that detection of low GWR in brain CT can help the clinical decision process in patients surviving comatose arrest, we think that it is not valid for especially in geriatric patients and in patients who underwent early brain CT after ROSC.
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Brain-Derived Estrogen and Neurological Disorders. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121698. [PMID: 36552208 PMCID: PMC9774965 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes and neurons in the male and female brains produce the neurosteroid brain-derived 17β-estradiol (BDE2) from androgen precursors. In this review, we discuss evidence that suggest BDE2 has a role in a number of neurological conditions, such as focal and global cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, excitotoxicity, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Much of what we have learned about BDE2 in neurological disorders has come from use of aromatase inhibitors and global aromatase knockout mice. Recently, our group developed astrocyte- and neuron-specific aromatase knockout mice, which have helped to clarify the precise functions of astrocyte-derived 17β-estradiol (ADE2) and neuron-derived 17β-estradiol (NDE2) in the brain. The available evidence to date suggests a primarily beneficial role of BDE2 in facilitating neuroprotection, synaptic and cognitive preservation, regulation of reactive astrocyte and microglia activation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Most of these beneficial effects appear to be due to ADE2, which is induced in most neurological disorders, but there is also recent evidence that NDE2 exerts similar beneficial effects. Furthermore, in certain situations, BDE2 may also have deleterious effects, as recent evidence suggests its overproduction in epilepsy contributes to seizure induction. In this review, we examine the current state of this quickly developing topic, as well as possible future studies that may be required to provide continuing growth in the field.
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Sun X, Li Q, Wang J, Ma Y, Wang M, Qin W. Urinary Proteome Analysis of Global Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rat Model via Data-Independent Acquisition and Parallel Reaction Monitoring Proteomics. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2020-2029. [PMID: 35920976 PMCID: PMC9392715 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is the leading cause of death in severe hypotension caused by cardiac arrest, drowning, and excessive blood loss. Urine can sensitively reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain even at an early stage. In this study, a rat model of global cerebral I/R injury was established via Pulsinelli’s four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method. Overall, 164 urinary proteins significantly changed in the 4-VO rat urine samples compared to the control samples by data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics technique (1.5-fold change, p < 0.05). Gene Ontology annotation showed that the acute-phase response, the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, endopeptidase activity, blood coagulation, and angiogenesis were overrepresented. After parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) validation, 15 differential proteins having human orthologs were verified as the potential urinary markers associated with cerebral I/R injury. Of these potential biomarkers, 8 proteins were reported to be closely associated with cerebral I/R injury. Nine differential proteins changed even when there were no clinical manifestations or histopathological cerebral damage, including FGG, COMP, TFF2, HG2A, KNG1, CATZ, PTGDS, PRVA, and HEPC. These 9 proteins are potential biomarkers for early screening of cerebral I/R injury to prevent the development of cerebral injury. KNG1, CATZ, PTGDS, PRVA, and HEPC showed an overall trend of upregulation or downregulation at 12 and 48 h after I/R injury, reflecting the progression of cerebral I/R injury. These 5 proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for prognostic evaluation of cerebral I/R injury. These findings provide important clues to inform the monitoring of cerebral I/R injury and further the current understanding of its molecular biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qiujie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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8
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Stanzione R, Forte M, Cotugno M, Bianchi F, Marchitti S, Busceti CL, Fornai F, Rubattu S. Uncoupling Protein 2 as a Pathogenic Determinant and Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:662-674. [PMID: 33882809 PMCID: PMC9878956 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210421094204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial protein that acts as an anion carrier. It is involved in the regulation of several processes, including mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of reactive oxygen species within the inner mitochondrial membrane and calcium homeostasis. UCP2 expression can be regulated at different levels: genetic (gene variants), transcriptional [by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and microRNAs], and post-translational. Experimental evidence indicates that activation of UCP2 expression through the AMPK/PPAR-α axis exerts a protective effect toward renal damage and stroke occurrence in an animal model of ischemic stroke (IS) associated with hypertension. UCP2 plays a key role in heart diseases (myocardial infarction and cardiac hypertrophy) and metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes). In humans, UCP2 genetic variants (-866G/A and Ala55Val) associate with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and IS development. Over the last few years, many agents that modulate UCP2 expression have been identified. Some of them are natural compounds of plant origin, such as Brassica oleracea, curcumin, berberine and resveratrol. Other molecules, currently used in clinical practice, include anti-diabetic (gliptin) and chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin and taxol) drugs. This evidence highlights the relevant role of UCP2 for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, which affect the national health systems of Western countries. We will review current knowledge on the physiological and pathological implications of UCP2 with particular regard to cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and will focus on the available therapeutic approaches affecting UCP2 level for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Stanzione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli Isernia, Italy,,Address correspondence to these authors at the IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Is, Italy; Tel: +390865915224/23; Fax: +390865927575; E-mail: and Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, 00189 Rome, Italy; Tel: +390865915224/23; Fax: +390865927575; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli Isernia, Italy,,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli Isernia, Italy,,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Address correspondence to these authors at the IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Is, Italy; Tel: +390865915224/23; Fax: +390865927575; E-mail: and Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, 00189 Rome, Italy; Tel: +390865915224/23; Fax: +390865927575; E-mail:
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9
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Zhou F, Wang H, Jian M, Wang Z, He Y, Duan H, Gan L, Cao Y. Gray-White Matter Ratio at the Level of the Basal Ganglia as a Predictor of Neurologic Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest Survivors: A Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:847089. [PMID: 35372375 PMCID: PMC8967346 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.847089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of gray-white matter discrimination is the primary early imaging finding within of cranial computed tomography in cardiac arrest survivors, and this has been also regarded as a novel predictor for evaluating neurologic outcome. As displayed clearly on computed tomography and based on sensitivity to hypoxia, the gray-white matter ratio at basal ganglia (GWR-BG) region was frequently detected to assess the neurologic outcome by several studies. The specificity of GWR-BG is 72.4 to 100%, while the sensitivity is significantly different. Herein we review the mechanisms mediating cerebral edema following cardiac arrest, demonstrate the determination procedures with respect to GWR-BG, summarize the related researches regarding GWR-BG in predicting neurologic outcomes within cardiac arrest survivors, and discuss factors associated with predicting the accuracy of this methodology. Finally, we describe the effective measurements to increase the sensitivity of GWR-BG in predicting neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fating Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Jian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yarong He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haizhen Duan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Schick A, Prekker ME, Kempainen RR, Mulder M, Moore J, Evans D, Hall J, Rodinm H, Larson J, Caraganis A. Association of hypoxic ischemic brain injury on early CT after out of hospital cardiac arrest with neurologic outcome. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 54:257-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Zhang G, Lai Z, Gu L, Xu K, Wang Z, Duan Y, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Wang S. Delta Opioid Receptor Activation with Delta Opioid Peptide [d-Ala2, d-Leu5] Enkephalin Contributes to Synaptic Improvement in Rat Hippocampus against Global Ischemia. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211041585. [PMID: 34470528 PMCID: PMC8419564 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211041585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest usually leads to poor neurological outcomes. Numerous studies have focused on ways to prevent ischemic damage in the brain, however clinical therapies are still limited. Our previous studies revealed that delta opioid receptor (DOR) activation with [d-Ala2, d-Leu5] enkephalin (DADLE), a DOR agonist, not only significantly promotes neuronal survival on day 3, but also improves spatial memory deficits on days 5-9 after ischemia. However, the neurological mechanism underlying DADLE-induced cognitive recovery remains unclear. This study first examined the changes in neuronal survival in the CA1 region at the advanced time point (day 7) after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and found a significant amelioration of damaged CA1 neurons in the rats treated with DADLE (2.5 nmol) when administered at the onset of reperfusion. The structure and function of CA1 neurons on days 3 and 7 post-ischemia showed significant improvements in both the density of the injured dendritic spines and the basic transmission of the impaired CA3-CA1 synapses following DADLE treatment. The molecular changes involved in DADLE-mediated synaptic modulation on days 3 and 7 post-ischemia implied the time-related differential regulation of PKCα-MARCKS on the dendritic spine structure and of BDNF- ERK1/2-synapsin I on synaptic function, in response to ischemic/reperfusion injury as well as to DADLE treatment. Importantly, all the beneficial effects of DADLE on ischemia-induced cellular, synaptic, and molecular deficits were eliminated by the DOR inhibitor naltrindole (2.5 nmol). Taken together, this study suggested that DOR activation-induced protective signaling pathways of PKCα-MARCKS involved in the synaptic morphology and BDNF-ERK-synapsin I in synaptic transmission may be engaged in the cognitive recovery in rats suffering from advanced cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Zelin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lingling Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kejia Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Zhenlu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yale Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital
| | - Min Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
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12
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Behl T, Kumar S, Sehgal A, Singh S, Kumari S, Brisc MC, Munteanu MA, Brisc C, Buhas CL, Judea-Pusta C, Buhas CL, Judea-Pusta C, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Bungau S. Rice bran, an off-shoot to newer therapeutics in neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111796. [PMID: 34098194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain functioning involves the interaction of interconnected molecular and cellular activities, which appear to alter normal to abnormal brain functioning when worsened, contributing to the emergence of neurological disorders. There are currently millions of people who are living with brain disorders globally and this will rise if suitable prevention strategies are not explored. Nutraceutical intended to treat numerous health goals with little adverse effect possible together can be more beneficial than pharmaceutical monotherapy for fostering balanced brain functioning. Nutraceutical provides a specific composition of effective macronutrients and micronutrients that are difficult to synthesize in the laboratory. Numerous elements of rice fibers in rice bran are characterized as natural anti-oxidant and having potential anti-inflammatory activity. The rice bran captures interest among the researchers as it is widespread, affordable, and rich in nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrates, bioactive components, and dietary fiber. This review covers the neuroprotective multiplicity of rice bran and its constituents to deter pathological conditions of the brain and to facilitate balanced brain functioning at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mihaela Cristina Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Ciprian Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
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Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park WJ, Choi KC, Park KH, Suh SW. The Effects of Atorvastatin on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094385. [PMID: 33922266 PMCID: PMC8122811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Purpose: Global cerebral ischemia-induced severe hypoxic brain damage is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term neurologic disability even after receiving early blood reperfusion. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that atorvastatin potentially has neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia (GCI). (2) Methods: We performed two sets of experiments, analyzing acute (1-week) and chronic (4-week) treatments. For the vehicle (Veh) and statin treatments, 1 mL of 0.9% saline and 5 mg/kg of atorvastatin (ATOR) were administered orally. For histological analysis, we used the following staining protocols: Fluoro-Jade B and NeuN, 4-hydroxynonenal, CD11b and GFAP, IgG, SMI71, and vWF. Finally, we evaluated the cognitive function with a battery of behavioral tests. (3) Results: The GCI-ATOR group showed significantly reduced neuronal death, oxidative stress, inflammation, and BBB disruption compared with the GCI-Veh group. Moreover, the GCI-ATOR group showed decreased endothelial damage and VV proliferation and had significantly improved cognitive function compared with the GCI-Veh group in both models. (4) Conclusions: ATOR has neuroprotective effects and helps recover the cognitive function after GCI in rats. Therefore, administration of atorvastatin may be a therapeutic option in managing GCI after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Kyung Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Kyoung-Ha Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
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14
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Ghasemloo E, Oryan S, Bigdeli MR, Mostafavi H, Eskandari M. The neuroprotective effect of MicroRNA-149-5p and coenzymeQ10 by reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases following focal brain ischemia in rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:205-213. [PMID: 33508402 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The increase in some factors following cerebral ischemia, especially Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and inflammatory factors lead to blood-brain barrier (BBB) damages, edema and neuronal death. Previous studies have shown that these molecules are miRNA-149-5p (miR-149) and Coenzyme (Co) Q10 targets. Therefore, in this study, the effect of mimic of miRNA-149-5p (mimic miR) and CoQ10 on the expression of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 and inflammatory cytokines following injury caused by cerebral ischemia is investigated. Cerebral ischemia was modeled by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham (without surgery and treatment), control (MCAO), negative control (NC): MCAO + scrambled miR, vehicle: MCAO + Ethanole, first treatment: MCAO + mimic miR, second treatment: MCAO + Q10. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups to evaluate neurological defects, the volume of tissue damage using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, blood-brain barrier permeability using cerebral Evans Blue (EB) staining, edema by measuring the percentage of brain water, MMP-2,9 mRNA and miR-149-5p levels using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α proteins using ELISA. The data obtained from this study showed that the use of mimic miR and Q10 increased the level of miR-149, decreased the extent of neurological defects and tissue damage, increased BBB integrity, decreased brain water percentage and also decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. It seems that the use mimic of miRNA-149-5p and Q10 can have a protective effect on the brain by reducing MMPs and inflammatory factors following cerebral ischemia and this could lead to a new treatment strategy to reduce the complications of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghasemloo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Eskandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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15
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Kim W, Jung HY, Yoo DY, Kwon HJ, Hahn KR, Kim DW, Yoon YS, Choi SY, Hwang IK. Gynura procumbens Root Extract Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampal CA1 Region by Reducing Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010181. [PMID: 33435613 PMCID: PMC7828071 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynura procumbens has been used in Southeast Asia for the treatment of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and skin problems induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Although considerable studies have reported the biological properties of Gynura procumbens root extract (GPE-R), there are no studies on the effects of GPE-R in brain damages, for example following brain ischemia. In the present study, we screened the neuroprotective effects of GPE-R against ischemic damage and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus based on behavioral, morphological, and biological approaches. Gerbils received oral administration of GPE-R (30 and 300 mg/kg) every day for three weeks and 2 h after the last administration, ischemic surgery was done by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. Administration of 300 mg/kg GPE-R significantly reduced ischemia-induced locomotor hyperactivity 1 day after ischemia. Significantly more NeuN-positive neurons were observed in the hippocampal CA1 regions of 300 mg/kg GPE-R-treated animals compared to those in the vehicle-treated group 4 days after ischemia. Administration of GPE-R significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α 6 h after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, activated microglia were significantly decreased in the 300 mg/kg GPE-R-treated group four days after ischemia/reperfusion compared to the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that GPE-R may be one of the possible agents to protect neurons from ischemic damage by reducing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (H.J.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (I.K.H.)
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.K.); (H.Y.J.); (K.R.H.); (Y.S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (I.K.H.)
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16
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P27 Protects Neurons from Ischemic Damage by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Increasing Autophagy in the Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249496. [PMID: 33327462 PMCID: PMC7764997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27), a well-known cell regulator, is involved in the regulation of cell death and survival. In the present study, we observed the effects of p27 against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in HT22 cells and transient ischemia in gerbils. Tat (trans-acting activator of transcription) peptide and p27 fusion proteins were prepared to facilitate delivery into cells and across the blood-brain barrier. The tat-p27 fusion protein, rather than its control protein Control-p27, was delivered intracellularly in a concentration and incubation time-dependent manner and showed its activity in HT22 cells. The localization of the delivered Tat-p27 protein was also confirmted in the HT22 cells and hippocampus in gerbils. In addition, the optimal concentration (5 μM) of Tat-p27 was determined to protect neurons from cell death induced by 1 mM H2O2. Treatment with 5 μM Tat-p27 significantly ameliorated H2O2-induced DNA fragmentation and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT22 cells. Tat-p27 significantly mitigated the increase in locomotor activity a day after ischemia and neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region. It also reduced the ischemia-induced membrane phospholipids and ROS formation. In addition, Tat-p27 significantly increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3A/3B expression and ameliorated the H2O2 or ischemia-induced increases of p62 and decreases of beclin-1 in the HT22 cells and hippocampus. These results suggest that Tat-p27 protects neurons from oxidative or ischemic damage by reducing ROS-induced damage and by facilitating the formation of autophagosomes in hippocampal cells.
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17
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Western E, Sorteberg A, Brunborg C, Nordenmark TH. Prevalence and predictors of fatigue after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:3107-3116. [PMID: 32809068 PMCID: PMC7593293 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatigue is a common and disabling sequel after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). At present, prevalence estimates of post-aSAH fatigue in the chronic phase are scarce and vary greatly. Factors from the acute phase of aSAH have hitherto barely been associated with post-aSAH fatigue in the chronic phase. Methods Prospective study assessing prevalence of fatigue using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in patients who were living independently 1 to 7 years after aSAH. We compared demographic, medical, and radiological variables from the acute phase of aSAH between patients with and without fatigue (FSS ≥ 4 versus < 4) and searched for predictors of fatigue among these variables applying univariable and multivariable regression analyses. Results Of 726 patients treated for aSAH in the period between January 2012 and December 2017, 356 patients completed the assessment. The mean FSS score was 4.7 ± 1.7, and fatigue was present in 69.7%. The frequency of patients with fatigue did not decline significantly over time. Univariable analysis identified nicotine use, loss of consciousness at ictus (LOCi), rebleed prior to aneurysm repair, reduced consciousness to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 14, large amounts of subarachnoid blood, the presence of acute hydrocephalus, and severe vasospasm as factors that were significantly associated with fatigue. In multivariable analysis, nicotine use, reduced GCS, and severe vasospasm were independent predictors that all more than doubled the risk to develop post-aSAH fatigue. Conclusions Fatigue is a frequent sequel persisting several years after aSAH. Nicotine use, reduced consciousness at admission, and severe vasospasm are independent predictors of fatigue from the acute phase of aSAH. We propose inflammatory cytokines causing dopamine imbalance to be a common denominator for post-aSAH fatigue and the presently identified predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Western
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P O Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Angelika Sorteberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P O Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Brunborg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Haug Nordenmark
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Wiciński M, Wódkiewicz E, Górski K, Walczak M, Malinowski B. Perspective of SGLT2 Inhibition in Treatment of Conditions Connected to Neuronal Loss: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease and Ischemia-Related Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110379. [PMID: 33187206 PMCID: PMC7697611 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are oral anti-hyperglycemic agents approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some reports suggest their presence in the central nervous system and possible neuroprotective properties. SGLT2 inhibition by empagliflozin has shown to reduce amyloid burden in cortical regions of APP/PS1xd/db mice. The same effect was noticed regarding tau pathology and brain atrophy volume. Empagliflozin presented beneficial effect on cognitive function, which may be connected to an increase in cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin may possess acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, resembling in this matter Alzheimer’s disease-registered therapies. SGLT2 inhibitors may prove to impact risk factors of atherosclerosis and pathways participating both in acute and late stage of stroke. Their mechanism of action can be related to induction in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory factors limitation. Empagliflozin may have a positive effect on preservation of neurovascular unit in diabetic mice, preventing its aberrant remodeling. Canagliflozin seems to present some cytostatic properties by limiting both human and mice endothelial cells proliferation. The paper presents potential mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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20
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Shin TH, Lee DY, Basith S, Manavalan B, Paik MJ, Rybinnik I, Mouradian MM, Ahn JH, Lee G. Metabolome Changes in Cerebral Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:E1630. [PMID: 32645907 PMCID: PMC7407387 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is caused by perturbations in blood flow to the brain that trigger sequential and complex metabolic and cellular pathologies. This leads to brain tissue damage, including neuronal cell death and cerebral infarction, manifesting clinically as ischemic stroke, which is the cause of considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. To analyze the underlying biological mechanisms and identify potential biomarkers of ischemic stroke, various in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been established investigating different molecular aspects, such as genes, microRNAs, and proteins. Yet, the metabolic and cellular pathologies of ischemic brain injury remain not fully elucidated, and the relationships among various pathological mechanisms are difficult to establish due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease. Metabolome-based techniques can provide clues about the cellular pathologic status of a condition as metabolic disturbances can represent an endpoint in biological phenomena. A number of investigations have analyzed metabolic changes in samples from cerebral ischemia patients and from various in vivo and in vitro models. We previously analyzed levels of amino acids and organic acids, as well as polyamine distribution in an in vivo rat model, and identified relationships between metabolic changes and cellular functions through bioinformatics tools. This review focuses on the metabolic and cellular changes in cerebral ischemia that offer a deeper understanding of the pathology underlying ischemic strokes and contribute to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (S.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (S.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (S.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (S.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Igor Rybinnik
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA; (I.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA; (I.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Jung Hwan Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (S.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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21
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Hannawi Y, Muschelli J, Mulder M, Sharrock M, Storm C, Leithner C, Crainiceanu CM, Stevens RD. Postcardiac arrest neurological prognostication with quantitative regional cerebral densitometry. Resuscitation 2020; 154:101-109. [PMID: 32629092 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantitatively assess the severity of anoxic-ischemic brain injury early after cardiac arrest (CA) using a novel automated method applied to head computed tomography (HCT). METHODS Adult patients who were comatose and underwent HCT < 24 h after arrest were included in a retrospective analysis. Principal endpoint was unfavorable outcome (UO) defined as Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) of 3-5 at hospital discharge. We developed an automated processing algorithm for HCT images to be registered, atlas-segmented in 181 regions, and region-specific radiologic densities determined in Hounsfield Units. This approach was compared with an established manual method evaluating grey-white matter ratios (GWR). We tested univariable and multivariable prognostic models which integrated clinical and HCT features including densities in lobes and in nodes of cerebral networks linked to CA recovery. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were enrolled among whom 66 (73%) had an UO. HCTs were interpreted as normal or without acute abnormality by a neuroradiologist in 77 cases (85%). Compared to the favorable outcome group, UO patients had significantly lower densities in all lobes and in nodes of cerebral networks. A model combining clinical variables with the automated method applied to cerebral network nodes had the highest prognostic performance although not significantly different than the combined clinical-GWR method (AUC [95% CI] 0.94 [0.86-1.00] and 0.92 [0.83-1.00] respectively). CONCLUSION In comatose survivors of CA, automated quantitative analysis of HCT revealed very early multifocal changes in brain tissue density which are mostly overlooked on conventional neuroradiologic interpretation and are associated with neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Hannawi
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Muschelli
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maximilian Mulder
- Department of Critical Care, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Sharrock
- Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Storm
- Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert D Stevens
- Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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He Y, Liu B, Yao P, Shao Y, Cheng Y, Zhao J, Wu J, Zhao ZW, Huang W, Christopher TA, Lopez B, Ma X, Cao Y. Adiponectin inhibits cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation‑induced apoptosis in brain by increasing autophagy involved in AdipoR1‑AMPK signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:870-878. [PMID: 32468051 PMCID: PMC7339636 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that both apoptosis and autophagy contribute to global cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion (GCIR)‑induced neuronal death, which results from cardiac arrest (CA). However, the mechanism of how GCIR may affect the balance between apoptosis and autophagy resulting from CA remains to be elucidated. Additionally, the role of adiponectin (APN) in reversing the apoptosis and autophagy induced by GCIR following cardiac arrest‑cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA‑CPR) is unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate how GCIR affect the apoptosis and autophagy in response to CA and to clarify whether APN may alter the apoptosis and autophagy of neuronal death in GCIR‑injured brain post‑CA‑CPR. Using normal controls (Sham group) and two experimental groups [CA‑CPR‑induced GCIR injury (PCAS) group and exogenous treatment with adiponectin post‑CA‑CPR (APN group)], it was demonstrated that both apoptosis and autophagy were observed simultaneously in the brain subjected to GCIR, but apoptosis appeared to be more apparent. Exogenous administration of APN significantly reduced the formation of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress and increased the expression of superoxide dismutase, an anti‑oxidative enzyme, resulting in the stimulation of autophagy, inhibition of apoptosis and reduced brain tissue injury (P<0.05 vs. PCAS). APN treatment increased the expression of APN receptor 1 (AdipR1) and the phosphorylation of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK; Ser182) in brain tissues. In conclusion, GCIR induced apoptosis and inhibited autophagy, contributing to brain injury in CA‑CPR. By contrast, APN reduced the brain injury by reversing the changes of neuronal autophagy and apoptosis induced by GCIR. The possible mechanism might owe to its effects on the activation of AMPK after combining with AdipR1 on neurons, which suggests a novel intervention against GCIR injury in CA‑CPR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong He
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bofu Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Shao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- West China Clinical Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wei Zhao
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Theodore A Christopher
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bernard Lopez
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Emergency Medicine Department, West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Empagliflozin alleviates neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:514-525. [PMID: 32436127 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious condition associated with severe functional disability and high mortality, however; effective therapy remains elusive. Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, has been shown to exert additional non-glycemic benefits including anti-apoptotic effects in different disease settings. Thereby, this study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of empagliflozin on the neuronal apoptosis exhibited in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model targeting HIF-1α/VEGF signaling which is involved in this insult. Global cerebral I/R injury was induced in male Wistar rats through occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 min followed by one-hour reperfusion. Empagliflozin doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg were administered 1 and 24 h after reperfusion. In I/R-injured rats, empagliflozin treatments significantly reduced infarct size and enhanced neurobehavioral functions in a dose-dependent manner. The drug alleviated neuronal death and cerebral injury inflicted by global ischemia as it suppressed neuronal caspase-3 protein expression. In parallel, protein expressions of HIF-1α and its downstream mediator VEGF were upregulated in the ischemic brain following empagliflozin treatment. The results indicated that empagliflozin attenuates cerebral I/R-induced neuronal death via the HIF-1α/VEGF cascade.
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24
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Hosseini M, Wilson RH, Crouzet C, Amirhekmat A, Wei KS, Akbari Y. Resuscitating the Globally Ischemic Brain: TTM and Beyond. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:539-562. [PMID: 32367476 PMCID: PMC7283450 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) afflicts ~ 550,000 people each year in the USA. A small fraction of CA sufferers survive with a majority of these survivors emerging in a comatose state. Many CA survivors suffer devastating global brain injury with some remaining indefinitely in a comatose state. The pathogenesis of global brain injury secondary to CA is complex. Mechanisms of CA-induced brain injury include ischemia, hypoxia, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and ultimately, irreversible neuronal damage. Due to this complexity, it is critical for clinicians to have access as early as possible to quantitative metrics for diagnosing injury severity, accurately predicting outcome, and informing patient care. Current recommendations involve using multiple modalities including clinical exam, electrophysiology, brain imaging, and molecular biomarkers. This multi-faceted approach is designed to improve prognostication to avoid "self-fulfilling" prophecy and early withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments. Incorporation of emerging dynamic monitoring tools such as diffuse optical technologies may provide improved diagnosis and early prognostication to better inform treatment. Currently, targeted temperature management (TTM) is the leading treatment, with the number of patients needed to treat being ~ 6 in order to improve outcome for one patient. Future avenues of treatment, which may potentially be combined with TTM, include pharmacotherapy, perfusion/oxygenation targets, and pre/postconditioning. In this review, we provide a bench to bedside approach to delineate the pathophysiology, prognostication methods, current targeted therapies, and future directions of research surrounding hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) secondary to CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Hosseini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Robert H Wilson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Christian Crouzet
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Arya Amirhekmat
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Kevin S Wei
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Yama Akbari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA.
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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25
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Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32265656 PMCID: PMC7098326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca2+) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca2+-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of “neuron-centric” approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Belov Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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26
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Yoo DY, Cho SB, Jung HY, Kim W, Nam SM, Kim JW, Moon SM, Yoon YS, Kim DW, Choi SY, Hwang IK. Differential roles of exogenous protein disulfide isomerase A3 on proliferating cell and neuroblast numbers in the normal and ischemic gerbils. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01534. [PMID: 31957985 PMCID: PMC7066343 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the effects of exogenous protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3) on hippocampal neurogenesis in gerbils under control and ischemic damage. METHODS To facilitate the delivery of PDIA3 to the brain, we constructed Tat-PDIA3 protein and administered vehicle (10% glycerol) or Tat-PDIA3 protein once a day for 28 days. On day 24 of vehicle or Tat-PDIA3 treatment, ischemia was transiently induced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. RESULTS Administration of Tat-PDIA3 significantly reduced ischemia-induced spontaneous motor activity, and the number of NeuN-positive nuclei in the Tat-PDIA3-treated ischemic group was significantly increased in the CA1 region compared to that in the vehicle-treated ischemic group. Ki67- and DCX-immunoreactive cells were significantly higher in the Tat-PDIA3-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated control group. In vehicle- and Tat-PDIA3-treated ischemic groups, the number of Ki67- and DCX-immunoreactive cells was significantly higher as compared to those in the vehicle- and Tat-PDIA3-treated control groups, respectively. In the dentate gyrus, the numbers of Ki67-immunoreactive cells were comparable between vehicle- and Tat-PDIA3-treated ischemic groups, while more DCX-immunoreactive cells were observed in the Tat-PDIA3-treated group. Transient forebrain ischemia increased the expression of phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (pCREB) in the dentate gyrus, but the administration of Tat-PDIA3 robustly increased pCREB-positive nuclei in the normal gerbils, but not in the ischemic gerbils. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression was significantly increased in the Tat-PDIA3-treated group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. Transient forebrain ischemic increased BDNF mRNA levels in both vehicle- and Tat-PDIA3-treated groups, and there were no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Tat-PDIA3 enhances cell proliferation and neuroblast numbers in the dentate gyrus in normal, but not in ischemic gerbils, by increasing BDNF mRNA and phosphorylation of pCREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Department of AnatomyCollege of MedicineSoonchunhyang UniversityCheonanSouth Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and BiotechnologyHallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Department of AnatomyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of NeurosurgeryDongtan Sacred Heart HospitalCollege of MedicineHallym UniversityHwaseongSouth Korea
- Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyResearch Institute of Oral SciencesCollege of DentistryGangneung‐Wonju National UniversityGangneungSouth Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and BiotechnologyHallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Transcriptional activation of antioxidant gene expression by Nrf2 protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death associated with acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113247. [PMID: 32061629 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are both a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a sensitive target of oxidative stress; damage to mitochondria can result in bioenergetic dysfunction and both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. These relationships between mitochondria and cell death are particularly strong in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. ROS levels are affected by both the production of superoxide and its toxic metabolites and by antioxidant defense mechanisms. Mitochondrial antioxidant activities include superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, and intramitochondrial glutathione. When intracellular conditions disrupt the homeostatic balance between ROS production and detoxification, a net increase in ROS and an oxidized shift in cellular redox state ensues. Cells respond to this imbalance by increasing the expression of genes that code for proteins that protect against oxidative stress and inhibit cytotoxic oxidation of proteins, DNA, and lipids. If, however, the genomic response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is insufficient to maintain homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction and release of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol initiate a variety of cell death pathways, ultimately resulting in potentially lethal damage to vital organs, including the brain. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a translational activating protein that enters the nucleus in response to oxidative stress, resulting in increased expression of numerous cytoprotective genes, including genes coding for mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial antioxidant proteins. Many experimental and some FDA-approved drugs promote this process. Since mitochondria are targets of ROS, it follows that protection against mitochondrial oxidative stress by the Nrf2 pathway of gene expression contributes to neuroprotection by these drugs. This document reviews the evidence that Nrf2 activation increases mitochondrial antioxidants, thereby protecting mitochondria from dysfunction and protecting neural cells from damage and death. New experimental results are provided demonstrating that post-ischemic administration of the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane protects against hippocampal neuronal death and neurologic injury in a clinically-relevant animal model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
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28
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Victoria ECG, Toscano ECDB, Oliveira FMS, de Carvalho BA, Caliari MV, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA. Up-regulation of brain cytokines and metalloproteinases 1 and 2 contributes to neurological deficit and brain damage in transient ischemic stroke. Microvasc Res 2019; 129:103973. [PMID: 31891716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents a major cause of adult death and severe neurological disability worldwide. Reperfusion following brain ischemia produces an inflammatory cascade that increases brain damage. In this context, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role as pro-inflammatory mediators. The MMP 2 up-regulation seems to promote matrix degradation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and facilitates the influx of peripheral inflammatory cells to the brain after stroke. However, there are not studies about MMP-1 in this condition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of brain damage, inflammatory response and the immunostaining profile of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 after transient global cerebral ischemia. Mice were submitted to bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion (BCCAo) during 25 min. After three days of reperfusion, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the animals were euthanized. Brain samples were collected in order to analyze the histopathological damage, MMPs 1 and 2 immunostaining and cytokines and chemokines levels. Ischemic group showed neurological deficits associated with brain lesions, characterized by necrotic core and penumbra zone three days after reperfusion. Higher brain immunostaining of MMP-1 and MMP-2 was observed in BCCAo samples than in sham samples. Ischemic group also exhibited increased brain levels of the cytokines tumoral necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in comparison to sham group. Our results suggest that the MMP-1 and MMP-2 raise, associated with the up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, contributes to brain damage and neurological deficits after global brain ischemia followed by three days of reperfusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Constanza Gómez Victoria
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Andrade de Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Lu J, Liu LJ, Zhu JL, Shen Y, Zhuang ZW, Zhu CL. Hypothermic properties of dexmedetomidine provide neuroprotection in rats following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:817-825. [PMID: 31258715 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a sedative and analgesic agent that is widely administered to patients admitted to the intensive care unit, and has been demonstrated to result in hypothermia. Many patients have been revealed to benefit from therapeutic hypothermia, which can mitigate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, studies investigating the efficacy of Dex in I/R treatment is lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Dex in mitigating neuronal damage, and to determine the possible mechanism of its effects in a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA). CA was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by asphyxiation for 5 min. Following successful resuscitation, the surviving rats were randomly divided into two treatment groups; one group was intraperitoneally administered with Dex (D group), whereas the control group was treated with normal saline (N group). Critical parameters, including core temperature and blood pressure were monitored following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Arterial blood samples were collected at 10 min after surgery (baseline) 30 and 120 min post-ROSC; and neurological deficit scores (NDS) of the rats were taken 12 or 24 h after ROSC prior to euthanasia. The hippocampal tissue was then removed for analysis by histology, electron microscopy and western blotting. Rats in the D group exhibited a lower core temperature and higher NDS scores compared with the N group (P<0.05). In addition, Dex injection resulted in reduced expression of apoptotic and autophagy-associated factors in the hippocampus (P<0.05). Dex treatment induced hypothermia and improved neurological function in rats after ROSC following resuscitation from CA by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and reducing autophagy, which suggested that Dex may be a potential therapy option for patients with CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhuang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Lai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226200, P.R. China
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30
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Mahan VL. Neurointegrity and neurophysiology: astrocyte, glutamate, and carbon monoxide interactions. Med Gas Res 2019; 9:24-45. [PMID: 30950417 PMCID: PMC6463446 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.254639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte contributions to brain function and prevention of neuropathologies are as extensive as that of neurons. Astroglial regulation of glutamate, a primary neurotransmitter, is through uptake, release through vesicular and non-vesicular pathways, and catabolism to intermediates. Homeostasis by astrocytes is considered to be of primary importance in determining normal central nervous system health and central nervous system physiology - glutamate is central to dynamic physiologic changes and central nervous system stability. Gasotransmitters may affect diverse glutamate interactions positively or negatively. The effect of carbon monoxide, an intrinsic central nervous system gasotransmitter, in the complex astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate may offer insights to normal brain development, protection, and its use as a neuromodulator and neurotherapeutic. In this article, we will review the effects of carbon monoxide on astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Department of Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children/Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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[Acute diseases of the brain and heart : A reciprocal culprit-victim relationship]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2018; 113:456-463. [PMID: 30105559 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-018-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reciprocal culprit-victim relationship between the brain and the heart leads to dysfunction and damage to the other organ, especially in acute and severe diseases of one of both organs. In addition, both organ systems can be affected by identical systemic processes, e. g., arteriosclerotic changes. Cardiac embolic formation and pumping failure lead to focal cerebral ischemia or global hypoxia. Cerebral diseases leading to cardiac changes are acute cerebrovascular attacks such as cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as epileptic seizures. The pathophysiological mechanisms of changes of the brain-heart axis include cerebrally induced autonomic dysregulation, neuroendocrine regulatory disorders, and systemic inflammatory processes. The effects on the heart are evident in up to 75% of patients with acute brain diseases leading to ECG changes, arrhythmias, increase in cardiac enzymes and myocardial damage even to sudden cardiac death. For this reason, cardiac monitoring should be provided in severe acute brain diseases.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Bioactive Compounds and MAPK Pathway Modulation in "Ischemia"-Stressed PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8020032. [PMID: 29419806 PMCID: PMC5836051 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the efforts taken to investigate in vitro neuroprotective features of synthetic compounds and cell-released growth factors on PC12 clonal cell line temporarily deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). These cells have been used previously to mimic some of the properties of in vivo brain ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI) and have been instrumental in identifying common mechanisms such as calcium overload, redox potential, lipid peroxidation and MAPKs modulation. In addition, they were useful for establishing the role of certain membrane penetrable cocktails of antioxidants as well as potential growth factors which may act in neuroprotection. Pharmacological mechanisms of neuroprotection addressing modulation of the MAPK cascade and increased redox potential by natural products, drugs and growth factors secreted by stem cells, in either undifferentiated or nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells exposed to ischemic conditions are discussed for future prospects in neuroprotection studies.
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33
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Knockdown of long noncoding antisense RNA brain-derived neurotrophic factor attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced nerve cell apoptosis through the BDNF–TrkB–PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2017; 28:910-916. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The heart and brain are constantly interacting under normal physiological conditions. This interaction is under the control of the autonomic nervous system with parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers including the participating brain structures. Pathological conditions, such as epilepsy and ischemic cerebral stroke influence heart function, especially the frequency and may result in severe arrhythmia. An asymmetric influence of the left and right brain hemispheres on the heart rate is still under debate. Conversely, the influence of the heart in cases of acute cardiac arrest on brain function is equally relevant and a common clinical problem after resuscitation. We review the damaging cascade of global cerebral hypoxia and the value of different diagnostic procedures as well as the ethical problem of the point in time of termination of consciousness and the instruments for estimating the prognosis.
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