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Hovis G, Chandra N, Kejriwal N, Hsieh KJY, Chu A, Yang I, Wadehra M. Understanding the Role of Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms and Novel Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6118. [PMID: 38892305 PMCID: PMC11173095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive neoplasm and the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Endothelial tissue plays a critical role in glioblastoma growth and progression, facilitating angiogenesis, cellular communication, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the role of endothelial cells in glioblastomas, along with an overview of recent developments in glioblastoma therapies and tumor endothelial marker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Hovis
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neha Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.J.-Y.H.)
| | - Nidhi Kejriwal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.J.-Y.H.)
| | - Kaleb Jia-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.J.-Y.H.)
| | - Alison Chu
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.J.-Y.H.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Guyot B, Clément F, Drouet Y, Schmidt X, Lefort S, Delay E, Treilleux I, Foy JP, Jeanpierre S, Thomas E, Kielbassa J, Tonon L, Zhu HH, Saintigny P, Gao WQ, de la Fouchardiere A, Tirode F, Viari A, Blay JY, Maguer-Satta V. An Early Neoplasia Index (ENI10), Based on Molecular Identity of CD10 Cells and Associated Stemness Biomarkers, is a Predictor of Patient Outcome in Many Cancers. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1966-1980. [PMID: 37707389 PMCID: PMC10540743 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
An accurate estimate of patient survival at diagnosis is critical to plan efficient therapeutic options. A simple and multiapplication tool is needed to move forward the precision medicine era. Taking advantage of the broad and high CD10 expression in stem and cancers cells, we evaluated the molecular identity of aggressive cancer cells. We used epithelial primary cells and developed a breast cancer stem cell–based progressive model. The superiority of the early-transformed isolated molecular index was evaluated by large-scale analysis in solid cancers. BMP2-driven cell transformation increases CD10 expression which preserves stemness properties. Our model identified a unique set of 159 genes enriched in G2–M cell-cycle phases and spindle assembly complex. Using samples predisposed to transformation, we confirmed the value of an early neoplasia index associated to CD10 (ENI10) to discriminate premalignant status of a human tissue. Using a stratified Cox model, a large-scale analysis (>10,000 samples, The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer) validated a strong risk gradient (HRs reaching HR = 5.15; 95% confidence interval: 4.00–6.64) for high ENI10 levels. Through different databases, Cox regression model analyses highlighted an association between ENI10 and poor progression-free intervals for more than 50% of cancer subtypes tested, and the potential of ENI10 to predict drug efficacy. The ENI10 index constitutes a robust tool to detect pretransformed tissues and identify high-risk patients at diagnosis. Owing to its biological link with refractory cancer stem cells, the ENI10 index constitutes a unique way of identifying effective treatments to improve clinical care. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a molecular signature called ENI10 which, owing to its biological link with stem cell properties, predicts patient outcome and drugs efficiency in breast and several other cancers. ENI10 should allow early and optimized clinical management of a broad number of cancers, regardless of the stage of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Guyot
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Flora Clément
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Xenia Schmidt
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Lefort
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Delay
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Jeanpierre
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- Bioinformatics Platform, Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Lyon, France
| | - Janice Kielbassa
- Bioinformatics Platform, Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Bioinformatics Platform, Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Lyon, France
| | - Helen He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Arnaud de la Fouchardiere
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Tirode
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Bioinformatics Platform, Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity, CRCL, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Maguer-Satta
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Initiation and Tumor cell Identity, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CRCL, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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3
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Bos EM, Binda E, Verploegh ISC, Wembacher E, Hoefnagel D, Balvers RK, Korporaal AL, Conidi A, Warnert EAH, Trivieri N, Visioli A, Zaccarini P, Caiola L, van Wijck R, van der Spek P, Huylebroeck D, Leenstra S, Lamfers MLM, Ram Z, Westphal M, Noske D, Legnani F, DiMeco F, Vescovi AL, Dirven CMF. Local delivery of hrBMP4 as an anticancer therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: a first-in-human phase 1 dose escalation trial. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:129. [PMID: 37563568 PMCID: PMC10413694 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This Phase 1 study evaluates the intra- and peritumoral administration by convection enhanced delivery (CED) of human recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (hrBMP4) - an inhibitory regulator of cancer stem cells (CSCs) - in recurrent glioblastoma. METHODS In a 3 + 3 dose escalation design, over four to six days, fifteen recurrent glioblastoma patients received, by CED, one of five doses of hrBMP4 ranging from 0·5 to 18 mg. Patients were followed by periodic physical, neurological, blood testing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quality of life evaluations. The primary objective of this first-in-human study was to determine the safety, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of hrBMP4. Secondary objectives were to assess potential efficacy and systemic exposure to hrBMP4 upon intracerebral infusion. RESULTS Intra- and peritumoral infusion of hrBMP4 was safe and well-tolerated. We observed no serious adverse events related to this drug. Neither MTD nor DLT were reached. Three patients had increased hrBMP4 serum levels at the end of infusion, which normalized within 4 weeks, without sign of toxicity. One patient showed partial response and two patients a complete (local) tumor response, which was maintained until the most recent follow-up, 57 and 30 months post-hrBMP4. Tumor growth was inhibited in areas permeated by hrBMP4. CONCLUSION Local delivery of hrBMP4 in and around recurring glioblastoma is safe and well-tolerated. Three patients responded to the treatment. A complete response and long-term survival occurred in two of them. This warrants further clinical studies on this novel treatment targeting glioblastoma CSCs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicaTrials.gov identifier: NCT02869243.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelke M Bos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Binda
- Unit of Cancer Stem Cells, ISBReMIT, IRCCS CasaSollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Iris S C Verploegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daphna Hoefnagel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger K Balvers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Korporaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A H Warnert
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Trivieri
- Unit of Cancer Stem Cells, ISBReMIT, IRCCS CasaSollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Caiola
- StemGen SpA, Milan, Italy
- HyperStem SA, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rogier van Wijck
- Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Spek
- Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Legnani
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurologic Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco DiMeco
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurologic Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Luigi Vescovi
- Unit of Cancer Stem Cells, ISBReMIT, IRCCS CasaSollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Nasrolahi A, Azizidoost S, Radoszkiewicz K, Najafi S, Ghaedrahmati F, Anbiyaee O, Khoshnam SE, Farzaneh M, Uddin S. Signaling pathways governing glioma cancer stem cells behavior. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110493. [PMID: 36228964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor that develops in the glial tissue. Several studies have identified that glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) play important roles in tumor-initiating features in malignant gliomas. GCSCs are a small population in the brain that presents an essential role in the metastasis of glioma cells to other organs. These cells can self-renew and differentiate, which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of glioma. Therefore, targeting GCSCs might be a novel strategy for the treatment of glioma. Accumulating evidence revealed that several signaling pathways, including Notch, TGF-β, Wnt, STAT3, AKT, and EGFR mediated GCSC growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Besides, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs have been found to play pivotal roles in the regulation of GCSC pathogenesis and drug resistance. Therefore, targeting these pathways could open a new avenue for glioma management. In this review, we summarized critical signaling pathways involved in the stimulation or prevention of GCSCs tumorigenesis and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
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Chen H, Jiang Y, Li X. Adriamycin-loaded exosome with anti-CD20 aptamers selectively suppresses human CD20+ melanoma stem cells. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13259. [PMID: 36704890 PMCID: PMC9838758 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting CD20+ melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) subset is essential for treating melanoma. Anti-CD20 aptamer-modified exosomes (ACEXO) loaded with Adriamycin could be a therapeutic strategy for targeting CSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exosomes loaded with Adriamycin were modified with anti-CD20 aptamer and characterized by size and molecular markers using transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. The uptake of ACEXO into CD20+ cells was checked, and its cytotoxicities in CD20+ melanoma cells, HEK 293T, and 3T3 cells were evaluated. At the same time, the in vivo distribution of ACEXO in the tumor-bearing mice model was determined. RESULTS The particle size of the exosome is about 80-100 nm. Western blot analysis showed that they expressed the characteristic exosome markers: CD9 and CD63. Quantitative analysis of the mean fluorescence intensity after 4 h incubation showed that ACEXO significantly improved Adriamycin uptake. Notably, the ACEXO killed only CD20+ melanoma cells. In addition, they exhibited good biocompatibility with both 293T and 3T3 cells at all doses. After intravenous injection, exosome distribution data showed that ACEXO's accumulation in the tumor is higher than anti-CD20-modified exosomes (AEXO)'s at all time points, and the accumulation increased as time prolonged. Addition of ACEXO reduces the number of tumorspheres in A375 or WM266-4 cells compared to untreated controls or AEXO-treated group. More important, while treating melanoma tumor-bearing mice, ACEXO-treated group showed the lowest tumor weight without body weight loss. CONCLUSION ACEXO loaded with Adriamycin could suppress tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo, probably by targeting CD20+ melanoma CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxia Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Dermatology, The West District of Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group (Qingdao Ninth People's Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Current Opportunities for Targeting Dysregulated Neurodevelopmental Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162530. [PMID: 36010607 PMCID: PMC9406959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and highly lethal type of brain tumor, with poor survival despite advances in understanding its complexity. After current standard therapeutic treatment, including tumor resection, radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide, the median overall survival of patients with this type of tumor is less than 15 months. Thus, there is an urgent need for new insights into GBM molecular characteristics and progress in targeted therapy in order to improve clinical outcomes. The literature data revealed that a number of different signaling pathways are dysregulated in GBM. In this review, we intended to summarize and discuss current literature data and therapeutic modalities focused on targeting dysregulated signaling pathways in GBM. A better understanding of opportunities for targeting signaling pathways that influences malignant behavior of GBM cells might open the way for the development of novel GBM-targeted therapies.
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