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Chai L, Cao Q, Liu K, Zhu R, Li H, Yu Y, Wang J, Niu R, Zhang D, Yang B, Ommati MM, Sun Z. Exercise Alleviates Fluoride-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice: Role of miR-206-3p and PREG. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:5126-5144. [PMID: 38244175 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fluorosis decreases the learning and memory ability in humans and animals, while exercise can reduce the risk of cognitive decline. However, the effect of exercise on learning and memory in fluoride-exposed mice is unclear. For this purpose, in this study, mice were randomly allotted into four groups (16 mice per group, half male and half female): control group (group C), fluoride group (group F, 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF)), exercise group (group E, treadmill exercise), and E plus F group (group EF, treadmill exercise, and 100 mg/L NaF). During 6 months of exposure, exercise alleviated the NaF-induced decline in memory and learning. In addition, NaF induced injuries in mitochondria and myelin sheath ultrastructure and reduced the neurons number, while exercise restored them. Metabolomics results showed that phosphatidylethanolamine, pregnenolone (PREG), and lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) were altered among groups C, F, and EF. Combined with previous studies, it can be suggested that PREG might be a biomarker in response to exercise-relieving fluorine neurotoxicity. The miRNA sequencing results indicated that in the differently expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), miR-206-3p, miR-96-5p, and miR-144-3p were shared in groups C, F, and EF. After the QRT-PCR validation and in vitro experiments, it was proved that miR-206-3p could reduce cell death and regulate AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JunD) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) to alleviate fluoride neurotoxicity. To sum up, the current study reveals that exercise could alleviate NaF-induced neurotoxicity by targeting miR-206-3p or PREG, which will contribute to revealing the pathogenesis and therapeutic method of fluoride neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiqi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Run Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanghuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China.
| | - Zilong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Zhang YD, Shi DD, Liao BB, Li Y, Zhang S, Gao J, Lin LJ, Wang Z. Human microbiota from drug-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder drives behavioral symptoms and neuroinflammation via succinic acid in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1782-1797. [PMID: 38273106 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is closely related to psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the role of the gut microbiota in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, to investigate the contribution of gut microbiota to the pathogenesis of OCD, we transplanted fecal microbiota from first-episode, drug-naive OCD patients or demographically matched healthy individuals into antibiotic-treated specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and showed that colonization with OCD microbiota is sufficient to induce core behavioral deficits, including abnormal anxiety-like and compulsive-like behaviors. The fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16 S rRNA full-length sequencing, and the results demonstrated a clear separation of the fecal microbiota of mice colonized with OCD and control microbiota. Notably, microbiota from OCD-colonized mice resulted in injured neuronal morphology and function in the mPFC, with inflammation in the mPFC and colon. Unbiased metabolomic analyses of the serum and mPFC region revealed the accumulation of succinic acid (SA) in OCD-colonized mice. SA impeded neuronal activity and induced an inflammatory response in both the colon and mPFC, impacting intestinal permeability and brain function, which act as vital signal mediators in gut microbiota-brain-immune crosstalk. Manipulations of dimethyl malonate (DM) have been reported to exert neuroprotective effects by suppressing the oxidation of accumulated succinic acid, attenuating the downstream inflammatory response and neuronal damage, and can help to partly improve abnormal behavior and reduce neuroinflammation and intestinal inflammation in OCD-colonized mice. We propose that the gut microbiota likely regulates brain function and behaviors in mice via succinic acid signaling, which contributes to the pathophysiology of OCD through gut-brain crosstalk and may provide new insights into the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Bing Liao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Jun Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Psychological and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai, PR China.
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3
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Pu J, Yu Y, Liu Y, Wang D, Gui S, Zhong X, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Chen X, Qiao R, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Fan L, Ren Y, Chen X, Wang H, Xie P. ProMENDA: an updated resource for proteomic and metabolomic characterization in depression. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:229. [PMID: 38816410 PMCID: PMC11139925 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent mental disorder with a complex biological mechanism. Following the rapid development of systems biology technology, a growing number of studies have applied proteomics and metabolomics to explore the molecular profiles of depression. However, a standardized resource facilitating the identification and annotation of the available knowledge from these scattered studies associated with depression is currently lacking. This study presents ProMENDA, an upgraded resource that provides a platform for manual annotation of candidate proteins and metabolites linked to depression. Following the establishment of the protein dataset and the update of the metabolite dataset, the ProMENDA database was developed as a major extension of its initial release. A multi-faceted annotation scheme was employed to provide comprehensive knowledge of the molecules and studies. A new web interface was also developed to improve the user experience. The ProMENDA database now contains 43,366 molecular entries, comprising 20,847 protein entries and 22,519 metabolite entries, which were manually curated from 1370 human, rat, mouse, and non-human primate studies. This represents a significant increase (more than 7-fold) in molecular entries compared to the initial release. To demonstrate the usage of ProMENDA, a case study identifying consistently reported proteins and metabolites in the brains of animal models of depression was presented. Overall, ProMENDA is a comprehensive resource that offers a panoramic view of proteomic and metabolomic knowledge in depression. ProMENDA is freely available at https://menda.cqmu.edu.cn .
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, MN, 55901, USA
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Renjie Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yanyi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- The Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401336, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, 400072, China.
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4
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Yang D, Zhou H, Pu J, Liu Y, Gui S, Wang D, Tao X, Li Z, Zhong X, Tao W, Chen W, Chen X, Chen Y, Chen X, Xie P. Integrated pathway and network analyses of metabolomic alterations in peripheral blood of patients with depression. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2199-2209. [PMID: 37300637 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental illness, but the molecular mechanisms of depression remain unclear. Previous research has reported metabolomic changes in the blood of patients with depression, while integrated analysis based on these altered metabolites was still lacking. The objective of this study was to integrate metabolomic changes to reveal the underlying molecular alternations of depression. We retrieved altered metabolites in the blood of patients with depression from the MENDA database. Pathway analysis was conducted to explore enriched pathways based on candidate metabolites. Pathway crosstalk analysis was performed to explore potential correlations of these enriched pathways, based on their shared candidate metabolites. Moreover, potential interactions of candidate metabolites with other biomolecules such as proteins were assessed by network analysis. A total of 854 differential metabolite entries were retrieved in peripheral blood of patients with depression, including 555 unique candidate metabolites. Pathway analysis identified 215 significantly enriched pathways, then pathway crosstalk analysis revealed that these pathways were clustered into four modules, including amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism and others. Additionally, eight molecular networks were identified in the molecular network analysis. The main functions of these networks involved amino acid metabolism, molecular transport, inflammatory responses and others. Based on integrated analysis, our study revealed pathway-based modules and molecular networks associated with depression. These results will contribute to the underlying knowledge of the molecular mechanisms in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haipeng Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiangkun Tao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuocan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei Tao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- The Jin Feng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Wang M, Ren C, Wang P, Cheng X, Chen Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Sun Z, Wang Q, Zhang Z. Microbiome–Metabolome Reveals the Contribution of the Gut–Testis Axis to Sperm Motility in Sheep (Ovis aries). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13060996. [PMID: 36978536 PMCID: PMC10044597 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A close association exists among testicular function, gut microbiota regulation, and organismal metabolism. In this study, serum and seminal plasma metabolomes, and the rumen microbiome of sheep with significant differences in sperm viability, were explored. Serum and seminal plasma metabolomes differed significantly between high-motility (HM) and low-motility (LM) groups of sheep, and 39 differential metabolites closely related to sperm motility in sheep were found in seminal plasma metabolomes, while 35 were found in serum samples. A 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the relative abundance of HM and LM rumen microorganisms, such as Ruminococcus and Quinella, was significantly higher in the HM group, whereas genera such as Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Lactobacillus were enriched in the mid-LM group. Serum hormone assays revealed that serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and MT levels were significantly lower in the LM group than in the HM group, whereas serum glucocorticoid (GC) levels were higher in the LM group than in the HM group, and they all affected sperm motility in sheep. Ruminococcus and other rumen microorganisms were positively correlated with sperm motility, whereas Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with FSH and GCs levels. Our findings suggest that rumen microbial activity can influence the host metabolism and hormone levels associated with fertility in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunhuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yale Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Popularization Center of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qiangjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Popularization Center of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (Z.Z.)
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Blaze J, Akbarian S. The tRNA regulome in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3204-3213. [PMID: 35505091 PMCID: PMC9630165 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transfer (t)RNAs are 70-90 nucleotide small RNAs highly regulated by 43 different types of epitranscriptomic modifications and requiring aminoacylation ('charging') for mRNA decoding and protein synthesis. Smaller cleavage products of mature tRNAs, or tRNA fragments, have been linked to a broad variety of noncanonical functions, including translational inhibition and modulation of the immune response. Traditionally, knowledge about tRNA regulation in brain is derived from phenotypic exploration of monogenic neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases associated with rare mutations in tRNA modification genes. More recent studies point to the previously unrecognized potential of the tRNA regulome to affect memory, synaptic plasticity, and affective states. For example, in mature cortical neurons, cytosine methylation sensitivity of the glycine tRNA family (tRNAGly) is coupled to glycine biosynthesis and codon-specific alterations in ribosomal translation together with robust changes in cognition and depression-related behaviors. In this Review, we will discuss the emerging knowledge of the neuronal tRNA landscape, with a focus on epitranscriptomic tRNA modifications and downstream molecular pathways affected by alterations in tRNA expression, charging levels, and cleavage while mechanistically linking these pathways to neuropsychiatric disease and provide insight into future areas of study for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Blaze
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Liu H, Pu J, Zhou Q, Yang L, Bai D. Peripheral blood and urine metabolites and biological functions in post-stroke depression. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1557-1568. [PMID: 35438379 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common and severe neuropsychiatric complication after stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of PSD is still unclear. Previous studies have identified peripheral blood and urine metabolites associated with PSD using metabolomics techniques. We searched and systematically summarized metabolites that may be involved in metabolic changes in peripheral blood and urine of patients with PSD from the Metabolite Network of Depression Database (MENDA) and other biomedical databases. MetaboAnalyst5.0 software was used for pathway analysis and enrichment analysis of differential metabolites, and subgroup analyses were performed according to tissue types and metabolomics techniques. We identified 47 metabolites that were differentially expressed between patients with and without PSD. Five differential metabolites were found in both plasma and urine, including L-glutamic acid, pyroglutamic acid, palmitic acid, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine. We integrated these metabolites into metabolic pathways, and six pathways were significantly altered. These pathways could be roughly divided into three modules including amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and glucose metabolism. Among them, the most significantly altered pathway was "phenylalanine metabolism" and the pathway containing the most associated metabolites was "aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis", which deserve further study to elucidate their role in the molecular mechanism of PSD. In summary, metabolic changes in peripheral blood and urine are associated with PSD, especially the disruption of "phenylalanine metabolism" and "aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis" pathways. This study provides clues to the metabolic characteristics of patients with PSD, which may help to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinxiang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lining Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Dingqun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Abramova O, Zorkina Y, Syunyakov T, Zubkov E, Ushakova V, Silantyev A, Soloveva K, Gurina O, Majouga A, Morozova A, Chekhonin V. Brain Metabolic Profile after Intranasal vs. Intraperitoneal Clomipramine Treatment in Rats with Ultrasound Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179598. [PMID: 34502505 PMCID: PMC8431753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mechanisms of depression remain unclear. The brain metabolome after antidepressant therapy is poorly understood and had not been performed for different routes of drug administration before the present study. Rats were exposed to chronic ultrasound stress and treated with intranasal and intraperitoneal clomipramine. We then analyzed 28 metabolites in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. METHODS Rats' behavior was identified in such tests: social interaction, sucrose preference, forced swim, and Morris water maze. Metabolic analysis was performed with liquid chromatography. RESULTS After ultrasound stress pronounced depressive-like behavior, clomipramine had an equally antidepressant effect after intranasal and intraperitoneal administration on behavior. Ultrasound stress contributed to changes of the metabolomic pathways associated with pathophysiology of depression. Clomipramine affected global metabolome in frontal cortex and hippocampus in a different way that depended on the route of administration. Intranasal route was associated with more significant changes of metabolites composition in the frontal cortex compared to the control and ultrasound groups while the intraperitoneal route corresponded with more profound changes in hippocampal metabolome compared to other groups. Since far metabolic processes in the brain can change in many ways depending on different routes of administration, the antidepressant therapy should also be evaluated from this point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Abramova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-588-4851
| | - Timur Syunyakov
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Zubkov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Valeria Ushakova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Artemiy Silantyev
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Drug Delivery Systems Laboratory, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna Morozova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Blaze J, Navickas A, Phillips HL, Heissel S, Plaza-Jennings A, Miglani S, Asgharian H, Foo M, Katanski CD, Watkins CP, Pennington ZT, Javidfar B, Espeso-Gil S, Rostandy B, Alwaseem H, Hahn CG, Molina H, Cai DJ, Pan T, Yao WD, Goodarzi H, Haghighi F, Akbarian S. Neuronal Nsun2 deficiency produces tRNA epitranscriptomic alterations and proteomic shifts impacting synaptic signaling and behavior. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4913. [PMID: 34389722 PMCID: PMC8363735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomic mechanisms linking tRNA function and the brain proteome to cognition and complex behaviors are not well described. Here, we report bi-directional changes in depression-related behaviors after genetic disruption of neuronal tRNA cytosine methylation, including conditional ablation and transgene-derived overexpression of Nsun2 in the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC). Neuronal Nsun2-deficiency was associated with a decrease in tRNA m5C levels, resulting in deficits in expression of 70% of tRNAGly isodecoders. Altogether, 1488/5820 proteins changed upon neuronal Nsun2-deficiency, in conjunction with glycine codon-specific defects in translational efficiencies. Loss of Gly-rich proteins critical for glutamatergic neurotransmission was associated with impaired synaptic signaling at PFC pyramidal neurons and defective contextual fear memory. Changes in the neuronal translatome were also associated with a 146% increase in glycine biosynthesis. These findings highlight the methylation sensitivity of glycinergic tRNAs in the adult PFC. Furthermore, they link synaptic plasticity and complex behaviors to epitranscriptomic modifications of cognate tRNAs and the proteomic homeostasis associated with specific amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blaze
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Navickas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H L Phillips
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - S Heissel
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Plaza-Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Miglani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Asgharian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Foo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C D Katanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C P Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Z T Pennington
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Javidfar
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Espeso-Gil
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Rostandy
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Alwaseem
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C G Hahn
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Molina
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D J Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W D Yao
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - H Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F Haghighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S Akbarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Multi-omics Analysis of the Amygdala in a Rat Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression. Neuroscience 2021; 463:174-183. [PMID: 33836246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious and complex mental illness, and multiple brain regions are involved in its pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence that the amygdala is involved in depression; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomic and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic to study changes in the amygdala in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression. Differential analysis identified 42 metabolites and 171 proteins that were differentially expressed in the CUMS and control groups. Integrated analyses revealed two major changes in the amygdala of CUMS rats: (1) perturbations in amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism, transport-/catabolism-related proteins activity, and metabolic enzyme activity; (2) abnormal expression of synaptogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation-associated proteins.
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11
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Filiou MD, Nussbaumer M, Teplytska L, Turck CW. Behavioral and Metabolome Differences between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 Mouse Strains: Implications for Their Use as Models for Depression- and Anxiety-Like Phenotypes. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020128. [PMID: 33672326 PMCID: PMC7926853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are widely used to study behavioral phenotypes related to neuropsychiatric disorders. However, different mouse strains vary in their inherent behavioral and molecular characteristics, which needs to be taken into account depending on the nature of the study. Here, we performed a detailed behavioral and molecular comparison of C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (DBA) mice, two inbred strains commonly used in neuropsychiatric research. We analyzed anxiety-related and depression-like traits, quantified hippocampal and plasma metabolite profiles, and assessed total antioxidant capacity (ΤAC). B6 mice exhibit increased depression-like and decreased anxiety-related behavior compared to DBA mice. Metabolite level differences indicate alterations in amino acid, nucleotide and mitochondrial metabolism that are accompanied by a decreased TAC in B6 compared to DBA mice. Our data reveal multiple behavioral and molecular differences between B6 and DBA mouse strains, which should be considered in the experimental design for phenotype, pharmacological and mechanistic studies relevant for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D. Filiou
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (L.T.)
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.D.F.); (C.W.T.); Tel.: +30-265-1007-334 (M.D.F.)
| | - Markus Nussbaumer
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (L.T.)
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Larysa Teplytska
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (L.T.)
| | - Christoph W. Turck
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.F.); (C.W.T.); Tel.: +30-265-1007-334 (M.D.F.)
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12
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Gao Y, Mu J, Xu T, Linghu T, Zhao H, Tian J, Qin X. Metabolomic analysis of the hippocampus in a rat model of chronic mild unpredictable stress-induced depression based on a pathway crosstalk and network module approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113755. [PMID: 33190083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular alterations underlying the pathogenesis of depression have not been systematically defined. Increasing evidence suggests that hippocampus metabolism is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of chronic mild unpredictable stress (CUMS)-induced depression. The principal objective of this study was to reveal important information concerning the pathogenesis of depression through a comprehensive analysis of metabolites in the hippocampus in a CUMS rat model. METHODS Metabolites related to metabolic changes in the hippocampus in the CUMS model were collected from a depression-specific database and published literature. Potential metabolite pathways were identified by the Omicsolution tool. Then, crosstalk analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between different important pathways. In addition, MetaboAnalyst was used to analyze potential metabolites for drug-related metabolite enrichment analysis, which was used to study hippocampus metabolite-related drug pathways in a CUMS model. Then, a metabolite-protein interaction (MPI) network was constructed and analyzed to identify important metabolites and proteins. The functional modules were extracted using the CNM network decomposition algorithm. Finally, neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rats with CUMS depression were detected to verify the important pathways. RESULTS In the current study, 53 significantly enriched pathways related to the 107 identified metabolites were selected, and the top ranked enriched pathways included arginine and proline metabolism, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, phenylalanine metabolism, bile secretion, and glutathione metabolism. Pathway crosstalk analysis showed that the significantly enriched pathways were divided into two interrelated modules, which were mainly involved in metabolism, signal transduction, neurotransmitters, and the endocrine system. Enrichment analysis of drug-related metabolic KEGG pathways identified the antibiotic pathways as the most important pathways. In the MPI network, the hub metabolites were phosphate, arachidonic acid, oxoglutaric acid, l-glutamic acid, and glutathione, and the hub proteins were Got1, Got2, Tat, Ccbl1, Ccbl2, Il4i1. A total of 16 functional modules were extracted from the MPI network by using the CNM algorithm. Finally, metabolites related to serotonergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses, and glutamatergic synapses were found to be involved in the pathology of depression. CONCLUSION We found that neurotransmitter pathways (serotonergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses and glutamatergic synapses) in the hippocampus play a crucial role in the underlying molecular mechanism of depression, which provides useful clues for identifying the detailed depression-associated metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Junfang Mu
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Linghu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Huiliang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Junsheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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